Energy and MatterEnergy and Matter

Chapter 2. Chapter 2.

Review! Review!

Easter Island:Easter Island: Colonized about 2,900 Colonized about 2,900

years agoyears ago

Soil and tree resources Soil and tree resources exhausted (Natural exhausted (Natural Capital)Capital)

Over 300 statues built to Over 300 statues built to appease angry gods. appease angry gods.

War over remaining War over remaining resources, cannibalsim. resources, cannibalsim.

SCIENCE! SCIENCE!

Science Vs. JunkScience Vs. Junk

Junk science is untested ideas presented as Junk science is untested ideas presented as sound science! sound science!

How reliable are sources making the claim? Do How reliable are sources making the claim? Do they have an agenda? Are they experts? What is they have an agenda? Are they experts? What is their source of funding?their source of funding?

Do conclusions follow logically from the Do conclusions follow logically from the observations?observations?

Has the claim been verified by impartial peer Has the claim been verified by impartial peer review? review?

How does the claim compare with the consensus How does the claim compare with the consensus view of experts in the field?view of experts in the field?

Matter and CompoundsMatter and Compounds

Matter is anything that has mass and takes Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. up space.

Elements are specific atoms of a given typeElements are specific atoms of a given type Compounds are forms when atoms of 2 Compounds are forms when atoms of 2

elements form a covalent bond. elements form a covalent bond. – Ionic CompoundsIonic Compounds– Covalent CompoundsCovalent Compounds

Atoms, Ions, CompoundsAtoms, Ions, Compounds

Atom: Smallest unit of matter that has Atom: Smallest unit of matter that has characteristics of an element.characteristics of an element.

Ion: an atom that has lost or gained an Ion: an atom that has lost or gained an electron. electron. – Cation: Positive chargeCation: Positive charge– Anion: Negative chargeAnion: Negative charge

When 2 ions form a bond, the result is a When 2 ions form a bond, the result is a compound.compound.

Compounds and FormulasCompounds and Formulas

Each compound has a formula. Each compound has a formula. – NO is Nitric Oxide. It is one Nitrogen and one NO is Nitric Oxide. It is one Nitrogen and one

oxygen. (Covalent)oxygen. (Covalent)– KBr is Potassium Bromide and is one KBr is Potassium Bromide and is one

Potassium and one Bromine. (Ionic)Potassium and one Bromine. (Ionic) Hydrocarbons are compounds with carbon Hydrocarbons are compounds with carbon

and hydrogen, like methane (CHand hydrogen, like methane (CH44) ) Chlorinated Hydrocarbons are compounds Chlorinated Hydrocarbons are compounds

of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

SubatomicsSubatomics

Each atom has a small nucleus and Each atom has a small nucleus and surrounding cloud of electronssurrounding cloud of electrons– Electrons are negativeElectrons are negative– Protons are positive Protons are positive – Neutrons have no charge at all. Neutrons have no charge at all.

Atomic number = # protons in nucleus Atomic number = # protons in nucleus (equal number of electrons…)(equal number of electrons…)

Atomic Mass = #protons + neutronsAtomic Mass = #protons + neutrons

Matter typesMatter types

Physical and Chemcial ChangesPhysical and Chemcial Changes

Physical Changes do not change chemical Physical Changes do not change chemical composition. (melting, boiling)composition. (melting, boiling)

Chemical Changes do, and are the result of a Chemical Changes do, and are the result of a chemical reaction. (Combustion, Decomposition)chemical reaction. (Combustion, Decomposition)

Law of Conservation of MatterLaw of Conservation of Matter

When a chemical or physical change When a chemical or physical change occurs, no atoms are created or destroyed. occurs, no atoms are created or destroyed.

There is no away to “throw away” There is no away to “throw away” Undesirable, dangerous, or damaging Undesirable, dangerous, or damaging

chemical products are called Pollutants.chemical products are called Pollutants.

Types of PollutantsTypes of Pollutants

The law of conservation of matter means The law of conservation of matter means that we will always have pollutants and must that we will always have pollutants and must come up with a way to manage what we do come up with a way to manage what we do produce. produce.

Persistence is a measure of how long the Persistence is a measure of how long the pollutant stays in the air, water, soil, or body. pollutant stays in the air, water, soil, or body.

TypesTypes

Degradable, nonpersistent: broken down Degradable, nonpersistent: broken down completely or reduced to acceptable levels completely or reduced to acceptable levels by natural processes.by natural processes.

Biodegradable: Broken down by living Biodegradable: Broken down by living organisms.organisms.

Slowly degradable, persistent: Takes Slowly degradable, persistent: Takes decades to degrade. decades to degrade.

Non-degradable: Cannot be broken down. Non-degradable: Cannot be broken down.