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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

Prepared by:

Johnny M. Albarico M.E., R.N., U.S.R.N.

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ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

 A series of glands that function

individually or conjointly incontrolling metabolic activities

 Automatically regulate various body

processes Release chemical signals: HORMONE

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 ANATOMY and PHYSIOLOGY 

Functions:

Maintenance and regulation of vitalfunctions

Response to stress and injury

Growth and development

Energy metabolism

Reproduction

Fluid, electrolyte, and acid-basebalance

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Structures of the Endocrine System

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Pituitary Gland

The pituitary gland is the master gland.

It is located at the base of the brain.

It is influenced by the hypothalamus.

It affects the function of the otherendocrine glands.

It promotes growth of body tissue.

It influences water absorption by thekidney.

It controls sexual development andfunction.

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 Anterior Pituitary Gland

Growth hormone

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

Prolactin Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

 Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone(MSH)

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Posterior Pituitary Gland

Oxytocin

stimulates the smooth muscle of theuterus and induces contraction of the

myocardium. Promotes milk letdown.

 Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Primarily responsible for the reabsorptionof water by the kidneys.

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 Adrenal Gland

One adrenal gland is on top of eachkidney.

It regulates sodium and electrolyte

balance.

It affects carbohydrates, fat, andprotein metabolism.

It influences the development of sexualcharacteristics.

It sustains the “flight or fight” response. 

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 Adrenal Cortex

The adrenal cortex is the outershell of the adrenal gland.

The adrenal cortex synthesizes: Glucocorticoids

Mineralocorticoids

 Androgens

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 Adrenal CortexGMA/SSS

G – Glucocorticoids(Sugar) antagonizes insulin and increase blood sugar.

Increase synthesis of glucose by liver

Influenced defense mechanism of the body andits reaction to stress.

M – Mineralocorticoids(Salt)

Regulates reabsorption of sodium

Regulates excretion of potassium

 A  – Androgens(Sex)

Exert effect on sex characteristics and function

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 Adrenal medulla

The medulla is the inner core of the adrenalgland.

The medulla produces:

Epinephrine it increases cardiac output

Facilitate blood flow to muscle, brain, and viscera.

Stimulate conversion of glycogen to glucose.

inhibits smooth muscle contraction.

Norepinephrine

Increases peripheral vascular resistance.

Increases systolic blood pressure.

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Thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is located inthe anterior part of the neck.

The thyroid gland controls the

rate of body metabolism andgrowth.

The thyroid gland produces:

thyroxine (T4)triiodothyronine(T3)thyrocalcitonin.

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Parathyroid glands

The parathyroid glands aresmall, bean-sized structures

embedded in the posteriorsection of the thyroid gland.

The parathyroid glands control

calcium and phosphorousmetabolism.

The parathyroid glands produce

parathyroid hormone.

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Pancreas

The pancreas is locatedposterior to the stomach.

The pancreas influence

carbohydrate metabolism. The pancreas indirectly

influences fat and proteinmetabolism.

The pancreas producesinsulin and glucagon.

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Ovaries and Testes

Ovaries

The ovaries are located in the pelviccavity.

The ovaries produce estrogen andprogesterone.

Testes

The testes are located in the scrotum.

The testes control the development of the secondary sex characteristics.

The testes produce testosterone.