energy and seismic performance of timber buildings ... - cnr
TRANSCRIPT
1 INTRODUCTION Timber buildings are mostly widespread in cold climates, because of good thermal performance and availability of the row material. Nevertheless, the low thermal inertia of timber buildings af-fects negatively the summer thermal performance, if compared to buildings built with masonry or concrete materials. Therefore, this can be a limitation for timber technology during the cool-ing season in hot climates, as in Italy. In order to improve the summer performance of timber buildings without worsening the seismic performances, the Fraunhofer Italia, the Free Universi-ty of Bozen-Bolzano with the support of the Trees and Timber Institute CNR – IVALSA inves-tigated few technology solutions using thermal mass in walls in Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) and Light Timber Frame (LTF) systems. Different solutions of walls were proposed for all Ital-ian climatic zones. Within the TIMBEEST project, building physic and structural aspect were considered.
In order to achieve the research goal, the TIMBEEST project analysied the following main fields: 1) environmental restrains on Italian territory; 2) structural analysis of a large number of case studies in seismic zones; 3) energy analysis of a referenced building for all Italian capital cities; 4) monitoring campaign of thermal performance using two outdoor facilities (test cells), which were built in CLT and LTF system. In the first field physical parameters of external re-straints such as Climate Indicator (CI) and Seismic Indicator (SI) across the Italian territory were analysed. The CI represents the equivalent Cooling Degree Days (CDD, [K d]) referred to the Test Reference Year (TRY) and is calculated for the period from May to September. The SI represents the horizontal seismic action on buildings (Se (T)). The combination of these indica-tors allowed to create the Italian Vulnerability Map in terms of seismic activity and climate characteristics given by temperature and solar radiation of the typical year referred to all Italian
Energy and seismic performance of timber buildings in Mediterranean region
A. Polastri CNR – IVALSA, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
G. H. Poh'siè CNR – IVALSA, San Michele all’Adige, Italy
I. Paradisi Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy
J. Ratajczak Fraunhofer Italia Research, Bolzano, Italy
ABSTRACT: The use of timber constructions is not common in the Italian building stock. Timber buildings are characterized by the low thermal inertia, which is one of the main reasons for the worsening of summer thermal behaviour. Hence, it represents a limit during the cooling season in hot cli-mates. The summer thermal performance of timber buildings can be improved by increasing the thermal mass of building components, but at the same time, it implies the worsening of the structure performance, which is crucial in seismic areas in Italy. Italian codes establish restric-tive limits for the design of building, particularly in southern regions because of a high seismic activity. The Fraunhofer Italia, the Free University of Bozen-Bolzano with the support of Trees and Timber Institute CNR – IVALSA studied within the TIMBEEST research project how to improve the summer performance of timber buildings without worsening the seismic perfor-mance. This study presents solutions for improving summer energy performance of timber buildings by increasing thermal mass of walls in Italian context. The research considered both building physic and structure implications for two timber construction systems - Light Timber Frame and Cross-Laminated Timber.
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The second restraint was referred to the classification of the Italian territory according to seis-mic activity of the Italian territory based on the horizontal seismic action, (as extensively de-scribed at Section 3. The research team from the CNR – IVALSA calculated the Seismic Indica-tor (SI), which is defined by the elastic horizontal ground acceleration response spectrum (Se(T), [-]). This indicator was calculated for 110 capital cities of Italian Provinces.
The results of this analysis were elaborated by Fraunhofer Italia Research and are represented by the Italian Vulnerability Map, Figure 1. This map shows nineteen classes obtained by com-bining 4 classes of the CI and 5 classes of the SI, Figure 1. These classes represent critical areas for timber buildings characterized by both summer climate indicator (equivalent CDD) and seismic indicator (Se(T)). Higher value of the CDD indicates higher cooling energy demand in buildings and higher value of the Se(T) indicates higher seismic risks, which means limitations for timber buildings with additional thermal mass loads.
3 ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURAL PERFORMANCE
The second phase of the research project is focused on structural analysis, firstly, preliminary studies in order to define the self-weight of the case study, have been carried out and afterwards a large number of parametric linear elastic analysis have been implemented.
3.1 Preliminary studies
Italy is a country characterized by a high seismic activity including areas with low energy earthquakes (e.g. Vesuvius area, Etna area), and areas with seldom earthquakes with higher en-ergy (e.g. Eastern Sicily, Calabria Apennines), as states by the Civil Protection Department. In order to provide a Seismic Indicator (SI), which describes the seismic action on buildings, throughout the Italian territory, the horizontal seismic action on buildings was calculated by the research team from the CNR – IVALSA. To define it, the elastic horizontal ground acceleration response spectrum (Se(T), [-]) was calculated for 110 Italian capital cities according to Italian regulations (MIT 2008) and Eurocode 8 (CEN 2013), assuming the type D of ground classifica-tion. Figure 2 represents an example of elastic response spectra: x-axis shows the structural pe-riod of the building. It is also possible to affirm that the fundamental period of timber buildings presented in this study is typically between 0,1 [s] and 0,5 [s]. The calculation of Se(T) was car-ried out using Simqke software developed by the University of Brescia. The SI values were grouped into five classes according to the SI previously defined, as shown in Figure 1.
To improve the summer comfort of timber buildings, in relation also to the cooling energy demand, the strategy, which increase the thermal mass in external wall, was adopted. According to the structural analysis, the limit of the mass integration is up to 1kN per m2 of wall, namely correspond to 20% of the total weight of the considered building model. Preliminary analysis were performed on a three storey residential building made of two units as shown in Figure 3; structural walls and seismic weight were referred to the same building components evaluated with dynamic simulations. A linear static analysis were performed according to (MIT 2008) and to (CEN 2013), in order to define the seismic load and the total base shear force in particular. It was demonstrated the possibility of designing structural walls with increased weight by using standard connectors as hold downs and angular brackets. According to these consideration, im-proved building components (walls) with applied additional thermal mass were designed, as shown in Figure 5.
3.2 Parametric structural analysis
The aim of the parametric structural analysis is to characterize the behaviour of case studies, represented by a typical residential building (referenced building model) in different seismic zones, from the seismic design perspective based on effects of varying parameters. The follow-ing design parameters were considered: a) construction system (CLT or LTF) and relate be-havior factor; b) maximum soil acceleration of the different representative Italian cities (Figure
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4 ANALYSIS OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE
The third part of the research considered thermal and energy comparisons between standard building components (without thermal mass) and improved building components by the thermal mass. In order to perform thermal assessments and energy simulations for the Italian capital cit-ies, currently six winter climatic zones based on Heating Degree Days (HDD) according to (DPR 1993) are considered. In this classification, the summer climatic considerations are miss-ing. The Fraunhofer Italia Research proposed the following classification of the Italian capital cites combining HDD and CDD and identifying 13 summer climatic zones, Figure 4.
Based on climatic zones HDD and CDD, the Fraunhofer Italia Research made a multi-criteria analysis of thermal parameters for improved building components (walls) in order to find out the best solution of thermal mass integration in the building envelope for each Italian capital city. Thermal analysis methods for both standard walls and improved walls are describe in detail in the research paper of (Ratajczak et al. 2014). The multi-criteria analysis considered four types of improved walls in CLT system and three types of improved walls in LTF system.
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Figure 4. Classification of the Italian capital cites based on HDD and CDD.
The analysis considered the following parameters to identify the best solution: a) percentage deviation between the U-value [W m-2 K-1] of the improved wall and U-vale of standard wall; b) percentage deviation between the average of the periodic thermal transmittance Yie [W m-2 K-1] and the time shift [h] of the improved wall and average Yie and of standard wall; c) percent-age deviation between the total thickness [mm] of the improved wall and total thickness of standard wall; d) percentage deviation between the insulation thickness [mm] of the improved wall and insulation thickness of standard wall.
These parameters were weighted by 1-to-3 scale considering four types of improved walls and climatic zones HDD-CDD. It allowed to select the most suitable type of improved wall to the climatic zone. The results are represented in the Figure 5, which shows the selected im-proved walls, their layers as well as belonging to climatic zones. In these wall the following ma-terials were used to improve the thermal inertia: 1) brick (d = 5 [cm], ρ = 1800 [kg m-3], λ = 0.8 [W m-1 K-1], c = 850 [J kg-1 K-1]); 3) clay panels (d = 2.5-3.5 [cm], ρ = 1600 [kg m-3], λ = 0.73 [W m-1 K-1], c = 1000 [J kg-1 K-1]). Furthermore, the Figure 6 shows, as an example, the per-centage of improvement or worsening of the following thermal parameters between selected improved walls and standard walls in Messina city (climatic zone B-D (HDD-CDD)): a) thermal
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performance of standard timber buildings (LTF and CLT systems) and to propose strategies for improvement of the summer performance by integrating an additional thermal mass in walls without worsening the seismic performance of buildings. The TIMBEEST project demonstrated that summer performance of timber buildings (without additional thermal mass) have a good energy performance in terms of power peak, number of hours > 26°C; number of hours > 28°C and energy demand, especially if we adopt CLT system. Nevertheless, if thermal inertia of walls increases by adopting thermal mass (brick, clay panels) as was proposed in this project, the building can gain relevant benefits in terms of reduction of insulation thickness, which is quite thick in the southern part of Italy, otherwise the summer thermal parameters of wall are not verified. For instance in Messina city the reduction of insula-tion thickness is up to 60% in LTF building. Furthermore, the improvement of the internal areal heat capacity and the long term thermal capacitance was noticed: 54% and 89% in LTF build-ings and 59% and 28% in CLT buildings, respectively. According to the structural analysis, it is possible to increase mass of walls in three storey buildings in both CLT and LTF systems in all Italian seismic zones. In five storey buildings the increase of mass in walls can be done only in zones with low earthquake risk. Currently, the evaluations of output data from the energy dy-namic simulation are in progress. As the final results of the TIMBEEST project is expected to provide the cumulative distribution function of each analysed parameters in the dynamic energy simulation for summer climatic zones (based on CDD) as well as for a single capital city.
7 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors gratefully acknowledge the contributions within this project for the following persons: prof. Gasparella, prof. Marco Baratieri, Ph.D. G. Pernigotto, Ph.D. A. Prada from the Free University of Bolzano-Bozen, Italy, who developed the climatic indicators and performed the energy dynamic simulations. Furthermore, the authors gratefully acknowledge the support-ive sponsorship provided by the Autonomous Province of Bolzano-Bozen.
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