energy & ecosystems ch 53 and 54 study guides are due friday test friday!
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Energy & Ecosystems Ch 53 and 54 Study Guides are Due Friday Test Friday!. Biosphere - the part of the atmosphere that contains living things Ecosystem - all the organisms in an environment (community) plus the nonliving physical factors (temperature, soil.etc ). - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Biosphere - the part of the atmosphere that contains living things
Ecosystem - all the organisms in an environment (community) plus
the nonliving physical factors (temperature, soil.etc)
Sun
Heat
Primary producers
Primaryconsumers
Detritus
Secondary andtertiary
consumers
Microorganismsand other
detritivores
Key
Chemical cycling
Energy flow
Continuous input from the sun is required to maintain energy flow in Earth’s ecosystemsConservation of Energy
(autotrophs)
(herbivores)
(carnivores)
Food Webs (& Food Chains)
- illustrate flow of energy
in a system
Plants Caterpillars
Sparrows Hawks
Trophic levels - the level of
nourishment within a chain
or a web, there should be
fewer organisms as you
go up each level
ENERGY FLOW
- energy flows through
an ecosystem starting
from the sun, then to
the producers and
consumers. At each
level, some of the
energy is lost as heat
ProductivityThe extent of photosynthetic production sets the spending limit for an ecosystem’s energy budget
Gross primary production (GPP) = Total Photosynthetic Output
Net primary production (NPP) = Gross - Respiration
limitations of primary productivity
LightNutrients (nitrogen or phosphorus)Oxygen (eutrophication)WaterTemp
How many trophic levels are possible? Why?
Trophic efficiency is the percentage of production transferred from one trophic level to the next, usually about 10%
Explain why it is more economical for developing nations to eat veggies as opposed to meat
Figure 42.13a
Movement overland by wind
Precipitationover land
Percolationthroughsoil
Evaporationfrom ocean
Evapotranspirationfrom land
Precipitationover ocean
Runoff andgroundwater
The water cycle
The Water CycleThe oceans contain
97% of the biosphere’s water;
Water moves by evaporation, transpiration, condensation, precipitation, and movement through surface and groundwater
Figure 42.13b
Consumers
Consumers
Decomposition
Photosynthesis
Cellularrespiration
Photo-synthesis
Phyto-plankton
CO2 inatmosphere
Burning offossil fuelsand wood
The carbon cycle
The Carbon CycleCarbon-based organic
molecules CO2 is taken up by the
process of photosynthesis and released into the atmosphere through cellular respiration
Volcanic activity and the burning of fossil fuels also contribute CO2 to the atmosphere
The Nitrogen Cycle
Nitrogen is a component of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids
nitrogen is the atmosphere (N2) must be converted to NH4
+ or NO3
− for uptake by plants, via nitrogen fixation by bacteria
Organic nitrogen is decomposed to NH4
+ by ammonification, and NH4
+ is decomposed to NO3
− by nitrification
Denitrification converts NO3
− back to N2
Figure 42.13d
Wind-blowndust
Geologicuplift
Weatheringof rocks
Decomposition
Plankton Dissolved
Uptake Leaching
Decomposition
Consumption
Runoff
PO43−
Plantuptakeof PO4
3−
Sedimentation
The phosphorus cycle
The Phosphorus Cycle
major constituent of nucleic acids, phospholipids, and ATP
The largest reservoirs are sedimentary rocks of marine origin, the soil, oceans, and organisms
Phosphate binds with soil particles, and movement is often localized
Frogs are BIOINDICATORS
The health of a frog population mirrors the health and pollution levels of the environment
Eutrophication
Eutrophication Video
Other Issues
ACID RAIN - largely a result of pollution which caused water to become slightly acidic
emissions of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)react with atmospheric water and oxygen
Loss of Diversity
There are a lot of different names for this one:
- endangered species- habitat destruction- extinction
The U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973 attempted to identify and protect species that were on the verge of extinction
Recovery plans were enacted for many species and have seen success in some cases (Gray Wolf, Bald Eagle) - all managed by the E.P.A
Environmental Protection Agency
Federal laws designed to protect the environment and manage wildlife resources
1. Endangered Species Act2. Clean Air Act3. Animal Welfare Act
The E.P.A. has often gone against other groups in the country, such as corporate industry, ranching, logging, and farming.
The current issues with climate change has the E.P.A. poised to limit carbon emissions. Good or bad idea?
Department of Natural Resources
Each state manages its own natural resources, such as river systems, state parks, endangered wildlife. State systems also tend to work closely with education to support sustainable use of natural resources. These departments are usually responsible for providing permits for fishing, hunting
Check out http://resources.ca.gov/ for info on the services they offer
C.I.T.E.S.
Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species is an international organization that attempts to control the illegal export and import of endangered species.
It is illegal to import animals (or parts) of animals that have been identified by CITES. This includes
- ivory, feathers, rhino horns, or other parts that are sold on the black market- living specimens, baby orangutans, tigers...etc
Check out bagheera.com for information on world efforts to slow the extinction of species