end of life care: india and u.s.a. · • karma is the sum of a person’s actions in this life and...

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Recommendations Psychosocial Care in the U.S. Core components of palliative care include assessment of physical and psychological symptoms, support for spiritual distress, expert communication and coordination of care. Spirituality is of high importance to patients however, less than half of physicians are open to discussing spiritual concerns For health related decisions, U.S. culture known for emphasizing patient autonomy Religion is used as a coping mechanism. Minority cultures prefer familybased, physicianbased or shared physicianandfamily based decision making.(Searight & Gafford, 2005). In the U.S. and Western Europe, crosscultural differences occur along four dimensions: autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice. Education about patient’s differential spiritual needs is not part of most medical school curriculum, so physician’s are forced to depend on their own religious experiences in dealing with such issues. 60% of deaths over age 60 occur in a hospital (Silveria, Kim & Langa, 2010). Medical care is increasingly aggressive up to the last few days of life (Teno et al., 2013) Estimated that 11% of care in Intensive Care Units is futile (Huynh et al., 2013) U.S Palliative care began in 1967 (Morrison, 2015) originally as a model of care for cancer patients, now provided for any age, and any stage of illness. Addressing all distressing symptoms as opposed to only pain can lead to better outcomes. Expanding palliative care to more than just hospice is essential. Following cultural preferences regarding disclosure, advance planning, and decisional process improves patient and family satisfaction Community-based palliative care is only available through hospice care, thus excluding a large number of patients. Jessica Aguilar, BA, MSW Candidate, Mia Dabney, BSW, MSW Candidate, Patti Drazin, BSW, MSW Candidate, Rebekah L. Friedrich, BSN, RN, CCRN, MS Candidate, Shaniqua Nelson, BSW, MSW Candidate & Rebecca Newgren, BLA, MSW Candidate University of Maryland, Baltimore End of Life Care: India and U.S.A. Majority of deaths occur at home, without medical care With increasing life expectancy, the demand for palliative care has grown. (Kumar, 2013). In Kerala, four NonGovernment Organizations (NGO) teamed together to create the Neighborhood Network in Palliative Care (NNPC) in 1999. The community engages in designing, delivering, and evaluating palliative care services, ensuring the emotional, spiritual, and social needs are met in tandem with medical care (Sallnow, Kumar, Numpeli, 2010). The Kerala Model now provides twothirds of India’s palliative care services addressing the incurably ill, bedridden, and dying patients (Snallow et al., 2010). Palliative care is seen as a social problem with a medical component. Medical Treatment in India Hinduism is widely practiced in India with diverse traditions and beliefs of death as a transition of the soul by reincarnation, or becoming one with Brahman, (Firth, 2005). Karma is the sum of a person’s actions in this life and past lives, which is believed to determine one’s fate in the next life. Good Karma comes from a virtuous, and moral life (Dharma), and leads to a “Good Death”. Bad Karma could lead to a bad death and suffering in the next life. (Sharma et al., 2007)not uncommon. An increasing aging population, dispersion of family members, and poverty, can leave dying individuals without family support. Hospitals, hospice and community initiatives can and often do provide spiritual comfort as well as palliative care. Beliefs and traditions, even within the same religion can vary, so it is incumbent on the caregiver to ask about the patient’s spiritual/religious beliefs, to enable them the dignity of a good death. Medical Treatment in U.S. Psychosocial Care in India Difficult for the U.S. to adopt India’s model of care because of current reimbursement and health insurance structure. Beneficial for the medical professional in charge to utilize nonmedical services (chaplain, social workers, nutritionists). Holistic care focused on wellbeing must be at forefront. Kerala Model views incurable disease as a social problem with a medical component U.S. Model views incurable disease as a medical problem with a social component

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Page 1: End of Life Care: India and U.S.A. · • Karma is the sum of a person’s actions in this life and past lives, which is believed to determine one’s fate in the next life. • Good

Recommendations

Psychosocial Care in the U.S.

• Core components of palliative care include assessment of physical and psychological symptoms, support for spiritual distress, expert communication and coordination of care.

• Spirituality is of high importance to patients however, less than half of physicians are open to discussing spiritual concerns

• For health related decisions, U.S. culture known for emphasizing patient autonomy

• Religion is used as a coping mechanism. • Minority cultures prefer family‐based, physician‐based or shared physician‐

and‐family based decision making.(Searight & Gafford, 2005).• In the U.S. and Western Europe, cross‐cultural differences occur along four 

dimensions: autonomy,  beneficence, nonmaleficence and justice.• Education about patient’s differential spiritual needs is not part of  most 

medical school curriculum, so physician’s are forced to depend on their own religious experiences in dealing with such issues.

• 60% of deaths over age 60 occur in a hospital (Silveria, Kim & Langa, 2010).

• Medical care is increasingly aggressive up to the last few days of life (Teno et al., 2013)

• Estimated that 11% of care in Intensive Care Units is futile (Huynh et al., 2013)

• U.S Palliative care began in 1967 (Morrison, 2015) originally as a model of care for cancer patients, now provided for any age, and any stage of illness.

• Addressing all distressing symptoms as opposed to only pain can lead to better outcomes.

• Expanding palliative care to more than just hospice is essential. • Following cultural preferences regarding disclosure, advance

planning, and decisional process improves patient and family satisfaction

• Community-based palliative care is only available through hospice care, thus excluding a large number of patients.

Jessica Aguilar, BA, MSW Candidate, Mia Dabney, BSW, MSW Candidate, Patti Drazin, BSW, MSW Candidate, Rebekah L. Friedrich, BSN, RN, CCRN, MS Candidate,  Shaniqua Nelson, BSW, MSW Candidate & Rebecca Newgren, BLA, MSW Candidate

University of Maryland, Baltimore

End of Life Care: India and U.S.A.

• Majority of deaths occur at home, without medical care• With increasing life expectancy, the demand for palliative care has 

grown. (Kumar, 2013).• In Kerala, four Non‐Government Organizations (NGO) teamed 

together to create the Neighborhood Network in Palliative Care (NNPC) in 1999. 

• The community engages in designing, delivering, and evaluating palliative care services, ensuring the emotional, spiritual, and social needs are met in tandem with medical care (Sallnow, Kumar, Numpeli, 2010).

• The Kerala Model now provides two‐thirds of India’s palliative care services addressing the incurably ill, bedridden, and dying patients (Snallow et al., 2010). 

• Palliative care is seen as a social problem with a medical component. 

Medical Treatment in India

• Hinduism is widely practiced in India with diverse traditions and beliefs of death as a transition of the soul by reincarnation, or becoming one with Brahman,  (Firth, 2005).

• Karma is the sum of a person’s actions in this life and past lives, which is believed to determine one’s fate in the next life. 

• Good Karma comes from a virtuous, and moral life (Dharma), and leads to a “Good Death”.

• Bad Karma could lead to a bad death and suffering in the next life. (Sharma et al., 2007)not uncommon. 

• An increasing aging population, dispersion of family members, and poverty, can leave dying individuals without family support. Hospitals, hospice and community initiatives can and often do provide spiritual comfort as well as palliative care.

• Beliefs and traditions, even within the same religion can vary, so it is incumbent on the caregiver to ask about the patient’s spiritual/religious beliefs, to enable them the dignity of a good death. 

Medical Treatment in U.S.

Psychosocial Care in India 

• Difficult for the U.S. to adopt India’s model of care because of current reimbursement and health insurance structure.

• Beneficial for the medical professional in charge to utilize non‐medical services (chaplain, social workers, nutritionists).

• Holistic care focused on well‐being must be at forefront.

Kerala Model views incurable disease as a social problem with a medical component U.S. Model views incurable disease as a medical

problem with a social component