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Endocrine System

Spring 2009

FINAL

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Endocrine Glands

• Pituitary gland• Pineal gland• Adrenal glands• Thyroid gland• Parathyroid gland• Thymus gland• Pancreas• Gonads• Hypothalamus

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Osteomalacia1. Lack of __________ in the tissues & a failure of the bone tissue to _________

2. Caused by ___________ of fats

3. If it occurs after growth plate closure it is called ________

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Osteomalacia

Demonstrates as osteopenia onx-ray.

Appears similar to osteoporosis Except for the presence of bands Of radiolucency within the bone

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Paget’s Disease

X-ray of affected bones showCortical thickening with a coarseThickened trabecular pattern

Often called “cotton wool” Appearance

Mixed areas of radiolucency &radiopaque areas

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Paget’s Disease

1. _______________ disorder of unknown cause

2. Has two stages:1. ________________

2. ________________

3. Fairly common in elderly

4. Affects men twice as frequently as women

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Pituitary Gland Disorders

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Acromegaly

X-ray demonstrates an enlarged sellaTurcica and changes in the skull

Obliterates diploe found between inner& outer tables of the cortical bone

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Acromegaly

1. _____________ disorder caused by a disturbance of the __________ gland1. Primarily affects skeletal

system

2. Have a prominent forehead & jaw, widened teeth, abnormally large hands, coarsening of facial features

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Hypopituitarism1. Decreased levels of pituitary hormones

2. Most common cause is pituitary infarction1. Caused by ischemic

pituitary necrosis, postpartum hemorrhage, shock, sickle cell disease, meningitis, shock, syphilis, and head trauma

3. CT, MRI and angiography can be used for radiographic evaluation

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Hypopituitarism

1. _______ stature with protruding abdomen

2. _____________ hair

3. Coarse facial features with wide-set eyes, broad nose and _____________ tongue

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Adrenal Gland Disorders

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Cushing’s Syndrome

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vxSAhLyKVqw

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Cushing’s Syndrome

1. Have a “_________” face with excess fat deposits in neck and trunk

2. Skin is _______ and does not heal well

3. CT and MRI demonstrates pituitary adenomas

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Addison’s Syndrome

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Addison’s Syndrome

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Pancreatic Disorders

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Pancreas Anatomy

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Diabetes Mellitus

1. Syndrome characterized by chronic hyperglycemia is combination with glucose intolerance

2. Alteration is metabolism of carbs, fats and proteins

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Type 11. Produce little to no ____________________

2. Symptoms

3. Increase ____________, excessive thirsty & increase in appetite

4. Treatment

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Type 21. Inadequate secretion

of insulin

2. More common in women than men

3. Treatment is similar to DM 1

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Thyroid and Parathryroid Gland Disorders

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Thyroid Anatomy

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Hyperthyroidism

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Hyperthyroidism1. _____________ disorder

2. Thyroid gland secretes excess amounts of ____

3. Enlarged ____________ and ____________ eyes

4. Hyper and nervous

5. Treatment includes:

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Hypothyroidism

1. ___________ deficiency

2. Commonly seen in PT’s with Hashimoto’s syndrome

3. May be caused by _________ insufficiency

4. Symptoms:• ____________________• hot & cold intolerance• ____________________• weight gain

5. Treatment:

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Thyroid Cancers

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Parathyroid Glands

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Hyperparathyroidism

X-ray demonstrates osteopenia, especially in the diaphyses of the phalanges and clavicles

Pathologic fractures may exist as a consequence of the softenedbony matrix

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Hyperparathyroidism

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Nephrocalcinosis

Tiny deposits of calcium dispersed through renalparenchyma

Can be seen on an IVU andplain radiographs

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Radiography

1. Useful in diagnosing some disorders

1. Metabolic diseases of the skeletal system1. Cushing's’

2. Decrease in CA in osteomalacia & osteoporosis

3. Disorders of pituitary gland1. Changes in sella turcica

4. Acromegaly

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Bone Mineral Densitometry

1. Determines mineral and calcium content in bone

2. Can assist in the diagnosis of 1. Osteoporosis

2. Osteomalacia

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MRI

1. Useful in evaluating pituitary disorders

1. Pituitary adenomas1. Presence of progress

2. With Gadolinium

2. Microadenomas

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CT1. Useful in diagnosis and follow-up of

pituitary disorders

2. Pineal gland

3. Neoplastic diseases of thyroid , adrenal glands & parathyroid glands1. Enlargement of adrenal glands

4. Biopsies frequently performed under CT

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Nuclear Medicine1. Diagnosing thyroid function

2. Detecting nonpalpable nodules

3. Evaluate remaining thyroid tissue 1. After surgical resection or ablation

4. Localize medullary tumors of adrenal glands

5. Using radioisotopes to treat this tumor of the medullary portion of the adrenal glands