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26-1 Introduction to the Animal Kingdom
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What Is an Animal?
What Is an Animal?
Animals are multicellular, eukaryotic heterotrophs whose cells lack cell walls.
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What Is an Animal?
Animals have the following types of tissues:
•epithelial
•muscular
•connective
•nervous
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What Is an Animal?
Epithelial tissues cover body surfaces.
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What Is an Animal?
Muscle tissue cells contain proteins that enable them to contract, moving parts of animals’ bodies.
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What Is an Animal?
Connective tissues support an animal’s body and connect its parts.
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What Is an Animal?
Nervous tissue contains nerve cells, which carry information throughout the body.
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What Is an Animal?
Invertebrates make up 95% of all animal species.
Invertebrates do not have a backbone, or vertebral column.
They include sea stars, worms, jellyfishes, and insects.
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What Is an Animal?
The other 5% of animals are vertebrates.
Vertebrates have a backbone.
Vertebrates include fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals.
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What Animals Do to Survive
What Animals Do to Survive
What essential functions do animals carry out?
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What Animals Do to Survive
Animals carry out the following essential functions:
• feeding
• respiration
• circulation
• excretion
• response
• movement
• reproduction
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What Animals Do to Survive
Many body functions help animals maintain homeostasis, or a relatively stable internal environment.
Homeostasis is often maintained by internal feedback mechanisms called feedback loops.
Most feedback loops involve feedback inhibition, in which the product or result of a process stops or limits the process.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Feeding
Herbivores eat plants.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Feeding
Carnivores eat other animals.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Feeding
Omnivores feed on both plants and animals.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Feeding
Detritivores feed on decaying plant and animal material.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Feeding
Filter feeders are aquatic animals that strain tiny floating organisms from water.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Animals can also form symbiotic relationships, in which two species live in close association with each other.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Respiration
Whether they live in water or on land, all animals respire—they take in oxygen and give off carbon dioxide.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Circulation
Animals transport oxygen, nutrient molecules, and waste products among all their cells through either simple diffusion or some kind of circulatory system
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What Animals Do to Survive
Excretion
Ammonia is a waste product of cells and a poisonous substance.
Most animals have an excretory system that eliminates ammonia quickly or converts it into a less toxic substance that is removed from the body.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Response
Animals respond to events in their environment using specialized cells, called nerve cells. In most animals, nerve cells form a nervous system.
Receptor cells respond to sound, light, and external stimuli. Other nerve cells process information and determine how the animal responds.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Movement
Some animals stay at a single spot, but most can move. Most animals have muscles or musclelike tissues.
Muscle contraction enables motile animals to move around by working in combination with a support structure called a skeleton.
Muscles also help even sedentary animals feed and pump water and fluids through their bodies.
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What Animals Do to Survive
Reproduction
Most animals reproduce sexually. This helps to create and maintain genetic diversity in populations and improve species’ abilities to evolve when the environment changes.
Many invertebrates can also reproduce asexually. This produces offspring that are genetically identical to the parent. It allows animals to increase their numbers rapidly.
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Trends in Animal Evolution
Complex animals tend to have:
• high levels of cell specialization and internal body organization
• bilateral body symmetry
• a front end or head with sense organs
• a body cavity
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Trends in Animal Evolution
Cell Specialization and Levels of Organization
As animals have evolved, their cells have become specialized to carry out different functions.
In multicellular organisms, each cell type has a structure and chemical composition that enable it to perform a specialized function.
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Trends in Animal Evolution
Groups of specialized cells form tissues.
Tissues join together to form organs and organ systems—all of which work together to carry out a variety of complex functions.
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