Endocrine System

Endocrine System Disorders

• Hyposecretion: under production – Treated with drug therapy

• Hypersecretion: over production– Treated with surgery

• Common cause: genetic defect

Cretinism

• Hypothyroidism in infants– Mental retardation, impaired growth, low body

temperatures, abnormal bone formation

Myxedema

• Hypothyroidism in adults– Edema, low blood levels, weight gain, cold

intolerance, fatigue, depression, muscle or joint pain, sluggishness

Graves Disease• Hyperthyroidism– Elevated metabolic rate, abnormal wt loss,

excessive perspiration, weakness and emotional instability

– exopthalmos- protruding eyes– Goiter- enlarged goiter

Graves Disease

Addison Disease

• Deficiency of cortical hormones– Muscle weakness, anorexia, gastrointestinal

symptoms, fatigue, hypoglycemia, hypotension, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia

Cushing Syndrome

• Excessive amounts of cortisol and ACTH in the blood– Wt gain, moon-shaped face, exaggerated head

and trunk, thin arms and legs– Hirsutism: excessive hair growth in unusual places

Cushing Syndrome

Type I Diabetes

• Diagnosed children and young adults• Body does not produce sufficient insulin– Treatment includes injection of insulin

Type 2 Diabetes

• Onset later in life• Risk factors: family hx, diabetes and obesity• Body is deficient in producing sufficient insulin• Body is resistant to insulin action in target cells

Type 2 Diabetes

• Hyperglycemia: cell starvation, damage kidneys, eyes, nerves or heart

• Tx: exercise, diet, wt loss, medication

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

• Caused: too little insulin, failure to follow a prescribed diet, physical or emotional stress or undiagnosed diabetes

Gestational Diabetes

• Diabetes develops during pregnancy– Inability to metabolize carbohydrates– Resolves after childbirth• Increase risk for developing Type 2 Diabetes

Acromegaly

• Chronic metabolic disorder characterized by a gradual, marked enlargement and thickening of the bones and the face and jaw

Diuresis

• Increased formation and secretion of urine

Glucosuria

• Presence of glucose in the urine or abnormal amount of sugar in the urine

Hyper’s & Hypo’s

• Hypercalcemia• Hyperkalemia• Hypervolemia• Hyponatremia

Thyroid Storm

• Crisis of uncontrolled hyperthyroidism caused by the release into the bloodstream of increased amount of thyroid hormone

Virile

• Masculine or having characteristics of a man

Virilism

• Masculinization in a woman or development of male secondary sex characteristics in the women

Exopthalmometry

• Test that measures the degree of forward displacement of the eyeball

Fasting Blood Glucose

• Test that measures blood glucose levels after a 12-hour fast

Glucose Tolerance Test (GTT)

• Test that measures the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a standard dose of glucose and measuring glucose levels in the blood and urine at regular intervals

Insulin Tolerance Test

• Test that determines insulin levels in serum by administering insulin and measuring blood glucose levels in blood at regular intervals

Thyroid Function Test (TFT)

• Test that detects an increase or decrease in thyroid function

Thyroid Scan

• After injection of a radioactive substance, a scanner detects radioactivity and visualizes the thyroid gland

Microneurosurgery of the pituitary gland

• Microdissection of a tumor using a binocular surgical microscope for magnification

Parathyroidectomy

• Excision of one or more of the parathyroid glands, usually to control hyperparathyroidism

Thymectomy

• Excision of the thymus gland

Thyroidectomy

• Excision of the thyroid gland– Partial- method of choice for removing a fibrous

nodular thyroid– Subtotal- removal of most of the thyroid to relieve

hyperthyroidism