END OF THE DYNASTIES END OF THE DYNASTIES (1839-1910) & THE CHINESE (1839-1910) & THE CHINESE

REPUBLIC (1911-1949)REPUBLIC (1911-1949)

OPIUM WARSOPIUM WARS

Unequal Treaties - TianjinUnequal Treaties - TianjinAll of China opened All of China opened to European tradeto European trade

And missionariesAnd missionaries

European powers European powers demand “spheres demand “spheres of influence” where of influence” where they dominate.they dominate.

Tai ping rebellion – 1851-1866Tai ping rebellion – 1851-186620 million dead20 million dead

Hong Xiuquan Hong Xiuquan claimed to be claimed to be Jesus’ younger Jesus’ younger brother.brother.

Empress CixiEmpress Cixi

THE STONE BOATTHE STONE BOAT

BOXER REBELLIONBOXER REBELLIONSociety of Harmonious Society of Harmonious Fists, dedicated to Fists, dedicated to ending foreign ending foreign influence.influence.

European and European and American forces end American forces end rebellion in two rebellion in two months.months.

Empress suspected of Empress suspected of supporting rebels.supporting rebels.

Dr. Sun Yat-senDr. Sun Yat-sen

1911 Revolution 1911 Revolution just “happens”just “happens”

Ideas of Sun Yat SenIdeas of Sun Yat Sen

Dr. Sun is the father of the Chinese Dr. Sun is the father of the Chinese RevolutionRevolution

Wrote 3 principles of the people:Wrote 3 principles of the people:

nationalism, democracy, and nationalism, democracy, and livelihoodlivelihood

Educated in HawaiiEducated in Hawaii

Sun Yat SenSun Yat SenSun establishes the Sun establishes the Kuomintang (KMT)Kuomintang (KMT)incorporated incorporated Communist Party Communist Party (CCP) into the military (CCP) into the military (1923)(1923)Turns over Turns over government to Yu’an government to Yu’an shi chi, who acts as a shi chi, who acts as a dictatordictatorDr. Sun dies before Dr. Sun dies before fulfilling his dream of fulfilling his dream of a united China‘a united China‘

Chiang Kai-shek rules ChinaChiang Kai-shek rules Chinatakes leadership takes leadership after Sun's deathafter Sun's death

expels CCP from expels CCP from the militarythe military

China lacked China lacked national unitynational unity

Communists were Communists were against Chiangagainst Chiang

WARLORD PROBLEMWARLORD PROBLEMProvincial warlords Provincial warlords with their own with their own armies complicate armies complicate Chiang’s control of Chiang’s control of ChinaChina

General TsoGeneral Tso

Japan invades-1931,1937 Japan invades-1931,1937 Chiang fights Mao Chiang fights Mao Zedong Zedong

Mao retreats Mao retreats towards Russia towards Russia

Japan attacks ChinaJapan attacks China

Nationalists and Nationalists and Communists join Communists join forcesforces

Japan defeated in Japan defeated in WWII WWII

JAPANESE ATROCITIESJAPANESE ATROCITIES

RAPE OF NANJINGRAPE OF NANJING

UNIT 731UNIT 731Cruel and barbaric Cruel and barbaric medical medical experiments on experiments on Chinese prisoners Chinese prisoners and peasantsand peasants

Developed germ Developed germ warfare weaponswarfare weapons

Doctors never Doctors never punishedpunished

Civil War in ChinaCivil War in ChinaNationalists and Nationalists and Communists fight each Communists fight each other again after World other again after World War II.War II.US supports Nationalists US supports Nationalists with billions of $$with billions of $$Communists win the warCommunists win the warNationalists flee to TaiwanNationalists flee to TaiwanAt right, memorial to At right, memorial to Chiang Kai-Shek in TaiwanChiang Kai-Shek in TaiwanChina considers Taiwan a China considers Taiwan a “breakaway province,” “breakaway province,” U.S. considers it the U.S. considers it the legitimate government of legitimate government of China.China.

Communist or “Red” ChinaCommunist or “Red” ChinaMao ZedongMao Zedong

B. 1893, son of a small B. 1893, son of a small farmer/prosperous farmer/prosperous peasantpeasant

One of China’s first One of China’s first CommunistsCommunists

Little Red Book of Little Red Book of SayingsSayings

Peasants = proletariatPeasants = proletariat

MAO’S PROGRAMMAO’S PROGRAM

Anti-landlord campaignAnti-landlord campaign

““Five Anti-movement”Five Anti-movement”

Full gender equality – marriage law, Full gender equality – marriage law, uniforms or “Mao suits”uniforms or “Mao suits”

Help out other Communists in Asia – Help out other Communists in Asia – North KoreaNorth Korea

Institute full communism through Institute full communism through Five Year PlansFive Year Plans

RESULTSRESULTS

Anti-landlord campaign – up to one million Anti-landlord campaign – up to one million deaddeadCollectivization leads to famine, up to ten Collectivization leads to famine, up to ten million dead in 1957million dead in 1957““Great Leap Forward” – backyard steel Great Leap Forward” – backyard steel furnaces in hopes of quick industrialization furnaces in hopes of quick industrialization – fails– fails““Cultural Revolution” – Basically a purge of Cultural Revolution” – Basically a purge of anti-Mao people by fanatical young ‘Red anti-Mao people by fanatical young ‘Red Guards.’Guards.’Period portayed in “To Live.”Period portayed in “To Live.”