energy efficiency -an architect’s perspective professor j owen lewis ucd energy research group...
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Energy Efficiency Energy Efficiency -an architect’s perspective-an architect’s perspective
Professor J Owen LewisProfessor J Owen Lewis
UCD Energy Research GroupUCD Energy Research Group
EURIMA Congress, Budapest June 2007
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““The most sustainable energy is The most sustainable energy is
saved energysaved energy””
Energy itself not of particular interest -but is a means towards desired ends
Clients desire the services which energy can deliver -comfort, illumination, power, transportation . . .
The architectural challenge: ensure energy services are delivered in a sustainable manner -with maximum efficiency, and minimal environmental impact
Holistic perspective: integrated, contextual, whole life cycle, socially aware, economic solution
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Impacts of constructionImpacts of construction
+/- 50% of all material taken from Earth’s crust +/- 35% of all greenhouse gases +/- 40% of all waste produced (by weight)
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Impacts of constructionImpacts of construction
+/- 50% of all material taken from Earth’s crust +/- 35% of all greenhouse gases +/- 40% of all waste produced (by weight)
effects on health and productivity of all
the well-being of largest industrial workforce
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Sustainable Building DesignSustainable Building Design
“Sustainable design integrates consideration of resource and energy efficiency, healthy buildings and materials, ecologically and socially sensitive land use and an aesthetic that inspires, affirms and enables”
• Union Internationale des Architectes’ Declaration of Interdependence for a Sustainable Future, Chicago, 1993
Economic, Social, and Environmental pillars of sustainable development
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OpportunitiesOpportunities
Stern Review: “The scientific evidence is now overwhelming: climate change is a serious global threat, and it demands an urgent global response”
RIBA endorsement of Contraction and Convergence policy October 2006
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ACE Political StatementACE Political StatementSustainable Architecture & Environment -Energy EfficiencySustainable Architecture & Environment -Energy Efficiency
The ACE commits itself to An active promotion of the principles of sustainable
development The formulation of proposals for concrete action Contribute to the implementation of agreed EU proposals, in
terms of that which concerns it directly, as well as in conjunction with other interested organisations
Specific early measures will include The inclusion of energy and environmental performance information
as an assessment criterion in all architectural competitions and competitive selection processes
The encouragement of similar performance information to accompany all published architectural reviews
A recommendation that such information becomes an additional criterion in selection processes for public architectural awards
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Energy design strategyEnergy design strategy
Optimise building envelope, minimise demand through serious conservation, and supply energy with maximum efficiency and using renewables:
Site micro-climate
Energy conservation
Passive solar heating
Passive cooling and natural ventilation
Daylighting
Renewables
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Energy-optimised architectureEnergy-optimised architecture
Engineering systems to heat, cool and light for satisfactory indoor conditions
versus
Alternative approach integrating users and environment in an architecture which uses ambient energy sources working with seasonal and diurnal outdoor changes to reduce reliance on mechanical and electrical systems
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Sustainable building designSustainable building design
Risks: aspirational, vagueness, ambiguity
Environmental emphasis, plus economic New relationship nature : architecture Spectrum
– Traditional vernacular -sustainability by default – Existing-architecture-made-more-sustainable– Environmental determinism– Symbiotic relationship with natural environment
Towards concern with addressing all dimensions
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Energy-optimised building designEnergy-optimised building design
Seeks an architecture more responsive to climate and human needs, seasonal and diurnal change
Building and site design that responds to location and takes optimal advantage of ambient energy sources
Use of building fabric to shade and ventilate, to collect, store and distribute solar thermal energy and to distribute daylight appropriately
Healthy indoor environments with high standards of thermal and visual comfort
Smart energy design, and use of materials and energy from sustainable sources
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Indoor Environmental QualityIndoor Environmental Quality
Comfort: Fanger v Adaptive– Conventional standards seek stasis or
‘optimum’
– Change is the natural state of affairs
– People are more ‘forgiving’ of buildings which offer more control
– Dynamic environments stimulate –within limits!
IAQ– Ventilation
– Air quality
– Pollutants
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Integrated design for high performance buildingIntegrated design for high performance building
Know-how and skills Design team practice Design, specification, procurement, construction,
commissioning, testing, operation, maintenance Replacing Energy with Ingenuity
New materials, unconventional combinations Innovative technologies, appropriate systems Smart monitoring and control Building Science
Target setting Design for longevity, flexibility and change Pervasive quality
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EC ‘Solar House’ programme
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Sustainable Construction MaterialsSustainable Construction Materials
Sustainable sources Extraction, processing,
manufacture Embodied energy Transport, assembly Life cycle maintenance Emissions Recycling, disposal
– NB Composite materials
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Environmental Rating MethodsEnvironmental Rating Methods
LEED BREEAM GBTool
Sustainable Sites Energy Site, Project & Development
Water Efficiency Transport Resource Consumption & Energy
Energy & Atmosphere Pollution Environmental Loadings
Materials & Resources Materials & Resources Indoor Environmental Quality
Indoor Environmental Quality Water Efficiency Functionality & Building Systems
Process & Design Innovation Land Use & Ecology Long-Term Performance
Health & Well Being Social & Economic Aspects
Other assessment tools include:
Green Star & NATHERS (Australia)Athena (International) EcoEffect (Sweden)HQE (France)CASBEE (Japan)EcoQuantum (The Netherlands)Verde (Spain)
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Recent timesRecent times v v Future timesFuture times
after Leonard Bachman
Challenging nature Ecological sustainability with natureLinear production Cyclical flowsIncremental shifts Continuous changeProduct and tradition oriented Process and discipline orientedLocal effects of action Global effects of interactionMechanistic relationships Systemic relationshipsHeuristic procedures Cybernetic integration
Mass standardization Mass customizationLowest price contracts Performance-based awardsHierarchical and linear Holistic and non-linearEmbrace deterministic simplicity Embrace complexityIntuitive heuristics of form Self-emergent intelligent formInnovative individuals Trans-disciplinary teamsPioneer-as-hero model Designer-as-collaborator modelSeparate design, construction Integrate all phasesManual and automatic control Intelligent automationTransient static solutions Robust dynamic solutions
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Energy Performance of Buildings DirectiveEnergy Performance of Buildings Directive EPBD 2002/91/ECEPBD 2002/91/EC
Calculation Methodologymust as a minimum take into
consideration the following:• thermal characteristics of the building,• heating installation and hot water supply,
including their insulation characteristics,• air-conditioning installation, • ventilation,• built-in lighting installation, • position and orientation of buildings• passive solar systems and solar protection, • natural ventilation,• indoor climatic conditions
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Carbon-neutral buildingsCarbon-neutral buildings
Step change
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Passivhaus standardPassivhaus standard
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ResidentialAnnual heating requirement <15 kWh/m2.yrPrimary energy consumption <120 kWh/m2.yrEnvelope air-tightness n50 <0.6/h
Passive House, Darmstadt 1990
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Future Features ?Future Features ?
Integrated Design
Processes Evidence-Based Design Total Quality Management Value Engineering Risk Analysis Automation and Intelligent
Buildings Agile Buildings- flexible,
adaptable… Pre-acceptance Testing
Protocols Continuous Commissioning Post Occupancy Evaluation
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European Construction Technology PlatformEuropean Construction Technology Platform --fromfrom Strategic Research Agenda Strategic Research Agenda
Technologies for healthy, safe, accessible and stimulating indoor environments for all
New technologies, concepts and high-tech materials for efficient and clean buildings
Reduce environmental and man-made impacts of built environment and cities
New integrated processes for the construction sector
High added value construction materials Technologies and engineering for
innovative added-value SME services
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Industrial Change?Industrial Change?
Fragmented -design /manufacture /supply /assembly within
profoundly distinct organisations Most buildings are prototypes Need for building science Expenditure on R&D is very low Implementation of research results uneven
– suspicion of innovation and resistance to change exists
Thus, challenge of bringing about change in construction industry is not trivial
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Thank youThank you