energy conclave - 2006 n.delhi 28 th july’ 2006 dr.r.r.sonde executive director (energy...

Energy Conclave - 2006

N.Delhi28th July’ 2006

Dr.R.R.Sonde Executive Director (Energy Technologies)

NTPC Ltd

Frontiers in Technologies and Modernization

Electricity, the future form of energy

Frontier in Technologies & Modernization

Electricity is going to be the main stay of Energy

Transport sector could see a major change from natural liquid hydrocarbon to either Electricity, Hydrogen or Synthetic Liquid Fuel

Rural prosperity would see a major shift from the usage of non-commercial energy to electricity

050

100150200250300350400450500

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000

Prim

ary

Ene

rgy

(mto

e/yr

)

Non Commr

Import

Wind

Nuclear

Hydro

Natural Gas

Oil

Lignite

Coal

Coal / Biomass and water would be physical form of fuel outside ‘fusion’

Solar is going to be the riding source of “energy”

Cheap Power : High Efficiency (from mine to delivery)

Abundant Power : Plentiful so that it powers the country’s growth

Clean Power : Environmentally Benign

All the available technologies are based of ‘Rankine Cycle’

However, for this to happen, electricity has to be affordable, available and clean

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Sub-Critical

Super-Critical

CombCycle

PFBC IGCC

Eff

icie

ncy [

%]

We need to develop a ‘cycle’ which is fundamentally different.

It essentially uses ‘Condenser’ which limits the cycle efficiency to ~ 50%

Efficiency

Penalty for CCS (Carbon Capture & Seq) would be 10% points over and above the indicated efficiency figures


0

20

40

60

80

100

COAL LIGNITE GAS PETROLEUM

Coal Reserve 250 billion tons

Gas Reserve 553 bcm

Petroleum Reserve 5.4 billion barrels

Abundant Power

Coal remains the most important fuel for power industry

The country has plentiful energy sources marked coal superabundance and weak hydrocarbons…

Coal is likely to become the source of Synthetic Fuel & Electricity required for Transp. Sector

Coal is expected to become the fulcrum of ‘Hydrogen Economy’


Development of ‘Alternate Power Cycle’ has to be based on Coal being supplementedby bio mass, water and solar

I suggest two frontier technologies this country can take up in MISSION mode. They are

Clean Power

Producing clean power with coal, even today, is a challenge

Coal

ClimateTech

nology

Che

ap P

ower

Abundant P

ower

Clean Power

Hot Climate: Low Condenser Vacuum &

Boiler Eff No requirement of District

Heating

Very High Ash Content: 40% - 50%High Alfa Quartz ContentHigh Abrasive IndexLow Heating Value: 2500–3500 Kcal/Kg

The Challenge

Fuel extraction island

PowerIsland

[Turbine]Transmission

Combustion Island

[Boiler]

=85%-90% =65% =95%

Distribution [80%]


=85-90% Overall <22%!!!

The Solution : The frontier technology - 1, India centric

Chemical Energy [Coal]

Electrical Energy

[Fuel Cell]

Gasification Island

[Gasifier]

~95% ~80%

Cycle Efficiency [65% - 80%]

Migrate from ‘Rankine’ based power to a fundamentally new one (Hybridise Rankine at back end using ammonia cycle)


Unconverted Fuel Separator

Gasifier Hot Gas Cleanup

Gasification Island

Coal

Bio mass

Steam

Absorber

CoolingCombustion IslandZeolite

Electricity

Syn. Gas

Syn. Liquid Hydrocarbon

Ammonia / Urea / Chemical

Hydrogen

Fuel Cell

Char comb. island

CO2CCS

MALAE Cycle,

Low gr. Q

Bubbling bed

The Traditional Power Generation cycle

Input Energy = 100 Output energy =33

How to Increase the Efficiency of this system ?

14000C 5200C

Chemical Energy in Coal

Mechanical Energy in

Turbine

Electrical Energy

in Generator

Thermal Energy

in Boiler

Governed by 2nd Law of Thermodynamics

Fuel cell(Gibbs FE)

Carnot Engine(Energy)

Frontier Technology & Modernization

Why fuel cells?• Almost all conventional technologies use combustion and Carnot cycle• In this, the maximum theoretically achievable efficiency depends on heat source and

sink temperature• Though higher efficiency up to 83.7 % is possible, actual achievable efficiency is

limited by non-availability of suitable materials for such high temperature

Fuel cells are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a reaction directly into electrical energy.

Frontier Technology & Modernization

Frontier technology-2, Solar To Fuel And Electricity

Interfacing biology with physical sciences at nano-scale will be what ultimately will provide an abundant and perpetual source of fuel and power – perhaps at par with fusion. Fusion mimics solar while this would mimic nature (photo synthesis)


Chemical Energy [Coal]

Electrical Energy

[Fuel Cell]

Gasification Island

[Boiler]

•Water•Bio Mass

Artificial Photo Synthesis

•Hydrogen•Methanol•Syn Gas•Electricity

Water / CO2

Bio Mass

Fuel So

lar

Ph

oto

n

Bac

teri

a

Artificial Photosynthesis

Hydrogen Methanol

Syn Gas

Products

Electricity

Alt. Fuel

Use

Elements in Solar to Fuel & Electricity

Powered by sunlight, nano scale inorganic materials

embedded in organic base convert water, CO2 to hydrogen, methanol

Using technique of synthetic biology, yeast can manufacture fuels

from bio mass

Polymers made from customised

dendmimrimers mimic photosynthesis


What is different than already known?

1. Low temperature water (& CO2) splitting – to produce hydrogen or methanol

2. Low temperature conversion of cellulose (bio mass) into synthesis gas – Substitute for high temperature gasification process

I suggest following

1. Set up a 25 Mw (equivalent) FT-1 Mission. About six top institutions and two R&D savvy industry. Government to mentor the mission

2. Set up National Mission on Solar to Fuel Mission (FT-2). Would require interface with Nano, Synthetic biology and electrochemistry as backbone. Engg. Science to be introduced later


Way forward:

At a later stage FT-2 will be dovetailed with FT-1

Time frame, Budget, Institutional mechanisms ???

While I have suggested two frontier technologies, the existing technologies seek intervention of good number of

technological solutions. Today we have adequate tools (scientific), knowledge, operating experience to develop the

intervention technologies.

May I suggest we take up one more new development of solar through heliostats? What is this


Solar Tower


Solar Tower

• A field of flat mirrors concentrate light on central receivers

• As flat mirrors can have two-axis solar tracking, high collection efficiency (>80%)

• An HTF (molten salts) is heated up (550 Deg C)

• Generate steam in a heat exchanger (535 Deg C)

• Run a steam cycle – Overall efficiency : about 24%

input fromcondenser

output to turbine

steam generator

hot storage

cold storage

565 °C290 °C

Salt Cycle

Cont. supply


“When you really want something to happen, the whole universe conspires to help you to achieve your dreams”

…….. The Alchemist

by Paulo Coelho

CONCLUSION

Photo-Electrochemical Hydrogen

• Combine Electrolysis an PV technology into a one step process

• Problems: Chemical photo-corrosion and high cost

Cat

hod

e

Ph

otoa

node hv

2H+ + 2e- H2

V

RH2O + 2 h+ 2H+ + 0.5O2

Na2SO4

H-

e-

OxidationCatalyst

Reduction Catalyst

H2O H2S+

S2H+

2H+

0.5 O2Sun

hv

Photochemical Hydrogen

• Reactions occur at individual molecules suspended the solution

• A Photo-Synthesizer works in conjunction with a relay compound to transfer energy and generate hydrogen

energy conclave - 2006 n.delhi 28 th july’ 2006 dr.r.r.sonde executive director (energy...

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