Dr. Maximilian Kuhn

ENERGETIKA 21

C carbon

12.011

6

Н hydrogen

1.008

1

CН 4

Annual global total greenhouse gas emissions (GtCO2e)

REQUIRED PATH OF ANNUAL GLOBAL GHG EMISSIONS TO 2050 VS COMMITMENTS

Source: The Emissions Gap Report 2017 – A UN Environment Synthesis Report, p. xvii

The decarbonisation of our economy system is a must to avoid dramatic consequences for our Society. • The transition must be as fast as reasonably achievable:

avoiding social, economic and environmental problems, & • A fast transition is only possible considering

all the available technologies and resources. • There is no a unique solutions, but a combination of

approaches and tools to achieve the target of CO2emissions reduction and/or elimination.

• Hydrogen is called to play an important role as energy vector, and an important component of natural gas.

NATURAL GAS PROVIDES A MYRIAD OF BENEFITS TO HUMANITY

WHICH OIL AND GAS COMPANIES* ARE READY FOR THE LOW-CARBON TRANSITION?

*24 biggest global companies

CURRENT ALTERNATIVE ENERGY CAPACITY (MW)

Beyond the cycle

GAZPROM LOW CARBON FOOTPRINT LEADER

http://www.gazprom.com/investors/presentations/2019/

6

RESPONSIBLE RAW MATERIALS CONSUMPTION

It is a matter of concern that in seeking to improve the solar energy efficiency: 1) valuable and rare (rare-earth) materials are used: energy is renewable but materials are not; 2) new materials are produced and consumed, many of which consist of toxic substances: solar panels are a source of 300 times more toxic waste than nuclear power plants (countries like Ghana, India and China, where many live off of e-waste, will suffer from "solar trash" far serious than the countries where solar panels are used)

100

353 343 297

140 105

54 43 22 0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Energy mix, 2010 CSP Hydro generation Wind generation Photovoltaics Coal (CCS) Coal Natural gas (CCS) Natural gas

VARIOUS ELECTRICITY SOURCES CONTRIBUTION TO RAW MATERIALS CONSUMPTION

GAS POWER GENERATION HAS THE LOWEST CONSUMPTION OF

MATERIALS AND VALUABLE CHEMICAL ELEMENTS

(with respect to the Global Energy Mix 2010)

CSP – concentrated solar power

%

Sources:

Source: Environmental Progress (EP)

METHAN PYROLYSIS

METHANE DECOMPOSITION TECHNOLOGY With methane pyrolysis technology we have the power to create a long-term sustainable future Europe – even under conditions of full decarbonization. Methane decomposition has the following properties: • Methane decomposition splits off carbon in solid state from methane

(i.e. before the latter is burnt). The results of this process are 100% CO2-neutral hydrogen from natural gas and carbon black (a valuable raw material). The hydrogen can be used in almost all current application areas of natural gas. The carbon black has many industrial uses (it is very pure) or can be deposed.

• The key advantage of this technology is that it requires no CO2-capturing and

storing since the carbon emerges from the process in a solid state.

IEA WEO 2018: “Another option would be to split natural gas into Hydrogen and a solid carbon residue called 'carbon black’ through a process called ‘methane Splitting’. Carbon black can be used in tires, ink, paints and electrical equipment and, if sold, could help lower the overall costs of low-carbon Hydrogen production. “

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION IN A LOW-TEMPERATURE NON-EQUILIBRIUM PLASMA

PROTOTYPE PLANT CARBON MATERIAL The impact of low-temperature non-equilibrium microwave-induced plasma on hydrocarbon gas molecules

The hydrocarbon gas conversion takes place in a closed plasma-chemical flow reactor in the absence of oxygen and at ambient pressure

Gas source Control desk Reactor

Carbon nanoparticles

trap

Extraction system:

hydrogen from MHM

Microwave generator

Microwave discharge

initiator

Carbon collector

Hydrogen storage

CARBON TO REDUCE CO2 EMISSIONS

Wind Energy Automobile

Batteries Energy Storage

Power & semiconductor

Photovoltaic

Connectivity & fibre Aerospace

Cheap and environmentally friendly graphitic carbon and hydrogen from natural gas may be of paramount importance for the ‘Energiewende’.

Towards a new clean hydrogen production technology Water electrolysis and methane pyrolysis yield clean - CO2-free - hydrogen

No CO2 emissions – all outputs valuable

METHANE PYROLYSIS

Source: BASF, own analysis

COMPARISON OF ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

g СО 2

-eq.

/ MJ Н

2

Carbon footprint of hydrogen from different technologies

Methane pyrolysis (experiment 1)

Methane pyrolysis (experiment 2)

Methane pyrolysis (industrial - calculated)

Electrolysis (wind)

Electrolysis (grid mix)

Steam reforming

84.9 49.2

34.9

67.0

378.9

97.4

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

or Green H2 Low-carbon H2

Grey H2

< 36.4 gСО2-eq./MJ Н2

Estimates based on IASS POTSDAM data

(36.4 – 91) gСО2-eq./MJ Н2

Methane cracking Electrolysis

3.5 18.9

m3 / kg Н2

Comparison of water consumption for hydrogen production

PYROLYSIS WITH POWER-TO-GAS

https://www2.theiet.org/resources/books/pow-en/metha.cfm

COST REDUCTION PERSPECTIVE

Is methane pyrolysis cost competitive?

BASF 10.02.2019: https://www.basf.com/global/de/media/events/2019/basf-research-press-conference.html

C carbon

12.011

6

Н hydrogen

1.008

1

CН 4