energy audit 2013 - autenticação method (empiric) ... where nominal losses depends on the boiler...
TRANSCRIPT
Energy Audit
Prof. Gabriel Pita
Energy Management
Energy loss in any industrial process or plant is inevitable; it
is a foregone conclusion.
Energy loss
Slide 2 of 53
is a foregone conclusion.
But its economic and environmental impacts are not to be
taken lightly, thus explaining the growing need for industrial
energy efficiency.
Put simply, the level of energy efficiency a plant or process
can achieve is inversely proportionate to the energy loss
that occurs; the higher the loss, the lower the efficiency.
Energy Management
•Where and how do most of the losses occur?
•How much energy is actually lost ?
•Are they controllable or recoverable?
Energy loss
Slide 3 of 53
The answers to these questions remain well concealed in a
black box where once energy is input, we do not know what
really happens to it inside and how much the losses are.
It is only when we look into the black box and extract these
details that we are able to ascertain the performance of the
overall or process levels and respond more effectively to
the weaknesses in energy management.
Energy Management
Overall energy losses in a plant can result from losses due
to designs that do not incorporate energy efficient
specifications such as:
• heat recovery option
• operations that run on inefficient methods
• poor or non-energy efficiency-conscious maintenance
Energy loss
Slide 4 of 53
• poor or non-energy efficiency-conscious maintenance
programme
Reducing these losses will substantially increase the plant's
efficiency, but we need data to identify and quantify the
losses and subsequently suggest suitable techno-economic
solutions to minimize the losses. This data can be
acquired through energy audits.
Energy Management
Sankey Diagram as illustrative example for energy chain efficiency.
Slide 5 of 53
Sankey Diagram as illustrative example for energy chain efficiency. Taken from GEA, 2012: Global EnergyAssessment – Toward a Sustainable Future, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK and New York, NY, USA and the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, p. 116
What is Energy Audit?
Energy Audit is a periodic examination of an
energy system to ensure that energy is
being used as efficient as possible.being used as efficient as possible.
Energy Management
Energy audit is a systematic study or survey to
identify how energy is being used in a building or
plant, and identifies energy savings opportunities.
Energy Audit
Slide 7 of 53
Using proper audit methods and equipment, an
energy audit provides the energy manager with
essential information on how much, where and how
energy is used within an organization (factory or
building).
Energy Management
This will indicate the performance at the overall plant or
process level.
The energy manager can compare these performances
against past and future levels for a proper energy
management.
Energy Audit
Slide 8 of 53
The main part of the energy audit report are energy
savings proposals comprising of technical and
economic analysis of projects.
Looking at the final output, an energy audit can also be
defined as a systematic search for energy conservation
opportunities.
Energy Management
The Sankey diagram shows the energy balance of a house for a mid-winter week.
Slide 9 of 53
Flows are in kWh, total amount 804 kWh. Energy sources/types are from the left (purchased heat, domestic hot water, solar gains), energy consumption and losses to the right (heat loss through windows, ceilings, walls).
Energy Management
The auditing process should identify energy-management opportunities EMOs
In many situations major cost savings can be achievedthrough the implementation of no cost or low costmeasures, such as:
• Changing energy tariff;• Rescheduling production activities to take advantage of preferential tariffs;
Slide 10 of 53
preferential tariffs;• Adjusting existing controls so that plant operation matches the actual requirements of the building or manufacturing process;
• Implementing good housekeeping policies, in which staff are encouraged to avoid energy-wasteful practices
• Investing in small capital items such as thermostats and time switches.
Some times it is necessary to undertake more capital intense measures.
Energy Management
Energy audit can be categorized into two types:
•namely walk-through or preliminary audit
•detail audit.
Energy audit stages
Slide 11 of 53
Sankey diagram for energy gains and losses in a building.
Energy Management
Walk-through or preliminary audit comprises:
• one day or half-day visit to a plant
• the output is a simple report based on observation and
Walk-through or preliminary audit
Slide 12 of 53
• the output is a simple report based on observation and
historical data provided during the visit.
The findings will be a general comment based on rule-
of-thumbs, energy best practices or the manufacturer's
data. It seek to establish the quantity and cost of
each form of energy used in a facility
Energy Management
Quick overview of energy use patterns
• Provides guidance for energy accounting system
• Provides personnel with perspectives of processes and
equipment
Preliminary Energy audit
Slide 13 of 53
• Identify energy – intensive processes and equipment
• Identify energy inefficiency ,if any
• Set the stage for detailed energy survey
Energy Management
GUIDELINES FOR PRELIMINARY ENERGY AUDIT
REPORT
• Introduction
• Overview of current systems in place• How much energy is being consumed;
• What type of energy is being consumed
Slide 14 of 53
• What type of energy is being consumed
• The performance of the facility compared with other similar facilities;
• The characteristic performance of the facility
• Scope of work for energy audit
• Recommendations and the associated
costs and savings
• Conclusions
Energy Management
Detail audit is carried out for the energy savings
proposal recommended in walk-through or
preliminary audit.
It will provide detailed data on the energy inputs
to, and energy flows within a facility and also
Detail audit
Slide 15 of 53
to, and energy flows within a facility and also
technical solution options and economic analysis
for the factory management to decide project
implementation or priority. A feasibility study will
be required to determine the viability of each
option.
Energy Management
Detailed evaluation of energy use pattern
• By processes and equipment
• Measurement of energy use parameters
• Review of equipment operating characteristics
Detailed Energy Survey
Slide 16 of 53
• Review of equipment operating characteristics
• Evaluation of efficiencies
• Identify energy saving options and measures
• Recommendation for implementation
Energy Management
Slide 17 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 18 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 19 of 53
Energy Management
• Introduction
• Methodology and instrumentation• Detailed survey of the management and operation characteristics of a facility
• The energy supply
• The energy use within the facility
• The plant and equipment within facility
• Data analysis and findings including graphs and plots.• Determine the energy performance of a facility.
• Identify and quantify the principal energy flows
GUIDELINES FOR DETAILED ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
Slide 20 of 53
• Identified and quantify achievable energy cost savings
• Summary of recommendations and the associated costs and
savings
• Conclusion
• Appendices
• CD containing raw measurement data collected during the audit, in
a readable file format
Energy Management
EQUIPMENT
Slide 21 of 53
Energy Management
Physical entities• Electricity• Mass flow• Temperature• Humidity• Flue gases composition
Equipment• Electrical analyzer• Anemometer (turbine, Pitot)• Thermometer• Humidity meter• O2, CO2, CO analyzer
Slide 22 of 53
• Flue gases composition• Luminance• Total dissolved solids
• O2, CO2, CO analyzer• Luximeter• TDS meter
Energy Management
Slide 23 of 53
Energy Management
Measuring air velocity - flow
Slide 24 of 53
Energy Management
Combustion Efficiency & Environmental Analyzer
Slide 25 of 53
Energy Management
Thermographic image
Infrared Temperature Measurement
Slide 26 of 53
Energy Management
250
300
350
400
450Potência (kW)
Sábado6ª feira5ª feira4ª feira
Slide 27 of 53
0
50
100
150
200
0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00 12:00 0:00
Potência (kW)
Potência Média Potência Instantânea
Energy Management
20
25
30
35
40
45
50Potência (kW)
Slide 28 of 53
0
5
10
15
12:00 15:00 18:00 21:00 0:00 3:00 6:00 9:00 12:00
P. Média P. Instantânea
Medições no compressor 793
Energy Management
Slide 29 of 53
Energy Management
Energy balances in energy audits
The energy balance in EAs differs from current thermodinamic energy balances because some unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Slide 30 of 53
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have an error of measurement
As a consequence, calculated unknowns do also show errors.
Energy Management
Energy balances in energy audits
The energy balance in EAs differs from current thermodinamic energy balances because some unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Slide 31 of 53
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have an error of measurement
As a consequence, calculated unknowns do alsoshow errors.
Energy Management
Energy audit objectives:
1 - Energy accountancy (data)
2 - Energy consumption (measurements)
Slide 32 of 53
2 - Energy consumption (measurements)
Direct measurement
Energy balance (equation + measures)
3 - Energy savings
Energy Management
Energy balances in energy audits
The energy balance in EAs differs from current thermodinamic energy balances because some unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Slide 33 of 53
unknowns are obtained by measurements.
Unknowns obtained from measurements have an error of measurement
As a consequence, calculated unknowns do alsoshow errors.
Energy Management
Problems in energy balances
The number of equations frequently differs from the number of unknowns
N. equations > N. unknows
• Not consider a measurement (a
Slide 34 of 53
• Not consider a measurement (a
measurement results in an equation)
• Create a chance to validateequations
N. equations < N. Unknows
• Requires estimatives
Energy Management
Wall Losses
3
Example: Industrial heat generator
Slide 35 of 53
Electricalresistance
21
Qelec
Energy Management
Equations and unknowns:
Mass and energy balance:
LossHTCmQTCmTCm
mmm
ppp .332211
321
+=++
=+&
Slide 36 of 53
ppp 332211
Unknowns - measurements:
Good confidence: Q, T1, T2, T3
Less confidence: m1, m2
No confidence: m3, Heat loss
Energy Management
Case 1: Equilibrium
2 Equations = 2 Unknowns
Measurements accepted:
Slide 37 of 53
Measurements accepted:
Q, T1, T2, T3, m1, m2
Unknowns obtained by 2 eq. System:
m3, Heat loss
Energy Management
Case 2: Less unknowns
2 Equations = 1 Unknown
Measurements accepted:
Q, T1, T2, T3, m1, m2, m3
Slide 38 of 53
Q, T1, T2, T3, m1, m2, m3
Unknown obtained by resolution:
Heat loss
Allows to create an error type unknown:
Error of m3
Energy Management
Case 3: Less equations
2 Equations = 3 Unknowns
Measurements accepted:
Q, T1, T2, T3, m1
Slide 39 of 53
Q, T1, T2, T3, m1
Unknowns obtained by resolution:
m2, m3, Loss
Requires more measurements (andmore equations, specific humidity):
Water balance:Or assume a value for a unknown (!?)
332211 wmwmwm =+
Energy Management
Frontier definitionCharacterization of mass and energy
flows
Energy balance sequence:
Slide 40 of 53
flowsEquations identification
Definition of measurement planEquipment selection
MeasurementsValidation
Energy Management
COMPRESSED AIR ANALYSIS
Slide 41 of 53
ANALYSIS
Atlas Copco
Energy Management
∫−=2
1
vdPw
Physics of compression
Slide 42 of 53
1
η
γγ
−
=
−
1
1
1
21
P
PTmC
W
p
Energy Management
Electrical measurements
150
200
250
Potência eléctrica [kW]
Funcionamento em carga Funcionamento em vazio
−
−
1
1
21
γγ
PTmCp
Slide 43 of 53
Example
0
50
100
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41
Tempo ([s]
Potência eléctrica [kW]
t1 t2 t3
−
11
21
PTmCp
Energy Management
Example 1: Boiler
Frontier anf flows
Slide 44 of 53
Combustionair
Natural gas
Flue gases
Water
Steam
Purge
Heat losses
CSC
Energy Management
DIRECT METHOD
( )HV
hhmsteam
Lmη waterfeedsteam
boiler ×−×
=
Equations and measurements
Slide 45 of 53
Requires steam and combustible flow meters (feed water meter is common)
HVLmη
comb
boiler ×=
Required data
Energy Management
LOSSES METHOD (empiric)
−=
gasesdry
Losses 100%ηBoiler
Slide 46 of 53
±
±
±
±
=
1%)( Unburned
1%)( purging Steam
3%)( Walls
steam
gasesdry 10%)( gases Flue
Losses
Energy Management
LOSSES BY THE WALLS
Where nominal losses depends on the boiler size, typically 1,5%.
Functioning factor: by stack temperature
factor FuncioningL nominal - walls
wallsLosses
osses =
240
Slide 47 of 53
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
22-5-07 0:00 22-5-07 1:00 22-5-07 2:00 22-5-07 3:00 22-5-07 4:00 22-5-07 5:00 22-5-07 6:00 22-5-07 7:00
Te
mpe
ratu
ra [ºC
]
Energy Management
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Gases
Is known the following data:- Aluminum: flow and temp- Air: temperature- Combustion air: flow and temp- Gases: temp, % O2
Slide 48 of 53
Aluminum
Air
Comb. air
Melted aluminum
Propane
- Gases: temp, % O2- Surfaces: temp, area- Fan: electrical power
Energy Management
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Air
Gases
Heat losses
Frontier and flows
Slide 49 of 53
Air
Aluminum Comb. air
Melted aluminum
Propane
Energy Management
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Equations
Air
Aluminum Comb. air
Gases
Heat losses
Propane
Slide 50 of 53
++=+
=−+
=
=++
gases fluelossesheat aluminumventilatorpropane
gases fluein oxygen propanefor oxygen airin oxygen air combin oxygen
out aluminumin aluminum
gases flueairpropaneair comb
QQQWQ (4)
mmmm (3)
mm (2)
mmmm (1)
&&&&&
&&&&
&&
&&&&
Melted aluminum
Energy Management
Example 2: Aluminum furnace
Equations
=−+
=
=++
gases fluein oxygen propanefor oxygen airin oxygen air combin oxygen
out aluminumin aluminum
gases flueairpropaneair comb
mmmm (3)
mm (2)
mmmm (1)
&&&&&
&&&&
&&
&&&&
Slide 51 of 53
++=+ gases fluelossesheat aluminumventilatorpropane QQQWQ (4) &&&&&
Energy Management
WATER AUDIT & CONSERVATION
Industry has recognized 'Water Audit' as a
important tool for water resource management
Water Audit study is a qualitative and quantitative
analysis of water consumption to identify means of
reuse and recycling of water. This study includes
Slide 52 of 53
reuse and recycling of water. This study includes
segregation of effluent streams and schemes for
effectively treating them to enable byproduct
recovery. Water Audits encourage social
responsibility by identifying wasteful use, enables
estimation of the saving potential they not only
promote water conservation but also deliver cost
savings, but also companies to safeguard public
health and property, improve external relations and
reduce legal liability.
Energy Management
preliminary energy audit of your home
Main processes involved in a preliminary audit
•Collecting data
•Analyzing data
Slide 53 of 53
•Analyzing data
•Presenting data
•Establishing priorities and making recommendations.
Energy Management
Collecting Building Information:
a)General building characteristics such as floor areas, numbers of
end-users, construction details, building orientation, building
facade, etc.;
b) Local Meteorological data
Collecting data
Slide 54 of 53
b) Local Meteorological data
c) Check for air leaks, insulation,..
c)Technical characteristics of energy consuming
equipment/systems;
d)Record of EMOs already implemented or to be implemented;
e)Energy consumption bills in previous three years.
Energy Management
Equipments:
Slide 55 of 53
Energy Management
Categoría o tipo de artefacto y su potencia nominal en W
Potencia
nominal del
aparato
Nº de aparatosHoras utilizado
diariamente
Consumo en
kwh
Lámparas de bajo consumo y tubos
fluorescentes
9 W 0
11 W 0
15 W 0
20 W 0
Lámparas incandescentes
25 W 0
40 W 0
60 W 0
75 W 0
Calefactores de cuarzo, halógenas o
aire caliente
1600 W 0
1300 W 0
1100 W 0
Slide 56 of 53
aire caliente 1100 W 0
0
Lavarropas automático alimentado con
agua fría.
2000 W 0
0
Otros lavarropas350 W 0
0
Radiadores de aceite
1000 W 0
1500 W 0
0
0
Termos eléctricos
1500 W 0
0
0
0
Energy Management
Televisores
90 W 0
125 W 0
0
0
Planchas
1500 W 0
1300 W 0
0
0
Cargador celular 13 W 0
Secador de pelo 1200 W 0
Equipo musical 150 W 0
Radio pequeña 11 W 0
Slide 57 of 53
Radio pequeña 11 W 0
Microondas 1000 W 0
Batidora - Licuadora 600 W 0
0
0
Computador 50 W 0
Impresora 500 W 0
Scanner 300 W 0
Fax 120 W 0
Refrigeradores, freezer o
refrigeradores con freezer
170 W 0
250 W 0
0
0
Consumo Total Aproximado (Kwh) 0
Energy Management
Slide 58 of 53
Energy Management
ElectrodomésticoPotencia Eléctrica
(Watts)Horas (día) Energía Wh (día)
Energía kWh (día)
Energía Wh (mes)
5 Bombillas de 75 W(Potencia total 75 Wx5=375W)
75 4 1500 1,50 45,0
2 Bombillas de 60 W (Potencia total 60 Wx2=120W)
60 1 120 0,12 3,60
Televisor de 21” 140 5 700 0,70 21,0
Equipo de Sonido 200 1 200 0,20 6,0
Slide 59 of 53
Horno de Microondas 1200 0,50 (30 min) 600 0,60 18,0
Coffee Maker 800 0,50 (30 min) 400 0,40 12,0Olla Arrocera 700 0,50 (30 min) 350 0,35 10,5
Cocina discos pequeños (2 discos)
1000 0,75 (45 min) 750 0,75 22,5
Cocina discos grandes (4 discos)
18000,75 (45 minutos)
1350 1,35 40.5
Refrigeradora 290 9 2610 2,61 78,3Termoducha 4000 0,50 2000 2,0 60,0Lavadora (10 días al mes)
385 3 1155 1,15 11,6
Total Energía Eléctrica (kWh) 329 kWh
Energy Management
Analyzing data
The most important source of energy data is the energy invoice.
At lest one year of all energy invoices , electricity, gas, R, should
be analyzed.
Any estimated meter readings should be identified, since this can
Slide 60 of 53
result in misleading data. To overcome this problems additional
invoices should be collected which cover the same months as
the estimated invoice, but for years prior to the audit period.
Energy Management
Electricity invoices:
Slide 61 of 53
Energy Management
Muito Alta Tensão (MAT) Alta Tensão (AT) Média Tensão (MT)
Slide 62 of 53
Média Tensão (MT) Baixa Tensão (BT) Baixa Tensão Normal acima de 20,7kVA (BTN) Baixa Tensão Normal até 20,7kVA (BTN)
Energy Management
Slide 63 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 64 of 53
Energy Management
Consumo em quilowatt-hora (kWh): De modo a dar cumprimento às diretrizes europeias, os consumos de Gás
Natural passaram a ser faturados em unidade de energia - quilowatt-hora (kWh), em vez de unidade de volume -
metro cúbico (m3).
•Fator de conversão de m3 para kWh: Para se obter o consumo faturado em kWh a partir de m3 de Gás Natural é
necessário aplicar um fator de conversão que é calculado a partir da seguinte fórmula:
Fator de Conversão (m3 para kWh) = PCS x Fct x Fcp
Em que:
PCS = Poder Calorífico Superior do Gás Natural. Valor correspondente à média aritmética dos valores de PCS
mensal, relativos a todos os meses já concluídos e englobados no período de faturação. Os valores de PCS mensal
são determinados pela média aritmética dos valores de PCS diário correspondentes.
Fct= Fator de correção por temperatura calculado pela fórmula 273,15/(273,15+Tgás), em que Tgás corresponde à
temperatura média, em ºC, da zona de distribuição.
Fcp = Fator de correção por pressão calculado pela fórmula (Pr+1013,25)/1013,25, em que Pr é a pressão relativa de
Slide 65 of 53
Fcp = Fator de correção por pressão calculado pela fórmula (Pr+1013,25)/1013,25, em que Pr é a pressão relativa de
fornecimento em mbar.
•Escalões tarifários
De acordo com o Regulamento tarifário, a atualização de preços é efetuada anualmente, a cada ano gás (um ano gás
completo decorre de 1 de julho a 30 de junho do ano seguinte), para os clientes com consumo até 10.000 m3/ano.
Findo cada ano gás, a ERSE aprova os preços a vigorar para o ano gás seguinte.
Os clientes são enquadrados nos escalões, tendo em consideração o seu histórico de consumo dos últimos 12
meses,
Escalões nacionais (m3/ano)
1 2 3 4
0-220 221-500 501-1.000 1.001-10.000
Energy Management
Tarifas de Venda a Clientes Finais em Baixa Pressão < 10.000 m3 / ano
1. Este tarifário está em vigor para o 2.º Trimestre do ano gás 2013-2014 (01.10.2013 a
31.12.2013). O ano gás 2013-2014 corresponde ao período compreendido entre 01.07.2013 e
30.06.2014.
2. IVA aplicável à taxa de 23%.
3. Desde 1 de janeiro de 2013, o fornecimento de gás natural é sujeito a um Imposto Especial
sobre o Consumo. Se utilizado como combustível (fogão, esquentador, caldeira) o imposto é de
0,001080 €/kWh; se consumido como carburante é de 0,010224 €/kWh. A utilização de gás
natural como carburante deverá ser declarada pelo cliente.
4. Não dispensa a consulta do site da Entidade Reguladora dos Serviços Energéticos
Slide 66 of 53
Escalão Consumo anual (m3)
Termo tarifário fixo (€ /dia)
Energia (€ / kWh)
Escalão 1 0 - 220 0,0732 0,0755
Escalão 2 221 - 500 0,1170 0,0700
Escalão 3 501 - 1.000 0,1732 0,0658
Escalão 4 1.001 - 10.000 0,1819 0,0588
4. Não dispensa a consulta do site da Entidade Reguladora dos Serviços Energéticos
(www.erse.pt).
Energy Management
Household Energy Use: Where Does the Money Go?
Slide 67 of 53
http://greenworldpics.com/2009/02/18/household-energy-use-where-does-the-money-go/
Energy Management
1Introduction
This part aims to describe the following topics:
a)The building audited - numbers of floors, floor areas, usage, occupancy, hours of
operation, year built, etc., layouts and schematics to be attached as appendix;
b)Objectives, such as studying the building energy consumption with a view to
identifying EMOs for implementation, setting target savings, considering long term
energy management program, etc.;
Format of Energy Audit Report
Slide 68 of 53
energy management program, etc.;
c)Scope of audit, covering the installations to be studied such as HVAC Installation,
Electrical Installation, Lift & Escalator systems, Plumbing & Drainage Systems or
any particular equipment/systems, the depth of the study, the parties involved (end-
user, building management, O&M personnel, etc.); and
d)Members of the audit team, and audit consultant employed, if any.
Energy Management
Format of Energy Audit Report
2 Description of Equipment/Systems Audited
This part aims to focus on the following issues:
a)Describe equipment/systems audited, their corresponding capacities and ratings,
design conditions, etc., equipment schedules, schematics and layout drawings to be
included as appendix.
b)Make use of information provided by the building management, O&M personnel
and end-users and site surveys.
c)State the design conditions if known, and if not known the conditions adopted as
base reference and calculations in the audit.
It should include the following contents:-
Slide 69 of 53
It should include the following contents:-
a)Zoning of systems according to building height or usage ;
b)HVAC Installation for different areas –type of system e.g. VAV, CAV, FCU, etc.;
types of controls; type and numbers of chillers, pumps, heat rejection methods, etc.
and their locations;
c)Lighting Installation –type of lighting for different areas and type of control and
zoning;
d)Electrical Installation –numbers of transformers and low voltage main switch-
boards and their locations and size or ratings of main distribution cables/bus ducts;
e)Lift Installation and Escalator Installation –capacity, zoning, quantity, floors/areas
served and types of control, types of drive;
f)Plumbing and Drainage System;
g)Hot Water System –type of system; and
h)Other notable energy consuming equipment/systems.
Energy Management
3 Findings
This part aims to focus on description of the results of the site surveys and
should include:
a)Findings in a systematic format such as in order of systems(e.g. first on HVAC
Installation, then on Lighting Installation, etc.) or in order of floors (e.g. from
lowest level to top floor), or in order of usage (e.g. general office, private office,
common corridor, lift lobby, etc.);
Format of Energy Audit Report
Slide 70 of 53
common corridor, lift lobby, etc.);
b)Descriptions of floors/areas with special requirements (e.g.24-hour operation,
low space temperature for computer room, etc.);
c)Calculation on cooling load, heating load, lighting load, electrical load and
annual energy consumption (detailed calculations should be included as
appendix);
d)Findings on O&M procedures and practices; and
e)Preliminary identification of possible EMOs against corresponding findings. The
descriptions should focus on issues related to possible EMOs and provide
systematic numbering to findings for purpose of easy cross-reference.
Energy Management
4 - Analysis and Identification of Energy Management Opportunities
This part focuses on the detailed analysis and identification of EMOs and should
include:
a)Comparison on actual performances of equipment/systems against original design (if
information available) and/or actual site measurements for any discrepancies and
identify the causes thereof;
b)Possible EMOs and corresponding substantiations(calculations on achievable
energy savings and detailed descriptions as appendix);
c)Implementation costs for EMOs (making reference to corresponding reference
Format of Energy Audit Report
Slide 71 of 53
c)Implementation costs for EMOs (making reference to corresponding reference
numbers assigned to the findings detailed calculations, schematics and drawings
included as appendix);ENERGY AUDIT REPORT
d)Comparison on the different solutions to the same EMOs ,as appropriate;
e)Classification of the EMOs into categories (Cat. I, Cat. II or Cat. III);
f)Listing of EMOs in a systematic format such as in order of system (e.g. first on HVAC
Installation, then on Lighting Installation, etc.) or in order of floors (e.g. from lowest
level to top floor) or in order of usage (e.g. general office, private office, common
corridor, lift lobby, etc.);
g) Program for implementation of the EMOs;
h)Identification of areas for further study, if any;
i)Indication of parties concerned in the implementation of EMOs and the difficulties that
may encounter and general methodologies to overcome them; and
j)Initial investment and payback of each EMO in the summary.
Energy Management
5 - Recommendations
This part aims to focus on:
a) The initial investment and payback period of each EMO.
b) The summary of recommendations in a systematic order.
Format of Energy Audit Report
Slide 72 of 53
b) The summary of recommendations in a systematic order.
c) Grouping items of similar nature/location/usage together or group
according to their categories (Cat. I, Cat. II andCat. III).
Energy Management
Slide 73 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 74 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 75 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 76 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 77 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 78 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 79 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 80 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 81 of 53
Energy Management
Slide 82 of 53