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Endocrine System

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Maintains homeostasis through hormone regulation throughout the body Comparable to the nervous system and the controls previously learned Regulation chemical messages to the cells (glands or neurons) Target cells and tissues receive hormones from various glands throughout the body How are hormones taken to these target cells?

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Effect the body slowly, but lasts long time Secreted by ductless (endocrine)glands Exocrine glands excrete products into ducts (oil, sweat, hydrochloric acid, etc) Some glands contain neurosecretory tissue modified neurons that secrete chemicals into the blood rather that across a synapse

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Tropic target other endocrine glands to stimulate growth and secretion Sex reproductive tissues Anabolic stimulate anabolism (cells making hormones from chemicals) OR Steroid Nonsteroid

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Indications (usages) 1. Reduce swelling 2. Reduce inflammation Pros 1. Asthma 2. Poison Ivy Cons 1. Thin skin 2. Increased HDL

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True or False Quiz

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Indications 1. Slow physiological development 2. Low testosterone levels Pros 1. Muscle mass production at a rapid rate 2. Increased self-esteem Cons 1. Increased emotional response 2. Increased cancers/growths 3. Increased heart/liver disease

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Made from cholesterol that can pass through plasma membranes to target cells Examples: cortisol, aldosterone, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

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Lipid-soluble and found in target cell cytosol After diffusion into target cell, it binds to receptor molecule to form hormone receptor complex (hypothesis)Activates a gene in the nucleus to transcribe mRNA to ribosomes and makes protein molecules that produce the effect of the hormone The amount of steroid hormone determines intensity of effect Slow process

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Made from amino acids (proteins and glycoproteins) Insulin, parathyroid hormone, oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, epinephrine, nor- epinephrine

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Fixed membrane receptor hypothesis NS hormone is first messenger and delivers chemical message to the target cells plasma membrane Message passed by G proteins to second messenger triggers and appropriate cellular changes occur

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Signal target cells receptors Various receptors produce different regulatory functions/chemical reactions Hormone glands produce more than is necessary and left-overs are excreted Combined hormone actions allow for special function

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Synergism many working together on target cells for better performance Permissiveness small amounts of one hormone allows for another to have full effect on target cell Antagonism opposing effects to fine tune activity of target cell

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Negative feedback loop (endocrine reflex) Physiological changes Regulation by another gland Nervous system input

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Lipid molecules Tissue hormones Diffuses to neighboring cells in the tissue Examples: 1. PGA intraarterial infusion creates hypotension 2. PGE- vascular regulation (RBC, thrombocyte), GI system (hydrochloric acid) 3. PGF uterine contractions, GI motility

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in size, weight 0.5 g Ventral surface of the brain Stem connects the pituitary to the hypothalmus Contains two glands 1. Anterior adenohypophysis 2. Posterior - neurohypophysis

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Two parts pars anterior/pars intermedia Irregular clumps of secretory cells supported by fibers and interweaved with great vascularity Three types of cells 1. Chromophobes do not stain 2. Acidophils stain with acids 3. Basophils basic stains

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Somatotrophs GH Corticotrophs ACTH Thyrotrophs TSH Lactotrophs prolactin PRL Gonadotrophs LH/FSH

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Also STH (sonatotropin) Promotes growth of: bone, muscle, other proteins to cells Stimulates USE of lipids speeds up catabolism of lipids Shifts cells from glucose catabolism and toward lipid catabolism as an energy source THIS LEADS TO INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS

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Released during pregnancy, after birth, during disease Stimulates milk production from the mammary gland

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Thyrotropin Growth and development of the thyroid Causes secretion of thyroxin

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Adrenocorticotropic hormone Normal growth and development of cortex of the adrenal gland and secrete adrenaline

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Graafian follicles to grow to maturity Estrogen secretion female Spermatogenesis - male

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Female stimulates the corpus luteum which then secretes progesterone /estrogen Also assists FSH for egg maturation Male enables testes to develop and secrete testosterone

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Hypothalamus releases hormones into the blood which are then carried to the hypophyseal portal system The hypothalamus adjusts secretions of the adenohypophysis which then adjusts the secretions of the target cells During stress, the hypothalamus translates nerve impulses into hormone secretions by the endocrine glands

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Serves as storage and release site for ADH and oxytocin which are made in the hypothalamus Release into the blood is stimulated by nerve impulse ADH regulates fluid content in the blood by regulation of filtration in the kidney Dehydration will trigger ADH release OT lactation, uterine contraction for birth

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Part of the nervous and endocrine system Located in the brain Looks like a pine cone Biological clock Secretion of melatonin (happy hormone) puberty, responds to light (inhibits production) can cause seasonal affective disorder (winter depression)

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Two large lobes 1 oz. Anterior/lateral surface of trachea below larynx Thyroid hormone synthesized in follicles

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Although the thyroid gland releases the hormones which govern growth and metabolism, the brain (the pituitary and the hypothalamus) regulates the thyroid's activity.

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Stores hormones only endocrine gland that does this Regulates metabolism, cell growth and tissue differentiation Three hormones produced: T-3, T-4, calcitonin Calcitonin processing of Ca by bones,blood T-3 three iodine atoms 1. More potent than T-4 2. The main thyroid hormone T-4 four iodine atoms 1. 20 times more released than T-3 2. When released to the target cells, it becomes T- 3

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HYPERTHYROISDISMHYPOTHYROIDISM Graves disease Hashimotos Disease Wt. loss Exopthalmos Nervousness Increased heart rate Increased respiratory rate Increased metabolism Cretinism Slow metabolism Retarded growth Retarded sexual development Occ. Mental retardation Occ. Deformed dwarfism (unproportionate) Sluggish Loss of hair Jaundice Myxedema

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Four embedded to the posterior lateral surface of the thyroids PTH parathyroid hormone antagonist to calcitonin PTH acts on bone and kidney cells to release Ca into the blood

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Above the kidney Outer adrenal cortex Inner adrenal medulla

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Three layers each producing a specific hormone Outer mineralocorticoids electrolytes Aldosterone regulates Na, K, and blood pH and regulates BP (pg.507) Middle glucocorticoids reg. BP, immune response Cortisol TMT of inflammation, regulates serum glucose Inner glucocorticoids and gonadocorticoids releases sex hormones from the adrenal cortex (androgen)

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Neurons secrete products into blood rather than through the synapse Sympathetic nervous response as in fight/flight response Two hormones secreted: epinephrine (fight or flight) and nor-epinephrine (increases cardiac output)

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Pancreas 5-6 long pancreatic islets cells that produce various hormones Alpha glucagon Beta insulin Delta somatostatin Polypeptide cells polypeptide

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Glucagon increase serum glucose converts glycogen to glucose in liver also changes lipids/amino acids into glucose Insulin transports glucose from these sources from blood to cellular level Somatostatin inhibits secretion of glucagon, insulin, polypeptides, and growth hormone from the pituitary Polypeptide ??? digestion and distribution of nutrients???

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Sex organs ovary/testes Ovaries Inside the pelvis Produces estrogen Produces progesterone (pregnancy-promoting) maintains placental lining during pregnancy Testes contained within the scrotum Outside the pelvis Produces sperm Produces testosterone

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Interface between mother and baby Produces BhCG referred to as chorionic. ( Beta human chorionic gonadotropin) High during first trimester then level lowers

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Located by the heart (mediastinum) Lg. until puberty then will atrophy Primarily lymphatic tissue, it secretes thymosin/thymopoietin Development of immune process (T-cells)

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Gastrin Secretin reduces stomach acid secretion and release an alkaline solution also triggers pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes and the liver to produce bile Ghrelin causes hypothalamus to increase appetite, slow metabolism Cholecystokinin pancreozymin CCK

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Atrial natriuretic hormone Produced in atrium and causes Na to be excreted from the urine to reduce blood pressure

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Diabetes

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Type I Type II Gestational Pre-diabetic syndrome

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Graves hypersecretion thyroid Cretinism/myxedema hyposectretion thyroid Acromegaly hypersecretion pituitary Cushings hypersecretion pituitary Cushings disease hypersecretion glucocorticoids Gigantism Addisons hyposecretion adrenal cortex