energising fiji islands
TRANSCRIPT
ADB Workshop 26-27th March 2009
ENERGISING FIJI ISLANDS
Atul RaturiThe University of the South
Pacific
Fiji
Tuvalu Tokelau
Samoa
Cook islands
Vanuatu NiueTonga
PNGS.I.
FSM Marshall Islands
Palau Kiribati
Kiribati
Population density
PNG - 8 persons/km2
Tuvalu - 363 persons/ km2
No. of islands/country
PNG > 1,400
SI~ 138
Kiribati- 33
Land Area
PNG – 462,243 km2
Nauru- 21 km2
Population
PNG – 7 Million
Niue- 2150 (est)
Pacific Island Countries (PICs)
Kiribati: North to South distance : 800 km and
East to West: 3,218 km (3 time zones)
FIJIFIJI
No. of islands= 6 Main + >300 smaller
Area= 18,333 km2
Population= 8,39000 (2008, Est.)
Viti Levu pop.= 77%
Urban population = 48.3% (2006 Est.)
Tourism driven economy
Access to Electricity (PICs)
From:Integrating Renewable Energy in the Pacific Islands, Marie Marconnet, Victoria University of Wellington
PICs Electricity per capita
From:Integrating Renewable Energy in the Pacific Islands, Marie Marconnet, Victoria University of Wellington
Fuel for Electricity Generation
Cook Islands All Diesel
FSM All Diesel
Kiribati All Diesel
Marshall Islands All Diesel
Niue All Diesel
Palau All Diesel
Tuvalu All Diesel
Tokelau All Diesel
Tonga All Diesel
Vanuatu 93% Diesel
PNG 35% Hydro,39% oil,25% Natural gas
Fiji Electricity Authority (FEA) Electricity generation mix
In late 2008 ( drier season), Diesel contribution was almost 80%
FEA operates 14 power stations with 194 MW of installed capacity (2003) , including over 80 MW of hydro.
FEA plans to generate 90 % of its requirements through RE projects
Actual costLocation
1.88$F/kWhOvalau Rural
0.38$F/kWhOvalau Urban
1.22$F/kWhVanua Levu Rural
0.40$F/kWhVanua Levu Urban
0.51$F/kWhViti Levu Rural
0.19 $F/kWhViti Levu Urban
FEA national tariff : 0.2059$F/kWh
Rural rates are being subsidized by urban consumers
Fiji Electricity Tariffs
FEA actual costs (2001)
Climate Change Issues
abc radio
CC and Fiji Islands
Fiji climate change could result in a 100 per cent increase in cyclone damage, an increase in dengue fever cases of between 20 and 30 per cent and a decline in crop yields of up to 15 per cent.Not If But When : World Bank Report(2006)
Coral Bleaching and a decrease in coral cover
Reefs : 50% reduction
Maynard,GEO109
Carteret Islands, PNG
By 2015: All 6 (7 now!!) Islands will be submerged. 2000 people displaced
The sea has dissected the Huen Island into two.
Similar stories in Kiribati, Tuvalu and others
Climate Change effects in PICs
Photo: Times
Mount Jaya , New Guinea Island
Photo:www.rbgkew.org.uk
Temperature increase on the Island ~ 0.3 Degrees every decade ; Among the fastest in the world
Glaciers have receded more then 300 meters in the last 30 years
Flora and fauna: waiting to be discovered ( if survive !!)
Climate Change effects in PICs
Pacific Year of Climate Change
Tackling the Double Whammy
•Renewable Energy Development
•Energy Efficiency Measures
Through
Renewable Energy
SOPAC
Lihir gold
Solar Home Systems (DOE)
DOEFiji times
0
10
20
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MWh
1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
SHS Electricity production
Hydro Development: Nadarivatu
New project
FEA
2 X 22 MW Pelton Generators. 101 Million kWh annually
Expected completion: Mid 2011
Navutu (Fiji): Grid Connected 10 kW PV system
•Pilot project : BP Australia & FEA
•Grid connected
•Installed in 1997
•50 kVA grid interactive system
•144 panels
Fiji: Butoni Wind Farm 37 turbines:10 MW,
11.5 GWH/year
Commissioned October 2007
Ankita Raturi
FEA
Hybrid System: Nabouwalu8 Wind Turbines (6.7 kW)
37.4 kW PV
Genset
720 kWh/day ,
60% expected from from RET
commissioned in 1998
Photo: PICHTER
Current situation: Running with Diesel , RE component ~0
Problems with control systems, manpower shortage, components and maintenance issues
Biogas
Kinoya Sewage Treatment Plant : 2003
Possibilities for 240 kW – 1 MW electricity generation
P.Johnston
Biofuel CNO, Ethanol and Biodiesel
Two Pilot projects in Fiji ( DOE) (2000-2001) : Dual fuel systems
•80 kVA generator in Vanuabalavu, Lau
•45 kVA generator in Welagi, Taveuni
Concept works
Supply chain and management issues
Interest in all PICs
CNO usage in PNG
Biomass based systemsTropic Wood Fiji Sugar Corp.
9.3 MW co-generation
FEA Grid connected
20 MW plant underway
D.Robins on
Plans for 25 MW
3.5% of FEA supply in 2003
Bagasse +wood waste
Kerosene for Lighting :The Numbers
• Money spent on kerosene globally ; ~ 48 Billion USD/annum
• Sub-Saharan Africa : ~17 Billion USD /annum
• % of household budget on kerosene: 15%
• People without electricity in PNG ; 4.5 Million
• Money spent on kerosene in PNG ; ~100 Million USD/annum
• Fiji: 37% kerosene/benzene lighting
The K-lamp: It is inefficient
Photo: SOPAC
•Produces 1 lux (1 lumen/m2) at 1 m
•Recommended light level for casual reading/kitchen work ; 300- 500 lux
•Gives 0.1 lumen of light for 1 W of power used : incandescent bulb - 17 lumens/W
•Cost of lighting ($/lumen hour): 325 times of a bulb and 1625 times that of a CFL
•Light produced in a year = light produced by a bulb in 10 hours
• Women and children in kerosene lamp lit kitchens are exposed to dangerous levels of Carbon mono oxide and particulate matters.
• Children vulnerable to influenza and pneumonia.
• Eye strain
The K-lamp: It is unhealthy
The K-lamp: Bad for Environment
• CO2 ( major Green House Gas) produced : 2.6 kg per liter of kerosene used
• Fuel based lighting produces 244 Million MT of CO2 globally.
Solutions: simple and immediate
Solar based lighting:Small systems incorporating CFL s and increasingly, White Light Emitting Diodes (WLEDs)
Solar lanterns Solar Home Systems (SHS)
Monthly spending on lighting fuel & batteries in unelectrified Fiji
households
Department of Energy (DOE) threshold for SHS viability = FJ$ 20 per month (O&M costs)
LED based lighting: Cheap and Efficient
Replace all K-lamps with PV based WLED lamps Micro financing Institutes
Energy Efficiency Measures
SOPAC
Cagle Cartoons
CFL Promotion in Fiji :DSM for Residential Sector
• FEA initiated and private sector supported• Buy one and get one free scheme• 80,000 units distributed• FEA contributed F$1 per unit : payback period of one
month• Evening peak reduction : 3.9 MW• Supplier contribution:F$0.82 per CFL , Profit:
F$30,000• Retailer’s contribution:F$1.05 per CFL, Profit:
F$47,500
FEA CFL Promotion Outcomesweekday
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20062005
:FEA
CFL promotion in Fiji
Barriers
• Affordability; CFL Cost: 6-8 times the cost of an incandescent bulb
• Information• Behavioural and preference• Technical issues
DSM programme
0
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Energy savings
(% of MWh
generated)
Fiji PNG S.I. Palau Tonga Tuvalu
Potential savings from DSM programme (1994-2013)
Standards and LabellingFiji government has approved the S & L regulations.Proposed standards for Fiji S&L programme• Energy labelling: All household refrigerating appliances
should be tested under standard conditions, and ranked on a 6- star scale according to their energy consumption.
• Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS):: set a legally enforceable level of energy efficiency
Expected Benefit /cost ratio 4.2
Electricity use reduction: 8 % below BAU ( source : DOE)
Projected Energy Savings
With Energy labelling and MEPS ( 1995 study)
Source: SRCI
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5
10
15
20
25
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%
Fiji SI Palau Samoa Tonga Kiribati Tuvalu PNG
Energy savings ( Refrigerators + AC)
Labelling AwarenessRadio, TV and newspaper advertisements
FEA bills carry the message
Retailers distribute broachers
Photo: Ankita Raturi
Energy Efficiency initiatives in the PICs
• ADB funded REEP :Opportunities for RE investment and EE project=institutional and capacity development
• UNDESA supported SOPAC project on DSM• Promotion of environmentally sustainable
transportation in the PICs: GEF funded SOPAC project
• Pacific Power Association (PPA) :Supply side Management for its member utilities.
• Australian Greenhouse Office and IIIE: MEPS & labelling Photo: Ankita Raturi
Fiji:CDM Project
•Small Scale and bundled projects
•2 run-of-river hydro projects. Vaturu (3 MW) and Wainikasou (6.5 MW)- displace diesel generation
•Developed by Pacific Hydro and FEA
•Combine output: 35 GWh/year
•CDM registration : October 2005
•24,928 tonnes of CO2 reduction per year
SEL
THANK YOU FOR YOUR PATIENCE