energy crops and their implications on surface energy and...
TRANSCRIPT
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Energy Crops and their Implications on Surface Energy
and Water Balance
Yang SongRahul Barman and Atul Jain
University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, ILEmail: [email protected]
AcknowledgementsU.S. National Science Foundation
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Current Bioenergy Crops considered in the US
Switchgrass Corn Miscanthus
Biophysical parametric differences
Canopy Structural, C & N allocation differences
Phenological differences
Variation in water and thermal energy consumption
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ObjectivesExamine potential productivity and their spatial variability of main bioenergy crops
Assess the impact of different bioenergy crops on energy and water balance
Temporal and spatial patterns of
• Evapotranspiration • Radiation (albedo effect)
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Research ApproachField Experiments
Simulation Experiment DesignExperiment 1: Grow corn over the US (BASE CASE)
Experiment 2: Grow Miscanthus over the US Calculate biophysical (e.g., GPP, LH, Sensible HF) and biogeochemical variables
Simulation Period: 2000‐2010
Climate data
NARR reanalysis
Climate data
Biophysical & Biochemical Model
(ISAM‐Land)
Soil texture Data
CDL land use data
Soil Color Data
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ISAM Land ModelBiophysical
Photosynthesis and Energy processesCanopy temperature, photosynthesis and stomatalconductance based on two-big-leaf (sunlit and shaded) schemeHeat and momentum exchange fluxes between canopy and atmosphere calculated as a function of atmospheric stability, canopy height and stomatalconductance.
Soil/snow hydrology processLayered soil water redistribution calculation related to specific root depth of species.
BiogeochemistryCarbon-Nitrogen cycling in soils and vegetation
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ISAM-Land-Surface Model
Energy
Hydrology
Carbon
and
Nitrogen
Cycling
Calculate fluxes of carbon, nitrogen, energy, water, and the dynamical processes that alter these fluxes
• 18 Biome types 0.5 x 0.5 degree resolution
• 30 minutes temporal scale• Season-to-interannual
variability (penology)
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Perennial Grasses Phenology
MaximumGrowth
Leaf senescence
Plant senescence
NormalGrowth
Dormancy
Emergence
Canopy close
Spring frostSpring frost
baseT > T base
Cold Tem
Spring frostSpring frost
Lodging DamageLodging Damage
ColdHot and dry
Hot and dry
Offset of greenness
Harvest
Cold
Fall Frost
Fall Frost
GDD (400-1100)
GDD (500-1600)
GDD (750-2400)
GDD (1000-3500)
GDD (1700-4200)
Days(15~30)
Days(0~51)
Days(0~130)
Days(0~56)
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Dynamic Carbon Allocation for Perennial Grasses
Source: Arora and Boer (2005)
• Soil water stress (WS ) -Advantageous allocation to roots
• Light stress (LS) -Advantageous allocation to leaves and stem
• Water stress (WS) and Temperature stress (TS) - Advantageous leaf loss to litter
GPP
Leaf Stem root
LitterRespiration
LS WSLS
WSTS
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Annual Crop Phenologyand Carbon Allocation
Root stem leaf
Root stem leaf
Root stem leaf grain
stem grain
Dynamic allocation in each step
based on thermal condition(PHU)
Senescence step
seedling step
Leaf vegetative step
Emergencestep
PHU>=1.0 or cold temperature
PHU<=0.55
PHU<=0.65
PHU<=0.2
Gdd0>Gdd0min & T > Tbase, PHU=0,
Flowering step
Thermal ScheduleDominated
Heat unit indexPHU= gdd/gddmax
gdd‐growing degree days based on base temperature( degree C)
gddmax‐potential maximum growing degree days for mature (degree C)
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Model Calibration-GPPMiscanthus-Urbana Site
Field data and validated parameter sources: Dohleman and Long (2009)
Dohleman et al. (2009)Bonan et al. (2011)
Corn-Mead Ameriflux Site
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
151 181 211 241 271
Daily Assim
ilatio
n Ra
te(g
C/m2/da
y)
Time(days)
Daily Carbon Assimilation rate in 2001
GPP_2001
y = 0.93xR² = 0.83
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Simulated
Measured
Measured vs. Simulated Daily Carbon assimilation rate from 2001 to 2006
GPP
Field data and validated parameter sources:Verma et al, 2005
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Model Calibration-Hydrology
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Soil Water (m
3 /m
3 )
Days
2007 Simulated_SW
Measured_SW
Modeled vs. Measured Soil Water Content (0-90 cm)
Miscanthus-Urbana Site
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
150 180 210 240 270 300 330 360
Soil Water (m
3 /m
3 )
Days
2008
Measured_SW
Simulated_SW
Observed data sources: Mclsaac et al (2010)
Modeled vs. Measured Soil Water Content (0-100 cm)
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
165 195 225 255 285 315 345
Soil Water (m
3 /m
3 )
Days
Simulated SW
measured SW
0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
165 195 225 255 285 315 345
Soil Water (m
3/m3)
Days
Simulated SW
Measured SW
2001
2002
Observed data sources: Verma et al, 2005
Corn-Mead Ameriflux Site
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Model Calibration-Heat Fluxes
‐150
‐100
‐50
0
50
100
150
165 195 225 255 285 315 345
Sensible Heat(W/m
2 )
Days
Measured SHSimulated SH
‐50
0
50
100
150
200
250
165 195 225 255 285 315 345
latent
Heat(W/m
2)
Days
Measured LHSimulated LH
Sensible Heat in 2001
Latent Heat in 2001
Miscanthus Urbana Site
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
2006 2007 2008 Avg
Evap
otranspiratio
n(mm)
Time
Measured
Simulated
Evapotranspiration during growing season(mm/year)
Observed data sources: Mclsaac et al (2010)
Observed data sources: Verma et al, 2005
Corn-Mead Ameriflux Site
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Model ValidationDistribution
of validated
sites
Mean Miscanthus Harvested Yield(t/ha) during experimented years for each sites
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
120 150 180 210 240
Above grou
nd Biomass(g C/m
2 )
Days
Simulated AG_biomass
Measured AG_biomass
Corn-Bondville Sites
Daily accumulated aboveground biomass in 2001
Source of Data:
Maughan et al., 2011Dohleman and Long (2009) ; Propheteret al., 2010American Fluxes: bondville sites
0
5
10
15
20
25
Yield(t/ha
)
Measured
Simulated
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Modeled Average Yield (t/ha) for the Period 2001-2010
Mean Miscanthus yield
Mean Corn Grain Yield
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Monthly climate data (precipitation and temperature) and its impact on Miscanthus yield
250260270280290300310
020406080
100120
2000
‐12000
‐52000
‐92001
‐12001
‐52001
‐92002
‐12002
‐52002
‐92004
‐12004
‐52004
‐92005
‐12005
‐52005
‐92006
‐12006
‐52006
‐92007
‐12007
‐52007
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‐12008
‐52008
‐92009
‐12009
‐52009
‐92010
‐12010
‐52010
‐9
Tempe
rature(K)
Precipita
tion(mm) Accumulated Rain mean temperature
2007 Drought Year
Miscanthus Yield
2004 Wet Year
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Monthly climate data (precipitation and temperature ) and its impact on Corn yield
250260270280290300310
020406080
100120
2000
‐12000
‐52000
‐92001
‐12001
‐52001
‐92002
‐12002
‐52002
‐92004
‐12004
‐52004
‐92005
‐12005
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‐12006
‐52006
‐92007
‐12007
‐52007
‐92008
‐12008
‐52008
‐92009
‐12009
‐52009
‐92010
‐12010
‐52010
‐9
Tempe
rature(K)
Precipita
tion(mm) Accumulated Rain mean temperature
2007 Drought Year
Corn Grain Yield
2004 Wet Year
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Effect of Miscanthus relative to Corn
y = 0.0002x ‐ 0.0567
‐0.2
‐0.15
‐0.1
‐0.05
0
0.05
0.1
2000
‐12000
‐52000
‐92001
‐12001
‐52001
‐92002
‐12002
‐52002
‐92004
‐12004
‐52004
‐92005
‐12005
‐52005
‐92006
‐12006
‐52006
‐92007
‐12007
‐52007
‐92008
‐12008
‐52008
‐92009
‐12009
‐52009
‐92010
‐12010
‐52010
‐9
Albe
do effe
cty = ‐0.1094x + 13.777
‐30‐20‐100
102030405060
2000
‐12000
‐52000
‐92001
‐12001
‐52001
‐92002
‐12002
‐52002
‐92004
‐12004
‐52004
‐92005
‐12005
‐52005
‐92006
‐12006
‐52006
‐92007
‐12007
‐52007
‐92008
‐12008
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‐92009
‐12009
‐52009
‐92010
‐12010
‐52010
‐9
Evap
otranspiratio
n(mm/m
onth)
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Comparison of Spatial pattern of difference in heat balance between Miscanthus and Corn in a drought and wet year
2007 Drought Year(Miscanthus-Corn)
Albedo Evapotranspiration
Albedo Evapotranspiration
2004 Wet Year(Miscanthus-Corn)
Strengthened Cooling effect
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ConclusionsMiscanthus and Corn production has strong spatial and temporal variability over the US.
High productivity is in midwest-US. Temporal pattern are strongly controlled by climate variability (tem and precip).
Miscanthus has larger latent heat loss to atmosphere due to its higher evapotranspiration rate. This effect could cool the earth’s surface.
Over the time this effect will be mitigated due to limitation of water availability.
Compared to corn, Miscanthus has lower albedo due to higher canopy interception during the beginning and later part of growing season, but higher albedo during the peak of growing season due to its larger LAI. Wet climate condition could strengthen cooling effect of Miscanthus to the surface by increased albedo and evapotranspiration rate, compared to corn.
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Thank You