energy and living organisms
DESCRIPTION
Energy and Living Organisms. Living organisms require energy to perform functions. They: Kidney cells: to transports materials Digestive tract: break macromolecules Heart: to pump. Thermodynamics and Metabolism. Metabolism. Metabolism : Anabolism : Catabolism :. Flow of Energy. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Living organisms require energy to perform functions. They:
Kidney cells: › to transports materials
Digestive tract: › break macromolecules
Heart: › to pump
![Page 2: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
![Page 4: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Metabolism:
Anabolism:
Catabolism:
4
![Page 5: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Energy:
Energy can take many forms:mechanical electric currentheat light
All energy can be classified as:-kinetic energy: -potential energy:
5
![Page 6: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
stored energy. › ___________________________________› ___________________________________
6
![Page 7: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
![Page 8: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds can be transferred from one molecule to another by way of electrons.
oxidation: reduction: redox reactions
8
![Page 9: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Energy of motion› ________________________________________› ________________________________________
9
![Page 10: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jnj8mc04r9E
10
![Page 11: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Study of heat and energy flow within chemical reactions
11
![Page 12: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
First Law of Thermodynamics –
For example:sunlight energy chemical energy
photosynthesis12
![Page 13: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Exercise to lose weight› produce heat and you
sweat› heats the air around you.
When you eat a pizza› energy from the
chemical bonds in the bread, cheese, etc. is broken down
› converted into ATP molecules through cellular respiration.
13
![Page 14: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
______________________________________________________________________________
The enthalpy change (ΔH) › amount of heat released or absorbed when
a chemical reaction occurs at a constant pressure.
› ΔH formation = _____________________________
14
![Page 15: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Reactants:
Activation energy (Ea): Transition state: Products:
15
![Page 16: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
some of the reactant's potential energy is released into the surroundings as heat.
enthalpy of the products is ____________________
energy is _____________ ΔH is ____________
16
![Page 17: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
http://cwx.prenhall.com/petrucci/medialib/media_portfolio/text_images/019_THERMITE.MOV
17
![Page 18: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
![Page 19: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
![Page 20: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
![Page 21: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
![Page 22: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
entropy:
The 2nd Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy is always increasing.
22
![Page 23: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
![Page 24: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Free energy:
-denoted by the symbol G (Gibb’s free energy)
enthalpy:
free energy = enthalpy – (entropy x temp.)
G = H - TS24
![Page 25: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Chemical reactions can create changes in free energy.
When products contain more free energy than reactants G is positive.
When reactants contain more free energy than products G is negative.
25
![Page 26: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Chemical reactions can be described by the transfer of energy that occurs:
endergonic reaction:
exergonic reaction:
26
![Page 27: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
![Page 28: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Most reactions require some energy to get started.
activation energy:
catalysts:
28
![Page 29: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
29
![Page 30: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy (as ATP)
ΔG = - 2870 kJ/mol of glucose release of energy an increase in entropy This reaction tends to proceed
spontaneously.
30
![Page 31: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Photosynthesis Chemical EquationCO2 + H2O + Energy → C6H12O6 + O2 ΔG = + 2870
kJ/mol of glucose
energy is absorbed a decrease in entropy This reaction does not proceed
spontaneously as energy is needed to drive the reaction.
31
![Page 32: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
ATP = adenosine triphosphate
ATP structure:
32
![Page 33: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
33
![Page 34: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Section 9.1Section 9.1
PP PPAA PP
![Page 35: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Mono = One phosphate groupDi = Two phosphate groupsTri = three phosphates groups
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
Section 9.1Section 9.1
PP PPAA PP
![Page 36: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The battery of the cellThe battery of the cell
Section 9.1Section 9.1
![Page 37: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
When the bond between phosphates is broken:
ATP ADP + Pi
energy is released
ADP = adenosine diphosphatePi = inorganic phosphateThis reaction is reversible.
37
![Page 38: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
38
![Page 39: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
39
![Page 40: Energy and Living Organisms](https://reader037.vdocuments.us/reader037/viewer/2022102718/5681327c550346895d991607/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Section 1.3, p.68 1, 2 , 5 , 10 , 11
40