endoscopy in pibd - appspghan.org · what is special in pediatric endoscopy •size of devices...
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ENDOSCOPY IN PIBD
Katsuhiro Arai, MD, PhDCenter for Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Division of GastroenterologyNational Center for Child Health and Development
Tokyo, Japan
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COI disclosure
I have no conflict of interestrelated to this lecture.
Katsuhiro Arai
APPSPGHAN PIBD MASTERCLASS
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IS CHILDREN SMALL ADULTS?
No! Yes!
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WE ARE THE SPECIALISTS FOR PEDIATRIC ENDOSCOPY!
I APPSPGHAN - PIBD Materclass4
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What is special in pediatric endoscopy• Size of devices• Vulnerability• Extent of the attached D/C• Available devices and equipment• Requirement of sedation or anesthesia
with their risk• Etc….
Attached to
the
retroperitoneu
m
D/C
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HAVE YOU EXPERIENCED THE SITUATION LIKE…
That UC patient did not have gastric or small intestinal lesion before. But he is
having trouble with fistula and abscess…
Could he have Crohn?
I believed he had typical UC, and I did evaluate his upper and small bowel. Now, he is not gaining weight, and I see his CRP is somewhat going up…. Could he have Crohn?
I should have done
EGD..
I should have done capsule endoscopy..
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WHOLE BOWEL EVALUATION IS ESSENTIAL IN DIAGNOSING PEDIATRIC IBD
Revised Porto Criteria
Levine et al. JPGN 2014
Ileocolonoscopy and EGD
should be performed for
all children suspected to
have IBD!
Capsule endoscopy or
MRE should be performed
unless you have no doubt
he/she has UC….
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138100 120 114 113 119 138
176232
28786
94 81 115 117147
168
211
235
235
6 2
3 4
8
2
48
34
3 1124 29
4455
64
89
110
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
EGD Colonoscopy Small bowel(stoma, baloon) Capsule Others
PEDIATRIC ENDOSCOPIES AT NCCHD (2010-2019)
Balloon Assisted Endoscopy
Small Bowel Transplantaion
Capsule Endoscopy
(/Year)
270
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➢Evaluating the whole gastrointestinal tract is essential for accurate diagnosis of IBD
I APPSPGHAN - PIBD Materclass9
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SCORING SYSTEM FOR ENDOSCOPY
Ulcerative Colitis
◆Mayo score
◆DAI score
◆Rachmilewitz index
◆Baron index
◆Puchitis disease activity Index (PDAI)
◆Ulcerative colitis endoscopic index of disease activity (UCEIS)
I APPSPGHAN - PIBD Materclass10
Crohn’s Disease
◆Simple endoscopic score for Crohn’s disease (SES-CD)
◆Crohn’s disease endoscopic index of severity (CDEIS)
◆Rutgeerts score
◆Capsule endoscopy Crohn’s disease activity index (CECDAI)
◆Lewis scoreScoring of endoscopic finding is useful for clinical trial or
objective evaluation of disease activity!
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MAYO ENDOSCOPIC SCORE
I APPSPGHAN - PIBD Materclass11
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ATYPICAL FINDINGS OF UC
• Skip lesion
• Rectal sparing
• Deep ulceration
• Backwash ileitis
• Upper GI lesions
Don’t get caught with a diagnosis!
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CHILDREN WITH UC AT NCCHD
110
Dx’ed as UC
(IBD-U is not included)
11 (9.9%)
Change the diagnosis as Crohn’s disease
6 (54.5%)
Dx’ed as UC by colonoscopy only
@ referring hospital
5 (45.5%)
Dx’ed as UC @NCCHD after total GI tract
evaluation99
Remain as UC
I APPSPGHAN - PIBD Materclass13
Follow up over
6-160 months
Risk factors (p<0.05)Hypoalbuminemia and
Anemia at diagnosis as well as
requirement of biologics
(Submitted for publication)
Diagnosis may change during the course!
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ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS OF CROHN’S DISEASE!
Aphthous Ulcers Longitudinal Ulcers
Cobble Stone Appearance
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SIMPLE ENDOSCOPIC SCORE FOR CROHN’S DISEASE (SES-CD)
SES-CD values
Variable 0 1 2 3
Ulcers None Aphthous ulcers
(Diameter 0.1-0.5cm)
Large ulcers
(Diameter 0.5-2cm)
Very large ulcers
(Diameter >2cm)
Ulcerated surface None <10% 10-30% >30%
Affected surface Unaffected
surface
<50% 50-75% >75%
Stenosis None Single, can be passed Multiple, can be
passed
Cannot be passed
I APPSPGHAN - PIBD Materclass15
TI Rt. C T. C Lt. C R Total
Ulcers 0 2 1 1 1 5
Ulcerated surface 0 1 1 1 1 4
Affected surface 0 2 1 1 1 5
Stenosis 0 1 0 0 0 1
SES-CD=15Mild: 3-6, Moderate: 7-15, Severe: ≧16
Daperno M. Gastrointest Endosc 2004;60:505
Khanna R. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2014;20:1850
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CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY CROHN’S DISEASE ACTIVITY INDEX(CECDAI)
A Inflammation 0: None
1: Mild to Moderate (edema, hyperemia, or denudation)
2: Severe (edema, hyperemia, or denudation)
3: Bleeding, exudate, erosion, aphthae, ulcer<0.5cm
4: Pseudopolyp, ulcer 0.5-2cm
5: Ulcer >2cm
B Extent of Disease 0: None
1: Single segment (focal disease)
2: 2-3 segments (patchy disease)
3: >3 segments (diffuse disease)
C Stricture 0: None
1: Single, traversed
2: multiple, traversed
3: obstraction
I APPSPGHAN - PIBD Materclass16
CECDAI=proximal segment
(AXB+C) + distal segment (AXB+C)
Mild-moderate ≧3.5
Severe ≧5.8
Melmed GY. Gastrointest Endosc 2018;88:947
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VARIOUS ENDOSCOPIC FINDINGS IN PIBD
Leopard Sign of CGD colitis(Obayashi N, Arai K. JPGN 2016)
XIAP deficiency IL-10 signaling defect Autoimmune enteritis(Jimbo K, Arai K. JPGN 2015)
You will sometimes find very interesting findings
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BIOPSIES
• At least 2 biopsies from each section
• Work together with pathology team
• Understand the limitation of pathology
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SMALL BOWEL ENDOSCOPYhttps://appspghan.org
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CAPSULE ENDOSCOPYhttps://appspghan.org
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Capsule Endoscopy in Children with IBDCan we do it?-
Higher risk of retention with narrow tract and possible stenotic lesion…
Can children swallow the big capsule?
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EVALUATING THE PATENCY OF INTESTINAL TRACT
Excretion within 33 hours confirms the patency of the GI tract. Need evaluation if no excretion in 30 hours.
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• Clear hood, retrieval net, and snare can be used to guide the capsule to the duodenum
Oikawa-Kawamoto M, World J Gastro. 2013
ENDOSCOPIC PLACEMENT OF CAPSULE
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ENDOSCOPIC PLACEMENT OF CAPSULE
• A few 6 year-old can swallow the capsule
• Majority of 10 year-old or older can swallow the capsule
• Patency capsule can be used to evaluate the necessity of endoscopic placement
I APPSPGHAN - PIBD Materclass24
Post-pyloric placement of capsule is another benefit of AdvanCE
Capsule endoscopy is feasible in infants more than 8-10kghttps://appspghan.org
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CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY@NCCHD
311
2429
44
55
64
89
110
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
年(1/1-12/31)
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
(件)
Introduction of
Capsule Endoscopy
Introduction of
Patency Capsule
Introduction of
Delivery Device (AdvanCE)
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Always think about how you complete the studies in children who would not swallow the capsule!
I want to complete all the endoscopic exams efficiently
I do not want to anesthetize kids multiple times
How do you proceed endoscopies with minimum burden for the patients?
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PROCESS OF CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY FOR CHILDREN SUSPECTED TO HAVE IBD @ NCCHD
Patency Capsule
Swallow the Capsule
Endoscopy
EGD and Colonoscopy if IBD is suspected
EGD, Colonoscopy and endoscopic
duodenal placement of
Patency Capsule
Endoscopic duodenal placement of Capsule
Endoscopy under sedation or anesthesia
Consider alternative small bowel imaging
study or postponing the Capsule Endoscopy
Able to swallow the capsule
& patency confirmed
Unable to swallow
the capsule
Patency confirmed
Patency not confirmed
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THE POWER OF CAPSULE ENDOSCOPY IN PEDIATRIC GI PRACTICE
10y.o M Lymphangiectasia
22y.o.F Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
6y.o. M Pyogenic Granuloma
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BALLOON ASSISTED ENTEROSCOPY
Diagnostic and Therapeutic!
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(Yokoyama . JPGN 2016)
(Yokoyama K. JPGN 2016;63:34)
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(Yokoyama . JPGN 2016)
◆Total complication rate was 5.4%, however, the rate without DBERC was 1.9%, which was as low as adult DBE procedure
◆The risk of pancreatitis was higher in those who underwent DBERC or whose procedure took over 120 minutes
(DBERC: Double balloon enteroscopy assisted endoscopic retrograde cholangiography)
(Yokoyama K. JPGN 2016;63:34)
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ENDOSCOPY FOR CHILDREN WITH IBD
• Diagnosis of IBD
• Evaluate the response to current treatment• Aim for mucosal healing
• Evaluate the disease activity and extent when recurrent
• Therapeutic endoscopy for bleeding and stenosis
I APPSPGHAN - PIBD Materclass32
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Invention and development in
endoscopy started from adult side
THE INNOVATION OF ENDOSCOPY IN CHILDREN
Smaller diameter and enhanced
resolution
Development of Patency Capsule
and AdvanCE
Increasing number of pediatric endoscopists
More diagnostic and therapeutic
endoscopies in infant and children
More children would receive the benefit of
small bowel endoscopies (Capsule & Balloon)
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IS CHILDREN SMALL ADULTS?
No! Yes!No!• Procedure can be hard with
smaller size of the GI tract, higher risk of complication and inability to swallow the capsule.
• Devices and equipment may not be available for their smaller body size.
• Sedation or anesthesia may be necessary
• Differential diagnosis can be different
Yes!• Children, even young
infants, should be able to receive the appropriate endoscopic evaluation and treatment.
• Pediatric endoscopists and our societies should be creative and contributive for the sake of safe and effective endoscopy for children.
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For the Better Care of Children with IBD
Children First!
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