Energy Concepts

• Energy– “The ability to do ___________”.

• Energy Laws– neither created or destroyed– High quality to low quality - heat

Energy Resources

• Renewable Energy

– Hydroelectric– Wind – Solar– Biofuels– Hydrogen cell– Geothermal

• Nonrenewable Energy

– Oil– Coal– Natural gas

Worldwide Energy Sources• Using prior knowledge or educated

guesses, divide a circle (pie) into sections that best represent the percentage that each of the following energy sources contributes to the world’s supply.

Fossil fuel power, nuclear power, hydroelectric power, wind power and solar power

Worldwide energy sources

84%

7%7% 2%

fossil fuel

nuclear power

hydroelectricpower

wind and solarpower

Oil

Oil Trivia Facts

• Crude Oil = oil pumped from the ground.– Petroleum means “oil that comes

from rock”

• History– 347 800ft. wells drilled in China– Discovered in 1859 in Titusville,

Pennsylvania!• Used for medicine $40/barrel

• Known reserves expected to last less than 50 years!– Current price per barrel: $86

What is oil?• Petroleum (crude oil)

– complex liquid mixture of hydrocarbons, with small amounts of S, O, N impurities

• Most valuable natural resource (?)– Gasoline, heating oil, jet fuel,

grease, wax, asphalt, plastics…

Formation of Oil

Oil Formation

• Decomposition of ancient sea plants & animals– Quick burial – Partial decayed (some carbon remains)

• Intense heat & pressure

• Time – millions of years to form

Oil Extraction

• Primary Oil Recovery– Drill well– Pump out oil that flows by

gravity into well

• Secondary Oil Recovery– Inject water into nearby

water to force oil into well.

http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11h

Enhanced (Tertiary) Oil Recovery

Recovery & Net Energy

• In any oil field, only 1/3 of the heavy oil can actually be recovered by 1st or 2nd –ary methods

• Tertiary recovery uses the energy of 1/3 of a barrel of oil for each barrel it produces

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVMRu7GjR7o&feature=related (<4min)

Fractional Distillation

• From extraction, oil travels via pipeline to a refinery

• Impurities are removed

• Oil is heated, which separates the various liquids by various boiling points

http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11khttp://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11o

http://www.petroleum.co.uk/education/%20coryton/page7.htm

What is petroleum used for?

• Fuel – transportation (65%), generating electricity

• Making products - plastic, fleece, ink, floor wax, soap, carpet, nail polish, aspirin, etc. (over 6,000 products)

Where are Gas & Oil found?Oil Reserves in…

• United States

• Middle East

• Venezuela

• North Sea

• Siberia

• Nigeria

Seal Rock/Cap

Reservoir Rock

Source Rock

http://www.absorblearning.com/media/item.action?quick=11h

OPEC

• Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries

– Set up in 1960 so developing countries would get a fair price for the resource.

– Control 67% of world’s oil

– Saudi Arabia (#1), Iraq (#2), Iran, Kuwait, UAE, Algeria, Libya, Nigeria, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Qatar, and Venezuela

Oil in U.S.Oil in U.S.•2.3% of world reserves

•uses nearly 30% of world reserves;

•65% for transportation;

•increasing dependence on imports.

www.bio.miami.edu/beck/esc101/Chapter14&15.ppt

Oil Reserves

• Estimated reserves: educated guesses about the location and size of oil or natural gas deposits

• Proven reserves: how much oil can be economically obtained from the oil field

Future of Reserves

• Economically depleted– When 80% of a resource has been used– Cost to extract remaining supply is more

expensive than its sale price.

• At current usage• 33 years to economic depletion! • How much is undiscovered?• Should we conserve?

Why change when you’ve found a good thing?

• Low oil prices = stimulated economic growth• In turn...

– discourages improvements in energy efficiency and alternative technologies

Environmental Concerns

• Pollution - many pollutants created when burned which leads to smog and acid rain

• Global Warming - releases CO2 when burned

• Oil Spills - damage to plants and animals

ANWR and offshore drilling

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DjfssrKGsBU – Jay Leno

• http://www.cbsnews.com/video/watch/?id=6351721n – Obama offshore drilling

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QP2GejkLdwA – ANWR and offshore

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bO_3eiOPuqE (1:30)

• http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0605/sights_n_sounds/– http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0605/feature1/

index.html - drilling in Alaska article

Crude Oil Alternatives

Greener oil options?

Oil Shale Oil Shale (kerogen) & Tar Sand Tar Sand (bitumen)

• Different forms of rock/sand that can be transformed (crushed/heated or pressurized) to be use like crude oil.

Global supplies of shale oil may be 200x’s larger than global ConventionalOil supplies

Oil Shales Pros/Cons• Pros

– US availability– World supplies

• Cons– Processing

• Uses ½ barrel of oil to process (heat)

• Uses large amounts of water (in desert areas!)

• Surface mining

• Groundwater contamination (salts, carcinogens, & toxic metals)

Should we use oil?

PROS• High net energy

yield

• Low cost (with subsidies)

• Easily transported

CONS• Low reserves

• Artificially low price causes waste and discourages alternatives

• Air pollution (smog, acid rain)

• Global warming

• Oil spills and water pollution