energiewende · transitionally increased electricity fr om coal and gas to keep electricity secure...

The German Energiewende: A Researcher’s View December 12, 2014 Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim U. Knebel Karlsruhe Institute of Technology

Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim Knebel | Head of Division

KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Laboratory of the Helmholtz Association

KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association

Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim U. Knebel, Head of Division ‚Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering‘

www.kit.edu

Energy Perspectives for Germany and Europe: A Researcher’s View

Ryerson University, Toronto Canada, December 12, 2014

Karlsruhe

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/Karlsruher_Schloss_Front_Panorama.jpg

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto#mediaviewer/File:122_-_Toronto_-_Septembre_2009.jpg

Toronto

Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 33

Reprint and dissemination of this contributionis only permitted with written approval of Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)

and citation of the author. Sending of the reprint to the author is

requested.

The spoken work is valid only.

Energy Perspectives for Germany and Europe: A Researcher’s View

Ryerson University, Toronto Canada, December 12, 2014

12.12.2014 Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Ryerson University, Toronto Canada




Content

Introduction to KIT

German Energy Turnaround (‘Deutsche Energiewende’)

Research into Storage, Efficiency, Renewables, Fission / Fusion

European Energy Perspectives

Germany: Land of Traditions, Land of Progress, Land of Ideas!



Content

Introduction to KIT




12.12.2014

Since 1825

Since 1956

Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Ryerson University, Toronto Canada



Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 36 12.12.2014

Mission of a state university with research and higher education.

Mission of a national research institution of the Helmholtz Association with program oriented provident research.

Three Tasks: Research - Higher Education - Innovation.

KIT – One Institution, Two Missions, Three Tasks

Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Ryerson University, Toronto Canada


KIT – Helmholtz Research Centreand State University

KIT Campus North

KIT Campus South

KIT Campus Alpine

Helmholtz Institute Ulm


KIT Campus East

Emergency Housing forRefugies




9,439 24,500785

KIT in Figures

Employees

Professors

Students

Annual Budget in Million Euros

373



KIT is Research, Higher Education and Innovation


Research

From fundamental questions to specificapplications in energy, environment, future technologies and society.

Higher Education

Research oriented teaching in a stimulating environment for the elitesof tomorrow.

Innovation

New products, processes and services toshape the future of our society.




Content

Introduction to KIT





Quelle: http://http://www.bundesregierung.de/Webs/Breg

/DE/Energiekonzept/energiekonzept.html


The transition to a new energy era demands courage, resolve and perseverance.

Five corner tasks:

Development of renewable energies must be synchronised with the expansion and upgrading of the power grids.

Need of fossil-fired power plants in the future to guarantee a reliable energy supply.

Commitment to the cost-effective development of renewables.

Increase of energy efficiency primarily through incentives, rather than regulatory law and mandatory measures.

Support and advancement of energy research and thereby emerging technologies.


Germany’s New Energy Policy




Germany will develop to one of the most energy-efficient and environmentally friendly economies worldwide.

Restructuring of the energy system required to allow the transition to a New Energy Era (‘Energiewende’).

Introduction of a long-term Energy Concept (September 2010). 80% cut of green-house gas emissions by 2050 compared to 1990. Renewables to supply the bulk of German energy in the future. 50% reduction of primary energy consumption by 2050. Final energy consumption in the transport sector to be reduced by 40% in 2050 compared to 2005. 2.1% annual increase in energy productivity relative to final energy consumption.

Adoption of a comprehensive legislative package, known as Energy Package (Summer 2011).






Act to restructure the Legal Framework for the Promotion of Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources (EEG). Act on Measures to Accelerate the Expansion of the Electricity Grid (NABEG). Act to Restructure Provisions of the Energy Industry Act (EnWGAndG). Act Amending the Act to Establish a Special Energy and Climate Fund (EKFG-ÄndG). Fourth Ordinance amending the Ordinance on the Award of Public-sector Contracts. 13th Act to Amend the Atomic Energy Act (AtomG). Act Strengthening Climate-Friendly Measures in Towns and Municipalities.








Act to restructure the Legal Framework for the Promotion of Electricity Generation from Renewable Energy Sources (EEG). Act on Measures to Accelerate the Expansion of the Electricity Grid (NABEG). Act to Restructure Provisions of the Energy Industry Act (EnWGAndG). Act Amending the Act to Establish a Special Energy and Climate Fund (EKFG-ÄndG). Fourth Ordinance amending the Ordinance on the Award of Public-sector Contracts. 13th Act to Amend the Atomic Energy Act (AtomG). Act Strengthening Climate-Friendly Measures in Towns and Municipalities.




11.3.2011: Fukushima → The German Reaction

Immediate shutdown of older NPPs in Germany

Performance of stress tests in Germany and Europe

‚Ethic Commission‘ in Germany, nominated by Chancellor A. Merkel

Phase-out of nuclear power in Germany until 2022

Block 4 Block 3 Block 2 Block 1

ww

w.n

-tv.

de –

ap, d

pa





Main Objectives of the ‘German Energiewende’


Source: Craig Morris, Martin Pehnt (2012)

(Electricity)


Electricity Generation in Germany 2013


Source: www.unendlich-viel-energie.de

Natural GasBitumious CoalNuclear PowerBlack CoalOtherRenewable Energies




Electricity Generation in Germany 2013


Source: www.unendlich-viel-energie.de andGermany Trade and Invest http://www.gtai.de/GTAI/Navigation/DE/Trade/maerkte*

Natural GasBitumious CoalNuclear PowerBlack CoalOtherRenewable Energies

Electricitygenerated by

Canada Germany

Black Coal 19,7%

Lignite Coal 21,8% 25,8%

Gas 10,5%

Nuclear 14,6% 15,4%

Solar 4,5%

Hydro 61,3% 3,4%

Biomass 0,2% 7,6%

Wind 1,8% 7,9%

Oil, p storage 5,2%


Electricity Capacity and Generation in Germany 2013


Source: http://www.bdew.de/internet.nsf/id/8DFG22-DE_Grafiken

Wind

Photovoltaics

Biomass

Oil & Pumped Water

Natural Gas

Black Coal

Lignite

Nuclear Energy

Running WaterPower Capacity

183.647 MW (net)Power Generation

596,4 TWh (net)





Renewable electricity share: Goal 2020 35%, Goal 2050 80%.

Last German NPP will shut down at the end of 2022.

Transitionally increased electricity from coal and gas to keep electricity secure and affordable. Modernisation of existing plants, fast completion of new plants.

Construction of large wind parks.

Support of biomass technologies.

Source: http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liste_der_Offshore-

Windparks

New Energy for Germany (10/2011)www.bundesregierung.de (1/2)




To store electricity generated from renewables, there is a need for further pumped-storage hydropower plants. In parallel, research into new storage technologies will be funded.

Fast enlargement of the electricity grid in order to distribute electricity from wind parks and to make up for decentralised production. Public hearing of citizens who are concerned due to new power lines.

Energetic renovation and modernisation of buildings:

Increase of programme funds for CO2-efficient buildings.


Source: http://hallo.news352.lu/edito-77382-rieseninvest-in-die-

stromautobahn.html





Source Fotos: http://www.solar-energie-boden.de and http://www.sonnenfluesterer.de

Fundamental New Challenges to Our Energy System

From point to area

From central to decentralised

From direct consumption to storage; i.e. consumer attitude follows energy offers

Consumer actively controls and provides energy services



Source Fotos: http://d1.stern.de/bilder/stern_5/wirtschaft/2011/KW41/energiesparen/erneuerbare_fitwidth_489.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/ArrowLakesPic.JPG

Selected Electricity Data for Germany (2011)

Inhabitants: 80 Mio 35 Mio

Annual peak load electricity: 81 GW XX GW

Installed electricity capacity: 160 GW 130 GW

Reliably available capacity: 93 GW 125 GW

Thereof based on renewable energies: 12 GW 75 GW

Annual full load hours (GER): Nuclear energy 7,330 hours

Lignite 6,600 hours

Biomass 6,400 hours

Water 4,600 hours

Wind 1,380 hours

Photovoltaics 900 hours





Quelle: Leipzig Electricity Stock Exchange EEX; Karl Linnenfelser

EEX: Wind Energy in Germany (01/2010-02/2013)


Efficiency

Installed powerAvailable power



EEX: PV Energy in Germany (01/2010-02/2013)


Efficiency






EEX: Wind & PV Energy in Germany (01/2010-02/2013)


Efficiency



Electricity Price Increase due to EEG Law


In 2013, about 20 billion Euro had to be paid by end-customers due to Renewable Energies Act (EEG).

Electricity cost is about 0,30€ per kWh, thereof 50% are taxes!

Source: BMU, EEG /KWK-G, Reuters

EE

G in

Eu

roC

ent/

kWh




Urgent Questions

Is the public willing to pay for the ‘Energiewende’?

Is the public willing to change its habits?

What about security of supply?

What about Germany‘s competitiveness?

What about our neighbours?

Can research provide innovative solutions in time?


http://de.123rf.com/photo_7659991_amsterdam-august-19-2010-crowds-on-the-quay-visit-the-tall-ships-at-sail-2010-in-amsterdam-holland-o.html


Content


Introduction to KIT

Germany’s New Energy Era (‘Deutsche Energiewende’)












Source: Getty Images http://www.spiegel.de/wirtschaft/unternehmen/bil

d-867202-209317.html




Erection of wind farms in North Sea and Baltic Sea.

Stepwise increase of degree of difficulty, i.e.: Water depth, distance from land, turbine size, turbine number.

But: Connection to the main grid is not easily realised.

Wind Offshore: Strategy & Portfolio of EnBW

Source: EnBW November 2011


Distance from land

Water depth

Turbine/Park size




Average Time Availability of Wind Power in Germany


Wind generators have a time availability between 15% and 25%.

Source: Vahrenholt 2010, Data in 2010 until July, then EEX

Tim

e A

vaila

bili

ty

Year

2011

2012


161MW under operation, 207MW under construction.

Erection within one year.

German Utility EnBW Invests in Turkey

Source: EnBW November 2014





Final Product – SC Generator:

Superconducting, reliable, lightweight, and more powerful offshore wind turbine

Objectives:

Reduction of head mass, size and cost (SC-generator)

Reduction of operating, maintenance and transportation cost

Increase reliability and efficiency (direct drive)

Maximization of power conversion; Power-to-Gas

European Research Project: Suprapower

Source: KIT-ITEP-Neumann



Final Product – SC Generator:

Superconducting, reliable, lightweight, and more powerful offshore wind turbine

Objectives:

Reduction of head mass, size and cost (SC-generator)

Reduction of operating, maintenance and transportation cost

Increase reliability and efficiency (direct drive)

Maximization of power conversion; Power-to-Gas

European Research Project: Suprapower

Source: KIT-ITEP-Neumann





Quelle: Bossel, European Cell Forum ; Technikfolgenabschätzung Nr. 1, 15 Jg. April 2006

Hydrogen as Energy Carrier: Process Losses

AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

60 %-VerlustAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

80 %-Verlust


Electricity fromrenewable energies Consumer

Ele

ctro

lysi

s

Fu

el C

ell

Tech

no

log

y








Source: bioliq® Pilot Plant KIT http://www.kit.edu/visit/pi_2013_12692.php






1,5 GJ/m3

straw

20 GJ/m3

Bioliq® Syncrude

36 GJ/m3

petrol

Stepwisebuild-up

biomass conditioning,fast pyrolysis,

slurry production2009/10

gasification2011/12

gas conditioning, Fuel production

2012/13

Decentralized energy densificationCentral substantial grafting

The Bioliq® Process

Energydensity



Bioliq® Pilot Plant at KIT (2011)

Step 1: Fast Pyrolysis, Slurry Production


Step 2: Gasification

Step 3/4:Gas Conditioning, Fuel Production










Source: http://www.badische-zeitung.de/suedwest-1/pumpspeicherwerk-

atdorf-ueber-die-erste-huerde--38212649.html



Pump Water Reservoirs


Germany: if in 2030 some 30% of the electricity is produced bywind, the required storage capacity is about 3.000 GWh to make upfor one week free of wind.

This is about 70 times of today‘s pump water capacity of 40 GWhin Germany.

What about public acceptance?

Source: Schluchsee Plant Gemeinde Schluchsee.

http://schluchsee-wolfsgrund.jugendherberge-bw.de/lage-und-umgebung-fr-sw.html




Wind Energy and Required Storage CapacitySituation of Transmission Grid Vattenfall Europe February 2008

Quelle: IfR, TU Braunschweig, ABB

540 GWh: Required storage capacity to providecontinuous, average power supply

40 GWh: Capacity of allGerman pumped water storage plants










stromautobahn.html





po

wer

de

nsityenergy density

costs

cyclelife

safety ecology

relia

bili

ty

Cathode MaterialAnode Material

From Fundamentals to Prototypes: Complete Development up to Battery Level

Cell Assembly

Characterisation

Cell Integration

Coating Technology

Electrolyte12.12.2014 Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Ryerson University, Toronto Canada


Cost-effective product design and production technologies

High-energy MaterialsCompact Cell Designs

Modular Battery DesignsOptimized Manufacturing Methods

250 €/kWh at 250 Wh/kg on battery system level in 2018

250 €/kWh at 250 Wh/kg on battery system level in 2018

System Competence along the Value Chain


MaterialsCell

AssemblingBattery

Elektro‐chemistry

Electrics, Electronics

Systems

Electrobus presented atInternational Motor Show (IAA)

Frankfurt 2013




Conversion Material with High Cyclic Stability

R. Prakash, et al., J. Power

Sources 196 (2011)

state-of-the-art

Li0.5CoO2 : 140 mAh/g (theor.)

room temperature

High cyclic stabilitySpecific capacity decreases by only 3-5% between cycles 10 and 300



Comparison of storage capacities

Can Full Electric Vehicles Contribute to Store ExcessElectricity from Renewable Energies?

Elektroauto Pumpspeicherkraftwerk

Assumptions:• 1 Mio. FEV (Goal of 2020 in D) as

mobile storages in a smart grid• Each having max 20 kWh battery

storage capacity• 70% availability for storage• 50% free capacity in average

Assumptions:• All German pumped storage water

power plants considered• Atdorf Plant: plus 12.5 GWh

7.000 MWh capacity 40.000 MWh capacity

Quelle: Schluchseewerk AG

Quelle: www.think.no











Source: https://uwaterloo.ca/sustainable-energy-policy/sites/ca.sustainable-energy-

policy/files/uploads/files/A%20Regional%20Comparison%20of%20Smart%20Grids.pdf



The German Power Grid


Transmission Grid

Extra-high voltage: 220kV – 380kV 35,000 km.

Distribution Grid

High voltage: 60kV – 110 kV; 80,000 km.

Medium voltage: 6kV – 30kV; 500,000 km.

Low voltage: 230V – 400 V; 1,100,000 km.

Today, mainly one-way grid.




Generation Capacity by Energy Source (at 31/12/2010)


Source: Federal Network Agency

Transmission grid operation (77,621 MW)

Distribution grid operation (77,621 MW)


The German Extra-high Voltage Grid (Status: May 7, 2012)


Some 4,500 km of extra-high voltage lines required by 2020.

Wind power almost doubles from 2012 to 2020.

1,900 km are prioritised.

Just over 200 km have yet been built.




AmpaCity Project: HT Superconducting Cable


Source: KIT-ITEP-Goldacker

So

urc

e: h

ttp

://c

om

mo

ns.

wik

imed

ia.o

rg/w

iki/

Fil

e:12

2_-

_To

ron

to_

-_S

ep

tem

bre

_20

09.jp

g

Designed for 10 kV, 2.3 kA

Superconductor Sumitomo BSCCO-reinforced


Smart Energy Systems Vision

Source: KIT-AIFB, FZI, Hartmut Schmeck


Physical View

Market V

iew

Local DistributionConsumer / Producer Behaviour




Helmholtz Energy Lab 2.0 at KIT


Mission in support of the Energiewende:

Develop technological solutions for the overall Energy System in 2050 in order to successfully integrate the renewable energies into the power grid, especially by conducting technology-oriented research on a demonstrator scale and complementing it with comprehensive energy systems analysis.

Specific Tasks:

Demonstration of storage technologies in combination withproducers and consumers

Investigation of grid stability

Flexibilisation of producers concerning load and feed

Combination of electricity, heat, gas and fuels with thermal andelectro-chemical storages (unidirectional, bidirectional)

Coupling of energy and information grids, considering real-time data exchange, data security and privacy


Energy Lab 2.0 – Components


Solar Power Storage Park

(KIT)

BiomassFlash

Pyrolysis HP-GasifierHTHP Gas-Cleaning +

Conditioning

HP-Gas Turbine + Generator

Synthesis

StorageElectricalElectrochemical

Chemical

Thermal

Electrical Power

Grid

Fuels/Chemicals

MW ElectrolysisFacility (FZJ)

Thermal Storage (DLR)

Consumers

Buildings

Experimental Plants

Wind Park (Partner)

Geothermal energy plant

(Partner)

Smart Energy System Simulation and Control Center (SEnSSiCC)- Data Analysis- Smart Grid Lab and Real-Time Simulation- Microgrid with Grid-Control

Plant Network

Gas grid

HeatGas




Energy Smart Home Lab on KIT Campus


Solar inverterSmart Meter

EMP

Charging station

Intelligent appliances CHP

EMP

EMP

A/CObserves and controlselectric/thermal consumers

& providers

EMP

Energy Management System (EMS)

EnergyManagement Panel (EMP)

Visualisation ofenergy usage

Discover userpreferences

PV power simulator

4‐quadrant amplifier

Electricheater

So

urc

e: K

IT-A

IFB

, FZ

I, H

artm

ut S

chm

eck


Largest installation of its kind in Germany Power production adapted to consumption profileElectrochemical sorage of excess electricityPartner: KOSTAL and SolarWattCovers 2% of KIT‘s yearly power consumption

1MW Photovoltaic & Electrochemical Storage Field





0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1998 2003 2008 2013

Price Challenge for Home Storage Applications

Source: BDEW

Year

Eu

roC

ent

/ kW

h

Electricity price forprivate households

Private productioncosts via PV

Difference between private production costs and market prices

permissablestorage costs≈ 20 cent/kWh

Source: Olaf Wollersheim, Competence E, KIT 12.12.2014 Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Ryerson University, Toronto Canada


PV Electricity Supply System for Private Households

PV WR

0 4 8 10 18 2212 14 16 20

kW

PV

Consumption

Feed to Grid

GetfromGrid


Load

/ P

rodu

ctio

n

Source: Olaf Wollersheim, Competence E, KIT




PV Electricity Supply System for Private Households, including Electrochemical Storage

PV WR

0 4 8 10 18 2212 14 16 20

PV

Loading

Feeding

Battery Storage


Consumption

Load

/ P

rodu

ctio

n

kW



Calculation of Costs for Battery Storage

PV WR

Battery Storage

Storage Costs =Spec. Invest. + Repair + Interests

Full cycle Equivalent until EoL

Example (without Repair and Interests): Spec. Investment Costs: 1200 €/kWh Full Cycle Equivalents: 3000

Storage Costs = 0,4 €/kWh





0,0

0,1

0,2

0,3

0,4

4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

Invest 1200 €/kWh

Invest 600 €/kWh

Storage Costs without Influence of EEG Act

Full cycle Equivalents until EOL

Sto

rag

e C

ost

sin

€/k

Wh

un

tilE

OL


Investment: 1200 €/kWhInvestment: 600 €/kWh



Demonstration Project on Greek Island Karpathos

Reduction of energy costs by closing existing diesel generatorsand introduction of a combined PV-storage system

Island: 300 km², ca. 6.500 inhabitants

Licence agreement with

Start of operation: 1st Q 2015

Greece Karpathos Power Plant



Sou

rce:

Wik

iped

ia/G

oogl

e E

arth











stromautobahn.html



saves energy and CO2

Quelle: Der Spiegel, 02.08.10





saves energy and CO2

Quelle: Der Spiegel, 02.08.10



Nuclear Energy and Safety

Safety of Nuclear Reactors

Partitioning & Transmutation

Nuclear Waste Disposal

Radiation Protection

Nuclear Decommissioning Technologies





Germany France Great Britain JapanSwitzer-land

Sweden USA

Bold: world record

BrokdorfEmsland

Lithuania

Source: DAtF, atw


2012 12,97 TWh

Isar 2

Annual Nuclear Power Generation –International Top Ten

2013 12,04 TWh


Long Term Safety Research at KIT


FundamentalInvestigationsFundamentalInvestigations

Molecular ProcessesUnderstanding

Molecular ProcessesUnderstanding

Application OrientedInvestigations

Application OrientedInvestigations

Radionuclide Retentionin Multibarrier System

Radionuclide Retentionin Multibarrier System

Development andAdaptation of

Speciation Methods

Development andAdaptation of

Speciation Methods

Molecular Structureof Trace Actinides

Molecular Structureof Trace Actinides

Scientific basis to realise a final repository in deep underground formations

Geochemically based long-term safety assessment




Fusion Technology


Tritium Technology

Breeder Blanket

Structural Materials

Divertor Technology

Fusion Magnets

Gyrotrons

National / International Fusion Projects: ITER, DEMO, IFMIF, W7X, JT60


KIT‘s Contributions to ITER

Plasma heating & operationGyrotronsECRH upper launcher

Test blanket module & systemsTritium fuel cycleVacuum systems

Safety research

Magnet developmentfrom cable to testCurrent leads





Public Opinion in Germany: Survey October 2014


Source: http://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/themen/akzeptanz2/akzeptanz-umfrage/akzeptanzumfrage-2014

Important: 22% Very or extremelyimportant: 70%

Less or not at all important: 7%

Do not know: 1%

92% of all Germans are in favour of an increased use of renewable energies(TNS Emnid)


Public Opinion in Germany: Survey October 2014

High or very high approval of power plants in one‘s neighbourhoud (TNS Emnid)


Source: http://www.unendlich-viel-energie.de/themen/akzeptanz2/akzeptanz-umfrage/akzeptanzumfrage-2014

RE-Plants in general

PV Park

Wind Park

Biogas Plant

Gas fired PP

Coal fired PP

Nuclear Power Plant * Personal experience

existing




Conclusions


Joachim Knebel - Head of Division 3184 12.12.2014 Joachim Knebel - Energiewende - Ryerson University, Toronto Canada

Conclusions

The ‘Energiewende’ is a long and expensive journey.

No option is for free, but many (in combination) are feasible.

The ‘smart’ grid option is the foundation for the implementation of renewable energies.

Public acceptance and change is a corner stone.

R&D in international cooperation is mandatory.

The ‘Energiewende’ is a national / European / global challenge.

Political decisions cannot bend physics and market laws.

http://www.rp-online.de/panorama/



KIT – University of the State of Baden-Wuerttemberg and National Research Center of the Helmholtz Association

Prof. h.c. Dr.-Ing. Joachim U. Knebel, Head of Division ‚Mechanical Engineering and Electrical Engineering‘

www.kit.edu

Thank you very much for listening.

www.kit.edu/b3/[email protected] & colleagues

http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto

energiewende · transitionally increased electricity fr om coal and gas to keep electricity secure...

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