enel lab report 5

7/25/2019 ENEL Lab Report 5

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TANZEEL UR REHMAN - 200308889

ENEL 280-096

LAB NO.4

USING TRANSFORMERS TO UNDERSTAND AND

STUDY AC POWER

29!NO"EMBER 20#2

GROUP MEMBERS$ AN%IT &OSHI200308289

GOSPEL N%INANEE

20030'606

AND 3 OTHERS.


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LAB NO.' ( U)*+, T+)/1) + *) *+ 5) 7+)+ +

)75 AC

Introduction:

T! 7) / 7 ) : *) )75 + 7+)+ ! ;*+, / T+)/1)

+ *)


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I+ + * +)/1= ! *+7> +5 *+*+, ?V)@ *) *+

*+ ! *15 *+ / ! * / 7+)= +)/1 !7) +:)

+ +*+, >7+?AC@ *) 7+ 7+

/1,+*> >= *->+)/1) :*+, +: >*+.

T+)/1) +, *+ )* /1 !71:+*-)* >7*+, +)/1 !*+

*+)* ), 1*>!+ !7, 7+*) *,!*+, !7+) / +) 7) *+

)*+)= *+>++> *+) / ,*). A + ! )1 :)*>

*+>*)= !7,! ! +, / )*,+) *) *. W!* + >!+,*) !+*> >*>7*)= +)/1)

)* /7+ *+ +5 >+*> ) )*,+ / !7)! ?1*+)@ +)1*))*+= !*>!

1;) +,-*)+> +)1*))*+ >+1*>5 >*>.

T! *+>* :!*+ ! *+ / +)/1= >1,+*> *+7>*+= )

*)>! F5+&)! H+5*+ #83#. H** / ! *)>1*?EMF@
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#Coreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-HenryNAS-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_forcehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_corehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#Coreshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_planthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mains_electricityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_power_transmissionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Faradayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-HenryNAS-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromotive_force


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7) /1* *+ + 7*++ / )

F5) / *+7>*+$

! *) ! 1,+*7 / ! EMF *+ 7!7,!

! >*>7* *+ :).3

F5 /1 ! ) *1+) + *+7>*+ :+ >*) / *=

*+>7*+, *+*+, * / >*) 7+ + *+ *+,= !7) >*+, !

) *>)-> +)/1.4H*= *+!) * ! ! 1 7+) ! )>+5 *+*+, !) *+ *+

! *15 *+*+,= ! , *) ! *+>) *+ EMF. I+7>*+ >*) >7+?DC@ ! !+ +*+, >7+?AC@= *+7>*+

>*) * 7+ *> >+>)! ,75 *+7 ! >7+

*+ ! *15 > ! 7 >!+,) +>))5 / *+7>*+. B+ !

#830) + ! #8K0)= ) :7* : *+7>*+ >*)= 1)5 :5 * +

= )5 *+>*) / +)/1).

Induction law
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_law_of_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(Wb)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-Chow171-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroid_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_coilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Callanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contacthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equation_(mathematics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faraday's_law_of_inductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fluxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weber_(Wb)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-Chow171-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toroid_(geometry)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induction_coilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Callanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maynooth_Collegehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_contact


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T! >)) ! )>+5 >* 15 : >>7 /1 F5)

/ *+7>*+= !*>! )) !$

! V)*) ! *+)++7) +5

>* + J *) ! 1,+*> 7!7,! + 7+ / ! >*. I/ ! 7+) / ! >*

*+ +*>75 ! 1,+*> *+)= ! 7 *) ! 7> /

! 1,+*> 7 +)*5B+ ! A!7,! !*>! * >7). T! *)

>+)+= :*+, 7 ! >))-)>*+ / ! +)/1 >= !)

! 1,+*> >*+, ! >**+ / ! *15. S*+>

! )1 1,+*> 7 ))) !7,! :! ! *15 + )>+5 >*) *+ +

* +)/1=34! *+)++7) )) ! *15 *+*+, 7)

T;*+, ! * / ! 7*+) / V)+ V,* 7*+3'/

)*+, 7 )*+, + ! *+ >!>*)*> / +5

+)/1. I+ ! >) / )-7 +)/1)= !*) 15 )1*1) : ) )

! >*>= N)N.Turns ratio*) >11+5 )) ) + *7>*: />*+

*$ / 1= +)/1 *! *15 + )>+5 *+*+,) /=

)>*


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I 7*+

I/ ! )>+5 >* *) >! ! ) >7+ = >*>

*) +)1* /1 ! *15 >*>7* ! )>+5 >*>7*. I5= !

+)/1 *) />5 >*+. A ! *+>1*+, +,5 *) +)/1 /1 !

*15 >*>7* ! 1,+*> + *+ ! )>+5 >*>7*. I/ !*) >+**+

*) 1= ! *+7 >*> 17) 7 ! 77 $

,*11>* :7* +)/1)

5.

I/ ! )= !+ ! >7+ *) >) :5 ! )1 />. T!

*1+> *+ + >*>7* *) +)/1 :5 ! square/ ! 7+) *.34F

1= */ + *1+>Z)*) >! >)) ! 1*+) / ! )>+5 >*=

* ) ! *15 >*>7* ! / ?NN)@2Z). T!*)

*+)!* *) >*>= ) ! ! *1+>Z/ ! *15 >*>7* )

! )>+5 : ?N)N@2Z.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-flanagan_p2.1-34http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_fieldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-flanagan_p2.1-34


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Equivalent Circuit:

C)$

Laminated steel cores

T+)/1) / 7) 7* /7+>*) 5*>5 !) 1 /

!*,! 1:**5)**>+ ).'6T! ) !) 1:**5 1+5 *1) !

/ / )>+ ! > !7) ) ! 1,+**+, >7+

+ >++ ! 7 ! !*>! >)5 >7) ! *+*+,). 'KE5

+)/1 ) >+)7> /1 )* *+ )7
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-Hindmarsh_.281984.29-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-57http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-Hindmarsh_.281984.29-56http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_spacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-57


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*+ !*:**7+ )))= + !* )*,+) 1**, !*) > *! >)

>+)*)*+, / :7+) / *+)7 *+ *).8L )*,+) >+)7> ! > :5

)>;*+, 5) / !*+ ) 1*+*+)= *+>* ! !) 1*+ *+ 7). E>!

1*+*+ *) *+)7 /1 *) +*,!:) :5 !*+ ++->+7>*+, 5 /

*+)7*+.'8T! 7+*) 1*+*171 >))-

)>*+ / ! > / 1*+*+) *) >++ 5 >7+) !*,!5 **> !) !

+>) * 7= + ) 7> !* 1,+*7. T!*++ 1*+*+) 7>

)))='9:7 1 :*7) + +)*+)7>. 60T!*+ 1*+*+)

,+5 7) + !*,! /7+>5 +)/1)= *! )1 5) / ) 7) *+ >*>7*) )7>! ) )*>!-1 )7*) !

:*) + 7 / +) / ;*!. T!) 1*)

>1:*+ !*,! 1,+*>1:**5*! !*,! :7; >*> )*)**) +*+, :5+ ! "HF :+= >) 1 /1 ++->+7>* >1*>1*) > /*) >11+.60S1 *-/7+>5

+)/1) ) ! )7,)@ !*>!

7)1+ / ! >7*+, >>*+?+ :+*!@ / 7+ *-/7+>5

>*>7*).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-allan-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-k.26k_p36-7-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#Transformer_universal_EMF_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-McLyman_.282004.29-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-McLyman_.282004.29-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-allan-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-k.26k_p36-7-58http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#Transformer_universal_EMF_equationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-59http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-McLyman_.282004.29-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistivityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very_high_frequencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceramichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-McLyman_.282004.29-60http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coupling_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)


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Toroidal cores

T* +)/1) :7* 7+ *+,-)! >= !*>!= +*+, +

*+, /7+>5= *) 1 /1 +, )* / )**>+ )157+

*+ >*= *+= /*.64A )* >+)7>*+ +)7) ! ! ,*+

:7+*) *15 *,+= *1*+>5 :5 7>*+,

! >) 7>+>. T! >) *+, )! *1*+) * ,) *+!+ *+ !

>+)7>*+ / + E-I >.4#T! >))-)>*+ / ! *+, *) 7)75 )7

>+,7= :7 1 +)*) *! >*>7 >))-)>*+) )

+5 >*) /+ 7+ >+>+*>5 > / ! >. T!*) 1*+*1*) ! +,! / * += + )

+*+, 1*+*1* ! >) 1,+*> /1

,+*+, >1,+*> *+/+>.

T* +)/1) 1 >*+ !+ ! >! 1*+ E-I 5) /

)*1* 7 )1 )*

?:7 !/@= *,! ?:7 !/@= )) 1>!+*> !71 ?1;*+, !1 )7*

*+ 7* 1*)@= * 1,+*> ?:7 + +!@= -

))) ?1;*+, !1 1 >*+ *+ )+:5 >*>7*)@= )*+,-: 17+*+,= +

, >!*> / )!). T! 1*+ *)) + *1*

>>*5 ?) C))*>*+ :7) / ! >; / )*7 , *+ !

1,+*> != * +)/1) ) + !*:* !*,! *+7)! >7+=

>1 1*+ E-I 5).

F* * >) 7) !*,! /7+>*)= 5*>5 :+ / +) /

;*! !7+) / 1,!= 7> )))= !5)*> )*= + *,! /

*+7>*1++). A :>; / * +)/1 >+)7>*+ *) ! !*,!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reluctancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-Say.2C_p._485-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inrush_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon_steelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permalloyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_(magnet)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-64http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grain_boundaryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reluctancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-Say.2C_p._485-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interferencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inrush_current


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: >) / *+*+,. T!*) *) :>7) * *) +>))5 )) ! +* +,! /

>* *+*+, !7,! ! > 7 >! *1 )*+, 7+ *) ! >*.

A) >+)7+>= * +)/1) 7+>11+ :


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+)/1)= *+ !*>! >7+) + ! +* *+> :+

>+ 7+) *) )1= ! >*) /+ 7+ /1 +1 1,+ *= )7>!

) F1+,7 )* >+7>) *+)7 :5 *-*1,+

+ :>;) /)):.6K

Types of Transformers:

Autotransformer:

An autotransformer (sometimes called autostep down transformer)[1]is an

electrical transformerwith only one winding. The "auto" (Greek for "self") prefi refers to

the single coil acting on itself and not to any kind of automatic mechanism. !n an

autotransformer portions of the same winding act as oth the primaryand secondary.

The winding has at least three taps where electrical connections are made.

Autotransformers ha#e the ad#antages of often eing smaller$ lighter$ and cheaperthan

typical dual%winding transformers$ ut autotransformers ha#e the disad#antage of not

pro#iding electrical isolation.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enameled_wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-cegb_1982-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformer#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil#Electromagnetichttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auto-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_windinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_windinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_(transformer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enameled_wirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerboardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer#cite_note-cegb_1982-67http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformer#cite_note-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coil#Electromagnetichttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auto-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_windinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_windinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tap_(transformer)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformer


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Autotransformers are often used to step up or step down #oltages in the 11&%11'%1&

#olt range and #oltages in the &%&%*& #olt range+for eample. pro#iding 11& or

1&, (with taps) from &, input$ allowing e-uipment designed for 1&& or 1& #olts to

e used with a & #olt supply (as in using / electrical e-uipment in with higher

0uropean #oltages).

Applications:

P *)*:7*+

A7+)/1) /7+5 7) *+ *>*+) *+>++> )5)1)

*+, *+ )))= / 1 #38 ;" 66 ;" / +)1*))*+.

A+! *>*+ *) *+ *+7)5 1>!*+5 :7* ?/ 1@ / 480 "

)7*) + 600 " )75. T!5 ) /+ 7) / +11+ 1)*> 1*+)


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?#00-#30 + 200-2'0@. T! *+;) :+ ! U% 400 ;" + 2K' ;" S7 G*

+;) +15 ! !) 7+)/1) *! ) ! >11+

+7 +.

O+ +, 7 *)*:7*+ *+)= )>* 7+)/1) *! 71*> -

>!+,*+, 7*1+ *+) ) 7)1) ! /

+ / ! *+ >* zig zag*) 7) *+ ,7+

?!@. A *,-, +)/17+ ! *) >11+ !

!)) ?)->zero sequence>7+@.

A7*

I+ 7* *>*+)= 7+)/1) 7) );)

>+)+- 1>!*+,)7>! )

:+ -*1+> 1*>!+ + !*,!-*1+> 1* *+7.

Variable Transformers:

A #ariale autotransformer is made y eposing part of the winding coils and making the

secondary connection through a sliding rush$ gi#ing a #ariale turns ratio. []/uch a de#ice is

often referred to y the trademark name variac.

As with two%winding transformers$ autotransformers may e e-uipped with many taps and

automatic switchgear to allow them to act as automatic #oltage regulators$ to maintain a steady
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_drophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigzag_transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_(electric)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformer#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulatorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_drophttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthing_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zigzag_transformerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impedance_matchinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brush_(electric)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotransformer#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_regulator


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#oltage at the customers2 ser#ice during a wide range of load conditions. They can also e used

to simulate low line conditions for testing. Another application is a lighting dimmerthat doesn2t

produce the 03!typical of most thyristor dimmers.

4y eposing part of the winding coils and making the secondary connection through a

sliding rush$ a continuously #ariale turns ratio can e otained$ allowing for #ery smooth

control of #oltage. Applicale only for relati#ely low #oltage designs$ this de#ice is known as a

#ariale A5 transformer. The output #oltage is not limited to the discrete #oltages represented

y actual numer of turns. The #oltage can e smoothly #aried etween turns as the rush has

a relati#ely high resistance (compared with a metal contact) and the actual output #oltage is a

function of the relati#e area of rush in contact with ad6acent windings.

7rom 18* to &&$ Variacwas a ./. trademark ofGeneral 9adiofor a #ariale

autotransformer intended to con#eniently #ary the output #oltage for a steady A5 input #oltage.

!n &&*$ !nstrument /er#ice 0-uipment applied for and otained the Variactrademark for the

same type of product.

AC Power:

P*+ + >*> >*>7* *) ! / / +,5 ) ,**>7*. I+ +*+, >7+>*>7*)= +,5 ), 1+) )7>!

) *+7>+>+ >>*+>15 )7 *+ **> *+ /

+,5 . T! *+ / != 5> / ! AC

*+ *) ;++ ) .

T! *+ / 7 ) +,5= !*>! 7+) ! )7> *+ >!

>5>= *) ;++ ) >*


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I+ )*1 +*+, >7+?AC@ >*>7* >+)*)*+, / )7> + *+ =

:! ! >7+ + 5>= ! 7> / 7+ *) )**5>= ! 7> *) +,**+, ! + 5 ) 17>! +,5 ) ! ) ) :>;. T! *) + + +,5

5>. I+ !*) >)= +5 >**> ) != *+7>+>= + >>*+>= ) :! +

>** / ! -1+-)7/ 7+.

E+,*+) > :7 + = :>7) 7+ ))>*

*! >*)= +)/1) + ,+) 17) : )* >5 ! >7+=

+ 7) ! >7+ ! ) 7)/7 ;.

A+! >+)7+> *) ! *+, ! + / ) * +

>>75 ,*7+ + @.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternating_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_wavehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resistivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_powerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_reactancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root-mean-squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_factor


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C+>*) >+)* ,+ >*)

>+)71 *. I/ >>* + + *+7> > *+ = !+ ! >7+)

*+, !7,! ! *+7> + ! >>* + >+> ! !+ . T!*)

*) ! /7+1+ 1>!+*)1 / >+*+, ! /> *+ >*>

+)1*))*+ >>*) ? *+7>)@ *+) *+ >*>7* *5 >+>

>*+)71 :5 ! .

E+,*+) 7) ! /*+, 1) )>*: +,5 *+ )5)1 ?+ ))*,+

>! / !1 *+ 7+* *+* :+ !1@$

eal power?P@ active power#$ W

eactive power?Q@$ *


17/26

I+ ! *,1= P*) ! = Q*) ! >*)

)**1 + ! +,! / S*) ! + .

R>*! )+) / *

>* ))

. I )= !*> ,*)+ *) >;

!) :+ >* ) )*,+*>+ /> *+ ! N!) B>;7 / 2003.2

U+)+*+, ! *+)!* 1+, !) ! 7+**) *) ! ! /

7+)+*+, +,*+*+,. T! 1!1*> *+)!* 1+, !1 >+

: )+ :5 ) )) 7)*+, >1 +71:)= S P Q?!

*) ! *1,*+5 7+*@.

A /> )*) )) + +,5= ) >7+ + * )*)

F /> >>* *+7> ! *) + + +)/= ) *)

>* >>* *+7>$
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere_reactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Blackout_of_2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_unithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-amperehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Root_mean_squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_currenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt-ampere_reactivehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_gridhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Blackout_of_2003http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_power#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imaginary_unit


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W!X*) ! >+>/ ! >>* *+7>.

I/ *) + ) :*+, )** + +,*>* !+

>+ 1


19/26

T!*) 1! / >>7*+, ! ++ / ! *> *>*+)= !*) 7 : + *+

! *,* 1*+= ! ! >>7*+ :>1) *1 ! 7)

/ 1) + !) 1*+ .

AC Power Transmission and $istribution:


20/26


21/26

Li#"t $immers:

$immers ) 7) )*+,

*+>)*+, ! RMS= ! 1+ ! 1= * *) ))*:

7)>+ *,!)?CFL)@ + *,!-1**+, *)?LED)@. M

)>** 7*1+ *) + *1 7)>+= 1>75 *,!*+,.

D*11) +, *+ )* /1 )1 7+*) ! )* / *,! )*>!7) / 1)*>

*,!*+, !*,! 7+*) 7) *+ , ! >!*>7

*,!*+,*+)*+). S1 1)*> *11) ,+5 *>5 >+=

!7,! 1 >+ )5)1) ?)7>! ) #0@ + :5 *,* >+ )5)1 *; DM DALI. I+

+ )5)1)= !) >) /+ 7) *+ >+7+>*+ *! !+.

I+ ! /))*+ *,!*+, *+7)5= >!+,) *+ *++)*5 > V/) + >+

: V/ 7 V/ +. D*11) *! *>1+7 >+ ! *1* + !

) !5 >7 : + >*) ?SCR@*+) / 7) !5 !*+>5. A


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) ! + >) ) + >+ >*

)*>!) :+ )*)+> + ) + !*,! )*)+> )= *

*))*) 1 *! ! >+ .

%&'ECTIVE:

T )75= 7+)+ + 7*+) / 7+ + )*)+> *+ + + ) +

+>7)*+).

E()IP*E+T )SE$:

#. D*,* M7*12. I)*+ T+)/13. "*> T+)/14. #00W E>*> :7:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_dividerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltage_divider


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'. L*,! D*116. #20"ACP S7>

P%CE$)E:

#. C++> 40W *,! :7: +)/12. M)7 ! >7 ! ON + OFF ) )*)+> + 1; ! >>7*+)

+5 ! *+)!* :+ + :*,!+)).4. A) 7) ! *,! *11


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CALC)LATI%+S,*EAS)E*E+TS:

C7+ ?A@ ", ?"@ R)*)+> ?!1)@0.30 96.3 32#0.2' 68.# 2K2.40.20 44.4 2220.#' 24.3 #62

T! ) )*)+> *) 28.2 !1)$

T! + ) *)$

"#20.# "

I0.33K A

R"I3'6.3 !1)

%t"er measurements:


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M*+*171$ 0.634 "= I 0.024 A ?W!+ * ) 1*+*171@

M*171$ #46.' "= I 0.3K3 A ?W!+ >++>*+, "*> + I)*+ ! 77

) 7 ) 7 +)/1@

C%+CL)SI%+:

# R*+)!* :+ + :*,!+))?*++)*5@AS :)5 *+

! *++)*5 / ! :7:.2 A+* compact -uorescent

li#"t= ener#y/savin# li#"t= + compact -uorescent tube *) + >+

+*+)>+ 1) ,* = + ) *,! /+ *1) +,.3 W!+ ) 7 ! ! 0 )**+ >7 )* )1 !*+, *+ !

+)/1 + ! >++>*+ )7) *+ ! )*+, ! RMS = ! 1+

! 1= * *) ))*:


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enel lab report 5

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