endocrine system hormones
DESCRIPTION
Endocrine System Hormones. Definitions. Hormone : chemicals secreted by cells that regulate other cells Gland : organ whose cells secrete chemicals into other regions of the body -> Endocrine gland : ductless -> Exocrine gland : deliver hormones via ducts. Hormone-like substances. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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AP Biology2007-2008
Endocrine SystemHormones
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AP Biology
Definitions
Hormone: chemicals secreted by cells that regulate other cells
Gland: organ whose cells secrete chemicals into other regions of the body
-> Endocrine gland: ductless -> Exocrine gland: deliver
hormones via ducts
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AP Biology
Hormone-like substances Neuropeptides: secreted by the brain
and the nerves -> Enkephalins: inhibit pain messages
traveling to the brain -> Endorphins: regulate emotions,
influence pain, affect reproduction
Prostaglandins: modified fatty acids with many functions, found near areas where tissue is disturbed/injured
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AP Biology
Regulation Why are hormones needed?
chemical messages from one body part to another
communication needed to coordinate whole body
daily homeostasis & regulation of large scale changes▪ solute levels in blood ▪ glucose, Ca++, salts, etc.
▪ metabolism▪ growth▪ development▪ maturation▪ reproduction
growth hormones
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AP Biology
Regulation & Communication Animals rely on 2 systems for
regulation endocrine system ▪ system of ductless glands (->extracellular
fluid)▪ secrete chemical signals directly into blood▪ chemical travels to target tissue▪ target cells have receptor proteins▪ slow, long-lasting response
nervous system▪ system of neurons▪ transmits “electrical” signal &
release neurotransmitters to target tissue▪ fast, short-lasting response
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AP Biology
Regulation by chemical messengers Neurotransmitters released by neurons Hormones release by endocrine glands
axon
endocrine gland
receptor proteins
target cell
receptor proteins
hormone carried by blood
neurotransmitter
Lock & Keysystem
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AP Biology
Classes of Hormones Protein-based hormones
polypeptides▪ small proteins: insulin, ADH
glycoproteins▪ large proteins + carbohydrate: FSH, LH
amines▪ modified amino acids: epinephrine, melatonin
Lipid-based hormones steroids▪ modified cholesterol: sex hormones,
aldosterone
insulin
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AP Biology
How do hormones act on target cells Lipid-based hormones
hydrophobic & lipid-soluble▪ diffuse across cell membrane & enter cells▪ bind to receptor proteins in cytoplasm &
nucleus▪ bind to DNA as transcription factors▪ turn on genes
Protein-based hormones hydrophilic & not lipid soluble▪ can’t diffuse across cell membrane▪ bind to receptor proteins in cell membrane▪ trigger secondary messenger pathway▪ activate internal cellular response▪ enzyme action, uptake or secretion of molecules…
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AP Biologynucleus
target cell
DNA mRN
A protein
blood
proteincarrier
S
S
S
S
Action of lipid (steroid) hormones
binds to receptor protein
cytoplasm
becomes transcription factor
ex: secreted protein = growth factor (hair, bone, muscle, gametes)
2
4
6
cross cell membrane1
steroid hormone
mRNA read by ribosome
5
plasma membrane
protein secreted
7
3
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AP Biology
Action of protein hormones
activatesenzyme
activatesenzyme
activates enzyme
ATP
produces an action
P1
2
3
cytoplasm
receptor protein
response
signal
secondarymessengersystem
signal-transduction pathway
acts as 2° messenger
target cell
plasma membrane
binds to receptor protein
proteinhormone
ATPactivatescytoplasmicsignal
cAMP
GTP
activatesG-protein
transduction
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AP Biology
adrenal glandEx: Action of epinephrine (adrenaline)
activatesprotein kinase-A
activatesglycogen phosphorylase
activates adenylyl cyclase
epinephrine
liver cell
releasedto blood
1
2 5
receptorproteinin cell membrane
cytoplasm
6glycogen
activatesphosphorylase kinase
GTP
cAMP4
activatesG protein
ATP
glucose
activates GTP
3
signal
transduction
response7
GDP
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AP Biology
Benefits of a 2° messenger system
Amplification!
signal
receptor proteinActivated adenylyl cyclase
amplification
amplification
amplification
amplification
GTP G protein
product
enzyme
protein kinase
cAMP
Not yetactivated
1
2
4
35
6
7
FAST response!
amplification
Cascade multiplier!
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AP Biology
Maintaining homeostasis
high
low
hormone 1
lowersbody condition
hormone 2
gland
specific body condition
raisesbody condition gland
Negative FeedbackModel
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AP Biology
Controlling Body Temperature
high
low
nerve signals
sweat
nerve signals
body temperature(37°C)
shiver
dilates surfaceblood vessels
constricts surfaceblood vessels
Nervous System Control Feedback
hypothalamus
hypothalamus
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AP Biology
liver
pancreas
liver
Regulation of Blood Sugar
blood sugar level(90mg/100ml)
insulin
body cells takeup sugar
from blood
liver storesglycogen
reducesappetite
glucagon
pancreas
liver releasesglucose
triggershunger
high
low
FeedbackEndocrine System Controlislets of Langerhans beta islet cells
islets of Langerhansalpha islet cells
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AP Biology
osmoreceptors inhypothalamus
nephron
nephron
Blood Osmolarity
blood osmolarityblood pressure
ADH
increasedwater
reabsorption
increasethirst
renin
increasedwater & saltreabsorption
high
FeedbackEndocrine System Control
pituitary
angiotensinogenangiotensin
adrenalgland
aldosterone
JuxtaGlomerularApparatus
nephron(JGA)
low
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AP Biology
Nervous & Endocrine systems linked Hypothalamus = “master nerve control
center” nervous system receives information from nerves around body
about internal conditions releasing hormones: regulates release of
hormones from pituitary Pituitary gland = “master gland”
endocrine system secretes broad range
of “tropic” hormones regulating other glands in body
hypothalamus
pituitary
posterior
anterior
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AP Biology
Thyroid gland
hypothalamus
anteriorpituitary
gonadotropic hormones:follicle-stimulatinghormone (FSH) & luteinizing hormone (LH)
Mammaryglandsin mammals
Musclesof uterus
Kidneytubules
posteriorpituitary
thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH)
antidiuretic hormone(ADH)
Adrenalcortex
Boneand muscle
Testes Ovaries
Melanocytein amphibian
adrenocorticotropic
hormone (ACTH)melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH)
oxytocin
prolactin (PRL)
grow
th h
orm
one (
GH)
tropic hormones = target endocrine glands
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AP Biology
Regulating metabolism Hypothalamus
TRH = TSH-releasing hormone Anterior Pituitary
TSH = thyroid stimulating hormone Thyroid
produces thyroxine hormones metabolism & development▪ bone growth▪ mental development▪ metabolic use of energy▪ blood pressure & heart rate▪ muscle tone▪ digestion▪ reproduction tyrosin
e+
iodine thyroxines
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AP Biology
GoiterIodine deficiency causes thyroid to enlarge as it tries to produce thyroxine
thyroxines
tyrosine+
iodine✗✗
+
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AP Biology
Regulation of Blood Calcium
blood calcium level(10 mg/100mL)
calcitonin
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Ca++ uptakein intestines
high
low
FeedbackEndocrine System Control
kidney reabsorption
of Ca++bones
release Ca++
kidney reabsorption
of Ca++Ca++ deposited
in bones
activated Vitamin D
thyroid
parathyroid
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AP Biology
corpusluteumovary
Female reproductive cycle
pregnancy
maintainsuterus lining
no
yes
Feedback
estrogenegg
matures &is released(ovulation)
builds up uterus lining
FSH & LHprogesterone
progesterone
fertilized egg(zygote)
hCG
corpus luteum breaks downprogesterone drops
menstruation
corpusluteum
maintainsuterus lining
GnRH
pituitarygland
hypothalamus
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AP Biology
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AP Biology 2009-2010
Any Questions??
Robert Wadlow1918-1940
8' 11"
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AP Biology
Effects of stress on a body
Spinal cord(cross section)
Nervesignals
Nervecell
Releasinghormone
Stress
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Blood vessel
ACTH
Adrenalgland
Kidney
adrenal medullasecretes epinephrine
& norepinephrineAdrenal cortexsecretesmineralocorticoids& glucocorticoids
(B) LONG-TERM STRESS RESPONSE(A) SHORT-TERM STRESS RESPONSE
Nerve cell
Effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine:
1. Glycogen broken down to glucose; increased blood glucose
2. Increased blood pressure3. Increased breathing rate4. Increased metabolic rate5. Change in blood flow patterns, leading
to increased alertness & decreased digestive & kidney activity
Effects of mineralocorticoids:
1. Retention of sodium ions & water by kidneys
2. Increased blood volume & blood pressure
Effects of glucocorticoids:
1. Proteins & fats broken down & converted to glucose, leading to increased blood glucose
2. Immune system suppressed
MEDULLA CORTEX