endocrine system - klein independent school districtclassroom.kleinisd.net/users/1541/docs/en… ·...
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THE ENDOCRINE THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEMSYSTEM
Chapter 16Chapter 16
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OVERVIEWOVERVIEW Group of Group of
unimpressive, unimpressive, discontinuous organsdiscontinuous organs
Coordinates and Coordinates and integrates body integrates body activity through the activity through the use of use of hormoneshormones produced produced in in ductless glandsductless glands
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Differs from nervous Differs from nervous system because its system because its work is strictly work is strictly chemicalchemical
Exocrine Exocrine glands use glands use ducts to deliver their ducts to deliver their secretionssecretions
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OrgansOrgans Pineal, hypothalamus, Pineal, hypothalamus, pituitary, thyroid, pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, testis, adrenal, pancreas, testis, ovary, placenta, tumors, ovary, placenta, tumors, cells within the digestive cells within the digestive tract, heart, kidney, etc.tract, heart, kidney, etc.
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AdrenalPinealPituitaryThyroid
Ovaries
ThymusDigestive hormonesTestes
Pancreas
HypothalamusParathyroid
1
2
34
56
7
8
9
51126
89
74
13
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Thyroid gland
hypothalamus
anteriorpituitary
gonadotropic hormones:follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
Mammaryglandsin mammals
Musclesof uterus
Kidneytubules
posteriorpituitary
thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)
antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
Adrenalcortex
Boneand muscle Testis Ovary
Melanocytein amphibian
adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH)
oxytocin
prolactin (PRL)
grow
th h
orm
one (
GH)
tropic hormones
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HormonesHormones Chemicals released into Chemicals released into
extracellular fluids that extracellular fluids that regulate metabolic functions regulate metabolic functions of other cellsof other cells
Ex: growth, development, Ex: growth, development, metabolism immune metabolism immune response, electrolyte & water response, electrolyte & water balance, blood pressure, RBC balance, blood pressure, RBC productionproduction
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Hormones fall into one of 2 Hormones fall into one of 2 categories:categories:Amino-acid based – most Amino-acid based – most hormones in this category; ex: hormones in this category; ex: thyroxine, insulin, melatonin, thyroxine, insulin, melatonin, ADH, etc.ADH, etc.
Steroid- (cholesterol based) Steroid- (cholesterol based) ex: sex hormones (estrogen, ex: sex hormones (estrogen, FSH, LH, testosterone), FSH, LH, testosterone), aldosteronealdosterone
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Function by binding to and Function by binding to and influencing activity of a target cell influencing activity of a target cell (cell containing receptors for that (cell containing receptors for that hormone); ex: most body cells hormone); ex: most body cells have receptors for human growth have receptors for human growth hormone and thyroxinehormone and thyroxineProvoke a secondary messenger Provoke a secondary messenger activityactivityOROR
Directly influence DNA activity of Directly influence DNA activity of the cellthe cell
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Once bound, hormones:Once bound, hormones:Change plasma membrane Change plasma membrane permeabilitypermeability
Promote production of Promote production of regulatory molecules; regulatory molecules; enzymesenzymes
Activate or deactivate Activate or deactivate enzymesenzymes
Induce secretory activity of Induce secretory activity of the cellthe cell
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Control is by feedback Control is by feedback mechanism mechanism
Ex: Negative FeedbackEx: Negative Feedback Gland is stimulated due to low Gland is stimulated due to low levels of hormonelevels of hormone
Hormone is Hormone is releasedreleased
Hormone levels Hormone levels increase in increase in bloodstream bloodstream
Increased levels Increased levels deactivate gland deactivate gland
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Maintaining homeostasisMaintaining homeostasis
high
low
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
hormone 2
gland
specific body condition
raisesbody condition gland
Negative FeedbackModel
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Controlling Body TemperatureControlling Body Temperature
high
low
nerve signals
sweat
nerve signals
brain
body temperature
shiver brain
dilates surfaceblood vessels
constricts surfaceblood vessels
Nervous System ControlNervous System ControlFeedback
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liver
pancreas
liver
Regulation of Blood SugarRegulation of Blood Sugar
blood sugar level
insulin
body cells takeup sugar
from blood
liver storessugar
reducesappetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver releases
sugartriggershunger
high
low
FeedbackEndocrine System ControlEndocrine System Control
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nephron
nephron
low
Blood OsmolarityBlood Osmolarity
blood osmolarityblood pressure
ADH
increasedwater
reabsorption
increasethirst
renin
increasedwater & saltreabsorption
high
FeedbackEndocrine System ControlEndocrine System Control
pituitary
angiotensin
nephron(JGA)
adrenalgland
aldosterone
JuxtaGlomerularApparatus
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Regulation of Blood CalciumRegulation of Blood Calcium
blood calcium level(10 mg/100mL)
calcitonin
PTH
Ca++ uptakein intestines
high
low
FeedbackEndocrine System ControlEndocrine System Control
kidney reabsorbs Ca++
bones release Ca++
kidney filters Ca++
Ca++ depositedin bones
activated Vitamin D parathyroid
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corpusluteumovary
Female reproductive cycleFemale reproductive cycle
pregnancy
maintainsuterus lining
no
yes
Feedback
estrogenegg
matures &is released(ovulation)
builds up uterus lining
FSH & LHprogesterone
progesterone
fertilized egg
HCG
corpus luteum breaks downprogesterone drops =
menstruation
maintainsuterus lining
GnRH
hypothalamus
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Control falls into one of 3 Control falls into one of 3 categories:categories: Hormonal stimuliHormonal stimuli – Ex: FSH – Ex: FSH from pituitary stimulates ovary from pituitary stimulates ovary to release progesterone and to release progesterone and estrogen; this in turn shuts estrogen; this in turn shuts down FSH = rhythmdown FSH = rhythm
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Humoral Humoral stimulistimuli – – Ex: blood Ex: blood sugar sugar levels levels stimulate stimulate pancreas pancreas to release to release insulin; insulin; this lowers this lowers sugar sugar levels levels which in which in turn turn reduces reduces insulin insulin productionproduction
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Neural stimuliNeural stimuli – Ex: – Ex: stress triggers stress triggers adrenal gland to adrenal gland to release adrenalinerelease adrenaline
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Organs/HormonesOrgans/HormonesAnterior PituitaryAnterior Pituitary – HGH, – HGH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRLTSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
HypothalamusHypothalamus – oxytocin, – oxytocin, ADHADH
ThyroidThyroid – thyroxine, – thyroxine, calcitonincalcitonin
ParathyroidParathyroid – PTH – PTH
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AdrenalAdrenal – glucocorticoids, – glucocorticoids, androgens, androgens,
aldosterone, aldosterone, adrenalineadrenalinePancreasPancreas – insulin, – insulin, glucagonglucagon
GonadsGonads – testosterone, – testosterone, estrogen, progesteroneestrogen, progesterone
PinealPineal – melatonin – melatoninThymusThymus – thymopoietin, – thymopoietin, thymosinthymosin
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GoiterGoiterIodine deficiency Iodine deficiency causes thyroid to causes thyroid to enlarge as it tries to enlarge as it tries to produce thyroxineproduce thyroxine
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Robert Wadlow1918-1940
8' 11"
Excessive HGH
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Graves - hyperthyroid
hypothyroidism
Hyperthyroidism
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Cushing’s Disease