End of VietnamEnd of Vietnam

ReviewReview

1. Identify the Cold War President 1. Identify the Cold War President with his policy in Vietnamwith his policy in Vietnam

2. What was Khe Sanh?2. What was Khe Sanh? 3. Explain the causes & effects of the 3. Explain the causes & effects of the

Tet Offensive.Tet Offensive. 4. Discuss the candidates of the 4. Discuss the candidates of the

1968 Presidential Election1968 Presidential Election

VietnamizationVietnamization

““Peace with honor”Peace with honor”– Nixon & NSA Henry Nixon & NSA Henry

Kissinger plan secret Kissinger plan secret peace negotiationspeace negotiations

VietnamizationVietnamization– Turn fighting over to S. Turn fighting over to S.

Vietnamese Vietnamese – Gradual withdraw of US Gradual withdraw of US

troopstroops– Secretly expanded war > Secretly expanded war >

bombing Cambodia & bombing Cambodia & LaosLaos

– http://http://www.youtube.com/watch?www.youtube.com/watch?v=eLhZryqKVZM v=eLhZryqKVZM

ProtestsProtests Nixon policyNixon policy

– April 1970 announced April 1970 announced troops in Cambodia > troops in Cambodia > protestsprotests

Kent StateKent State– May 1970May 1970– Students set fire to ROTCStudents set fire to ROTC– 4 killed, 9 injured4 killed, 9 injured

Jackson StateJackson State– 9 days later9 days later– 2 killed, 9 injured2 killed, 9 injured

Public reactionPublic reaction– Shocked & horrified Shocked & horrified – http://http://

www.youtube.com/www.youtube.com/watch?v=fopb-pr2mxM watch?v=fopb-pr2mxM

My Lai MassacreMy Lai Massacre

March 1968March 1968– Lt William Calley Lt William Calley

led troops on a led troops on a search & destroy search & destroy missionmission

– No Vietcong foundNo Vietcong found MassacreMassacre

– US troops killed 450 US troops killed 450 women, children, women, children, elderly menelderly men

Pentagon PapersPentagon Papers

NY Times 1971NY Times 1971– Published secret Published secret

government documents government documents tracing US military in tracing US military in Vietnam since TrumanVietnam since Truman

– Revealed government Revealed government misled publicmisled public

– Leak angered & Leak angered & embarrassed Nixonembarrassed Nixon

Daniel EllsbergDaniel Ellsberg– Leak (Dept. of Defense)Leak (Dept. of Defense)

Election of 1972Election of 1972 Nixon v. George Nixon v. George

McGovernMcGovern McGovernMcGovern

– Outspoken critic Outspoken critic of warof war

– 2626thth Amendment ’71Amendment ’71 Voting age Voting age

reduced from reduced from 21 to 1821 to 18

End of U.S. InvolvementEnd of U.S. Involvement Peace talks stalledPeace talks stalled Christmas BombingsChristmas Bombings

– Around-the-clock bombing Around-the-clock bombing of N. Vietnam citiesof N. Vietnam cities

– Called off without major Called off without major resultsresults

Settlement Jan ’73Settlement Jan ’73– US withdraw troops & US withdraw troops &

agree to help rebuild agree to help rebuild VietnamVietnam

– Both sides release POW’sBoth sides release POW’s– http://http://

www.youtube.com/watch?www.youtube.com/watch?v=JdNnTGCrku0 v=JdNnTGCrku0

LegacyLegacy

N. VietnamN. Vietnam– 1975 (2 years after US troops left) > N. 1975 (2 years after US troops left) > N.

Vietnam invades S. & captures SaigonVietnam invades S. & captures Saigon– US rushed to evacuate Americans US rushed to evacuate Americans

working in cityworking in city– April 30, 1975 South Vietnam April 30, 1975 South Vietnam

surrenderedsurrendered– Country reunifiedCountry reunified

Khmer RougeKhmer Rouge

CambodiaCambodia– 1975 Communist forces (Khmer Rouge) 1975 Communist forces (Khmer Rouge)

controlled Cambodiacontrolled Cambodia– Killed 2 million (1/4 population)Killed 2 million (1/4 population)– Border dispute > Vietnam invaded in ’79Border dispute > Vietnam invaded in ’79– Installed puppet gov’tInstalled puppet gov’t– Vietnam occupied until ’89 when UN Vietnam occupied until ’89 when UN

peace-keeping forces camepeace-keeping forces came

Effects on VietnamEffects on Vietnam

185,000 S. Vietnamese soldiers killed185,000 S. Vietnamese soldiers killed 450,000 S. Vietnamese civilians 450,000 S. Vietnamese civilians

killedkilled 1 million Vietcong troops killed1 million Vietcong troops killed Severe environmental damageSevere environmental damage

Effects in USEffects in US 58,000 US troops killed58,000 US troops killed

– Survivors exposed to dangers defoliantsSurvivors exposed to dangers defoliants– Not welcomed upon returnNot welcomed upon return– Trouble readjustingTrouble readjusting

$150 billion spent$150 billion spent– Increased national debt & inflationIncreased national debt & inflation

War Powers Act 1973War Powers Act 1973– Affirmed Congressional constitutional right to Affirmed Congressional constitutional right to

declare wardeclare war– Gave President 60-day limit on committing Gave President 60-day limit on committing

troops without special authority or declaration of troops without special authority or declaration of warwar