encyclopedia of geochemistry

ENCYCLOPEDIA ofGEOCHEMISTRY

Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF GEOCHEMISTRY

Volume EditorAfter receiving his B.A. in geology from the University of California, Berkeley, William White earned a Ph.D. in oceanography from theUniversity of Rhode Island in 1977. White did postdoctoral work at the Carnegie Institution of Washington and at the US Geological Survey inDenver between 1977 and 1980. From 1980 to 1985 he was a staff scientist at the Max Planck Institut für Chemie in Mainz, Germany, and thenspent a year as associate professor in the College of Oceanography at Oregon State University. White joined the Cornell faculty in 1986 where hecurrently serves as professor of earth and atmospheric sciences. He spent 7 months of 1995 as a visiting professor at the École Normale Supérieurede Lyon and the Université de Rennes, served as a visiting professor at the Université de Brest in 2001–2002, and was a Merle Tuve Senior Fellowat Carnegie Institution of Washington in 2002. White is a fellow of the Geochemical Society and the American Geophysical Union. He served asfounding editor of the electronic journal Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems (G-cubed) from 1999 to 2005.

Associate EditorsWilliam H. CaseyUniversity of CaliforniaDepartment of Chemistry and Department of Earth and Planetary SciencesDavis, CA, USA

Bernard MartyCentre de Recherches Pétrographiques et Géochimiques (CRPG), CNRSInstitut Universitaire de France, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de GéologieVandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France

Hisayoshi YurimotoHokkaido UniversityNatural History SciencesSapporo, Japan

Aims of the SeriesThe Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series provides comprehensive and authoritative coverage of all the main areas in the Earth Sciences. Eachvolume comprises a focused and carefully chosen collection of contributions from leading names in the subject, with copious illustrations andreference lists.These books represent one of the world’s leading resources for the Earth Sciences community. Previous volumes are being updated and new workspublished so that the volumes will continue to be essential reading for all professional earth scientists, geologists, geophysicists, climatologists, andoceanographers as well as for teachers and students. See the back of this volume for a current list of titles in the Encyclopedia of Earth SciencesSeries. Go to http://www.springerlink.com/reference-works/ to visit the “Earth Sciences Series” online.

About the Series EditorProfessor Charles W. Finkl has edited and/or contributed to more than eight volumes in the Encyclopedia of Earth Sciences Series. He has been theExecutive Director of the Coastal Education and Research Foundation and Editor-in-Chief of the international Journal of Coastal Research for thepast 35 years. He is also the Series Editor of the Coastal Research Library (Springer). In addition to these duties, he is Distinguished UniversityProfessor Emeritus at Florida Atlantic University (FAU) (Boca Raton, Florida). He is a graduate of Oregon State University (Corvallis) and theUniversity of Western Australia (Perth). Work experience includes the International Nickel Company of Australia (Perth), Coastal Planning &Engineering (Boca Raton, Florida), and Technos Geophysical Consulting (Miami, Florida). He has published numerous peer-reviewed technicalresearch papers and edited or co-edited and contributed to many books. Dr. Finkl is a Certified Professional Geological Scientist (Arvada,Colorado), a Certified Professional Soil Scientist (Madison, Wisconsin), a Certified Wetland Scientist (Lawrence, Kansas), and a Chartered MarineScientist (London). Academically, he served as a Demonstrator at the University of Western Australia, Courtesy Professor at Florida InternationalUniversity (Miami), Program Professor and Director of the Institute of Coastal and Marine Studies at Nova Southeastern University (PortEverglades, Florida), and Full Professor at FAU. During his career, he acquired field experience in Australia; the Bahamas; Puerto Rico, Jamaica;Brazil; Papua New Guinea and other SW Pacific islands; southern Africa; Western Europe; and the Pacific Northwest, Midwest, and SoutheastUSA. Dr. Finkl is a member of several professional societies including the Geological Society of America; Soil Science Society of America;Institute of Marine Engineering, Science and Technology; and the Society of Wetland Specialists. He is a recipient of the International BeachAdvocacy Award (Florida Shore & Beach Preservation Association), Certificate of George V. Chilingar Medal of Honor (Russian Academy ofNatural Sciences), and Lifetime Commitment to Coastal Science Award (International Coastal Symposium).

Founding Series EditorProfessor Rhodes W. Fairbridge (deceased) has edited more than 24 Encyclopedias in the Earth Sciences Series. During his career he has worked asa petroleum geologist in the Middle East, been a WWII intelligence officer in the SW Pacific, and led expeditions to the Sahara, Arctic Canada,Arctic Scandinavia, Brazil, and New Guinea. He was Emeritus Professor of Geology at Columbia University and was affiliated with the GoddardInstitute for Space Studies.

http://www.springerlink.com/reference-works

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF EARTH SCIENCES SERIES

ENCYCLOPEDIA ofGEOCHEMISTRY

A Comprehensive Reference Source on theChemistry of the Earth

edited by

WILLIAM M. WHITECornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA

With Associate Editors

WILLIAM H. CASEYUniversity of California, Davis, CA, USA

BERNARD MARTYCNRS Institut Universitaire de France, Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, France

HISAYOSHI YURIMOTOHokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan

Library of Congress Control Number: 2018930990

ISBN: 978-3-319-39311-7
This publication is available also as:Electronic publication under ISBN 978-3-319-39312-4 andPrint and electronic bundle under ISBN 978-3-319-39313-1
Cover illustration: The poly-extreme hydrothermal terraces of Dallol, Afar Triangle, Ethiopia.Hydrothermal chimneys and miniature geysers discharge high temperature (105–108 �C), oxygen-free, hyper-acidic(pH ~ 0), and Fe-rich (26 g/L of Fe) brines, creating a series of colorful terraces and pools. Unlike other hydrothermalsites where the colors are related to the presence of microorganisms, the color palette of Dallol results from the slowoxidation of aqueous ferrous species and precipitation of Fe(III)-chlorides/-oxyhydroxides/-sulfates. Photograph wastaken during the fieldtrip of 2017 in the framework of the ERC grant Prometheus. Electra Kotopoulou, Spanish NationalResearch Council (IACT-CSIC-UGR), Spain.

Every effort has been made to contact the copyright holders of the figures and tables which have been reproduced fromother sources. Anyone who has not been properly credited is requested to contact the publishers, so that dueacknowledgement may be made in subsequent editions.

All rights reserved for the contributions: Acid Deposition; Alkali and Alkaline Earth Metals; Atomic Number, MassNumber, and Isotopes; Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules: Rocks that Grow; Oklo Natural Nuclear Reactors; OilShale; Potassium; Refractory Inclusions in Chondritic Meteorites.

# Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2018This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material isconcerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction onmicrofilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation,computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book arebelieved to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give awarranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may havebeen made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature.The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland

Contents

xv

xxxi

xxiii

1

7

12

15

19

21

23

27

29

34

37

39

42

53

56

58

59

60

62

76

83

85

91

93

Contributors

Preface

Acknowledgments x

Ab Initio CalculationsDavid A. Dixon

AchondritesAkira Yamaguchi, Jean-Alix Barrat andRichard Greenwood

Acid DepositionGregory B. Lawrence

Acid–Base ReactionsCarl O. Moses

Activation Parameters: Energy, Enthalpy, Entropy,and Volume

William H. Casey and C. André Ohlin

Activity and Activity CoefficientsBarry R. Bickmore and Matthew C. F. Wander

Alkali and Alkaline Earth MetalsRicardo Arevalo Jr.

AluminumMainak Mookherjee

Analytical TechniquesWilliam M. White

Anthropogenic CO2Klaus S. Lackner

AntimonyJacqueline R. Houston

Aqueous SolutionsBarry R. Bickmore and Matthew C. F. Wander

Archeological GeochemistryPatrick Degryse and R. Alexander Bentley

ArgonMark A. Kendrick

Argon IsotopesPhilippe Sarda

ArsenicMonica Vasiliu and David A. Dixon

AstatineMonica Vasiliu and David A. Dixon

Atmophile ElementsDaniele L. Pinti

Atmospheric EvolutionColin Goldblatt

Atomic Absorption, Inductively Coupled PlasmaOptical Emission Spectroscopy, and InfraredSpectroscopy

Michael A. Rutzke

Atomic Number, Mass Number, and IsotopesRussell S. Harmon

AuthigenesisNorbert Clauer

BariumWilliam M. White

BerylliumJeffrey G. Ryan

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_16

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_303

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_168

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_38

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_48

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_48

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_2

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_211

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_214

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_55

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_157

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_56

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_3

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_77

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_208

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_206

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_26

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_354

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_209

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_107

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_57

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_57

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_57

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_244

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_78

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_79

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_80

95

100

107

111

116

123

136

148

153

155

156

162

167

171

172

177

181

186

187

191

194

204

206

226

229

233

234

237

241

244

248

251

255

256

262

263

265

275

291

vi CONTENTS

Beryllium IsotopesPaul R. Bierman and Eric W. Portenga

Biogenic MethaneDariusz Strąpoć

BiogeochemistryHilairy Ellen Hartnett

Biological PumpSarah L. C. Giering and Matthew P. Humphreys

Biomarker: Assessment of Thermal MaturityKenneth E. Peters and J. Michael Moldowan

Biomarkers: CoalAchim Bechtel and Wilhelm Püttmann

Biomarkers: PetroleumMeng He, J. Michael Moldowan andKenneth E. Peters

Biopolymers and MacromoleculesMarkus Kleber and Patrick Reardon

BismuthCristiana L. Ciobanu and Nigel J. Cook

Black Shales and SapropelsKay-Christian Emeis

BoronChristophe Lécuyer

Boron Stable IsotopesGavin L. Foster, Christophe Lécuyer andHorst R. Marschall

BromineHélène Bureau

CadmiumMonica Vasiliu and David A. Dixon

CaesiumGray E. Bebout

CalciumChristophe Lécuyer

Calcium IsotopesJuraj Farkas

CalorimetryMasaki Akaogi

CarbonAdrian Jones

Carbon CycleElizabeth A. Canuel and Amber K. Hardison

Carbon IsotopesThomas Wagner, Clayton R. Magilland Jens O. Herrle

Carbonate Compensation DepthRyan J. Woosley

Carbonate Minerals and the CO2-Carbonic AcidSystem

Abraham Lerman and Fred T. Mackenzie

CeriumCatherine Chauvel

Chalcophile ElementsSarah-Jane Barnes

ChelationCorey D. Pilgrim

Chemical BondsBarry R. Bickmore and Matthew C. F. Wander

Chemical WeatheringJérome Viers and Priscia Oliva

ChlorineMark A. Kendrick

Chlorine IsotopesMagali Bonifacie

ChondritesSara Russell

ChondrulesRhian Jones

ChromiumMonica Vasiliu and David A. Dixon

Chromium IsotopesDevon B. Cole, Xiangli Wang, Liping Qin,Noah J. Planavsky and Christopher T. Reinhard

Clapeyron’s EquationMasaki Akaogi

Clay MembranesIan C. Bourg

Clay MineralsJosh Wimpenny

CoalStephen F. Greb, Cortland F. Ebleand James C. Hower

CobaltOlivier Pourret and Michel-Pierre Faucon

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_81

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_166

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_169

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_154

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_147

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_150

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_170

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_172

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_82

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_146

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_253

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_238

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_83

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_27

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_221

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_254

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_237

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_300

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_174

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_175

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_176

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_85

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_84

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_84

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_84

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_88

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_220

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_46

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_4

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_143

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_89

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_90

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_323

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_302

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_59

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_334

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_301

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_8

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_51

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_153

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_271

294

297

300

303

305

310

317

325

326

331

340

345

347

353

363

375

378

381

383

392

418

430

439

442

445

446

447

453

455

456

460

462

464

471

477

483

484

488

492

CONTENTS vii

ColloidsJean-François Boily

ComplexesJay R. Black

Compound-Specific Isotope AnalysisYi Ge Zhang

CopperXingcheng Liu and Xiaolin Xiong

Copper IsotopesPaul Savage

Cosmic Elemental AbundancesHerbert Palme

Cosmogenic NuclidesRainer Wieler

Critical PointsWilliam H. Casey and Peter A. Rock

Critical ZoneJustin B. Richardson

Crystal ChemistryDana T. Griffen

Crystal Field TheoryHans Keppler

Debye-Hückel EquationJay R. Black

Density Functional TheoryDavid A. Dixon

DiagenesisIsabel P. Montanez and Laura J. Crossey

DiffusionYan Liang

Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM)Hilairy Ellen Hartnett

Dolomite and DolomitizationJennifer A. Roberts

DysprosiumScott M. McLennan

Earth’s AtmosphereDaniele L. Pinti

Earth’s Continental CrustRoberta L. Rudnick

Earth’s CoreWilliam F. McDonough

Earth’s Oceanic CrustMichael Perfit

Electron Probe Microanalysis (EPMA)Stuart Kearns

ElectronegativityBarry R. Bickmore and Matthew C. F. Wander

Elements: MetalloidsDavid A. Dixon and Monica Vasiliu

EnthalpyCarl O. Moses

EntropyCarl O. Moses

EpigenesisJamie J. Wilkinson

EquilibriumHeinz Gamsjäger

Equilibrium ConstantErich Königsberger

ErbiumScott M. McLennan

EuropiumMatthias Willbold

EvaporitesJohn Warren

Experimental Mineralogy and PetrologyCharles A. Geiger and Tatsuhiko Kawamoto

Ferromanganese Crusts and Nodules: Rocks ThatGrow

Kira Mizell and James R. Hein

Fick’s LawIsao Sakaguchi

Fission Track AnalysisStuart N. Thomson

Fluid InclusionsRobert J. Bodnar

Fluid–Rock InteractionWilliam E. Glassley, Laura J. Crossey andIsabel P. Montanez

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_91

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_60

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_92

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_216

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_282

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_335

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_332

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_10

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_355

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_318

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_316

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_61

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_17

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_35

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_336

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_155

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_93

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_94

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_210

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_277

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_258

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_266

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_251

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_222

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_63

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_39

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_40

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_97

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_5

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_6

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_98

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_99

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_100

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_311

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_101

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_101

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_324

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_290

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_225

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_36

495

498

513

518

521

525

526

530

535

541

545

549

553

554

561

571

586

589

592

597

615

617

620

622

623

629

631

636

645

649

652

657

659

663

664

666

670

683

685

693

viii CONTENTS

FluorineKenneth T. Koga and Estelle F. Rose-Koga

Formation and Evolution of the EarthFrancis Albarède

Fractional Crystallization and AssimilationFrank Spera and Melissa Scruggs

Free EnergyCarl O. Moses

FugacityChristopher A. Colla and William H. Casey

GadoliniumScott M. McLennan

GalliumMunir Humayun

Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry(GC–MS)

Patricia M. Medeiros

Gas HydratesRajnish Kumar and Praveen Linga

Gas Source Mass Spectrometry (GS-MS)Masahiko Honda and Allan R. Chivas

Geochemical Classification of ElementsCin-Ty Lee

Geochemical ExplorationJohn F. H. Thompson

Geochemical Reference MaterialsThomas C. Meisel

Geochemical ThermodynamicsWilliam H. Casey and Peter A. Rock

GeochemistryWilliam M. White

Geochronology and Radiogenic IsotopesJeff Vervoort

Geologic Time ScaleMark D. Schmitz

GeoneutrinosWilliam F. McDonough

Geothermal SystemsAdam J. Hawkins and Jefferson W. Tester

Geothermometry and GeobarometryKeith Putirka

GermaniumLouis A. Derry

Giant Impact HypothesisHidenori Genda

Gibbs-Duhem EquationWilliam H. Casey and Peter A. Rock

GoldMonica Vasiliu and David A. Dixon

Gouy-Chapman TheoryGarrison Sposito

HafniumJanne Blichert-Toft

Hafnium IsotopesJanne Blichert-Toft

Halide MineralsJohn Warren

HalogensMark A. Kendrick

Heat CapacityBrian F. Woodfield

Heat-Producing Elements (HPEs)Hugh StC O’Neill

HeliumYuji Sano

Helium IsotopesYuji Sano

Henry’s LawWilliam M. White

High Field Strength ElementsVincent J. M. Salters

High-Resolution Mass SpectrometryElizabeth B. Kujawinski

History of GeochemistryWilliam M. White

HolmiumScott M. McLennan

HydrocarbonsJohn K. Volkman

HydrogenJames G. Brophy and Arndt Schimmelmann

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_102

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_217

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_285

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_41

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_64

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_103

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_246

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_159

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_159

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_177

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_199

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_255

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_34

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_104

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_11

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_294

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_291

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_283

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_213

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_106

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_322

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_235

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_338

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_12

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_28

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_50

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_223

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_224

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_108

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_95

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_54

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_265

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_204

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_205

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_339

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_278

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_156

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_295

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_109

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_167

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_325

696

701

704

706

711

715

719

721

723

728

731

736

738

743

745

751

756

762

767

771

775

784

789

792

799

800

801

811

813

818

822

824

827

828

835

839

841

853

856

CONTENTS ix

Hydrogen IsotopesArndt Schimmelmann and Peter E. Sauer

Hydrologic CycleGiuseppe Mascaro

Hydrothermal AlterationAndri Stefánsson and Barbara I. Kleine

Hydrothermal SolutionsJean-François Boily

Hydrothermal VentsWolfgang Bach and Eoghan P. Reeves

HypogeneBarbara I. Kleine and Andri Stefánsson

Incompatible ElementsCatherine Chauvel

IndiumMonica Vasiliu and David A. Dixon

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry(ICP-MS)

Maria Schönbächler

IodineHélène Bureau

Ion Exchange ChromatographyMaria Schönbächler

Ion MicroprobeKazuhide Nagashima

Ionic RadiiHugh Rollinson and Jacob Adetunji

IridiumThomas C. Meisel

IronMunir Humayun

Iron FormationsClark M. Johnson

Iron IsotopesNoah J. Planavsky and Vincent Busigny

Iron MeteoritesHenning Haack

Isotope DilutionJon Woodhead

KerogenSteven Petsch

Kinetics of Geochemical ProcessesDon Sparks

KryptonGreg Holland

Laboratory Simulations of Organic GeochemicalProcesses at Elevated Temperatures

Jeffrey S. Seewald

Lanthanide Rare EarthsScott M. McLennan

LanthanumCatherine Chauvel

Large-Ion Lithophile ElementsCatherine Chauvel and Roberta L. Rudnick

Laser Ablation – Inductively Coupled PlasmaMass Spectrometry

Takafumi Hirata

LeadDominique Weis

Lead IsotopesDominique Weis

Lipids (Bacteria and Archaea)Ann Pearson

LithiumJeffrey G. Ryan

Lithium IsotopesJeffrey G. Ryan

Lithophile ElementsFrances E. Jenner and Hugh StC O’Neill

Low-Temperature GeochemistryTori Z. Forbes

LuminescenceTori Z. Forbes

LutetiumScott M. McLennan

Magmatic Process ModelingMark Ghiorso

MagnesiumFang-Zhen Teng

Magnesium IsotopesFang-Zhen Teng

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_326

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_158

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_65

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_66

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_110

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_67

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_231

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_44

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_111

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_111

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_112

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_113

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_320

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_340

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_259

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_247

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_58

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_267

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_341

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_241

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_163

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_49

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_198

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_164

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_164

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_96

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_114

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_232

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_307

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_307

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_292

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_293

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_162

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_116

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_117

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_249

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_23

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_24

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_118

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_242

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_327

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_328

860

864

867

878

892

895

900

906

917

924

932

936

943

947

950

957

961

965

967

973

975

978

980

983

985

987

991

1003

1009

1014

1019

1023

1042

1048

1052

1055

1057

x CONTENTS

MagnetismH. Tsunakawa and Y. Yamamoto

ManganeseTammie L. Gerke and Brenda J. Little

Mantle GeochemistryAndreas Stracke

Marine SedimentAnn G. Dunlea, Rachel P. Scudderand Richard W. Murray

Mass TransferPeter C. Lichtner

MercuryCharles N. Alpers

Mercury IsotopesBridget A. Bergquist

Metamorphic Reactions and ProcessesEleanor C. R. Green

MeteoritesMichael K. Weisberg

Mid-Ocean Ridge Basalts (MORB)Charles H. Langmuir

Mineral DefectsKurt Schwartz and Maik Lang

Mineral GenesisAlain J. Baronnet

MineralogyMichael F. Hochella Jr.

MolybdenumAnthony Chappaz, Jennifer B. Glass andTimothy W. Lyons

Molybdenum IsotopesJane Barling, Jie Yang andYu-Hsuan Crystal Liang

Native MineralsSatoshi Matsubara

Natural GasGiuseppe Etiope

NeodymiumMichael Bizimis and Howie D. Scher

Neodymium IsotopesMichael Bizimis and Howie D. Scher

NeonManuel Moreira

Neon IsotopesMoreira Manuel

Neutron Activation AnalysisJames R. Budahn

NickelWilliam L. Griffin and Mathieu Chassé

NiobiumCarsten Münker

NitrogenPierre Cartigny

Nitrogen CycleMonica M. Palta and Hilairy Ellen Hartnett

Nitrogen IsotopesPierre Cartigny and Vincent Busigny

Noble GasesChris J. Ballentine and Peter H. Barry

Nuclear Magnetic ResonanceCorey D. Pilgrim

NucleosynthesisJitendra Nath Goswami

NutrientsJ. A. Brandes

Ocean Biochemical Cycling and Trace ElementsHein J. W. de Baar, Steven M. A. C. van Heuvenand Rob Middag

Ocean Salinity, Major Elements, andThermohaline Circulation

Hein J. W. de Baar, Steven M. A. C. van Heuvenand Rob Middag

Oceanic Island BasaltsMatthew Gerard Jackson

Oil Seeps and Coastal BitumenDavid McKirdy, Andrew Ross andAsrarur Talukder

Oil ShaleJustin E. Birdwell

Oil-Oil and Oil-Source Rock CorrelationsNorelis D. Rodriguez

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_330

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_119

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_286

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_105

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_68

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_121

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_122

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_69

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_331

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_252

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_33

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_342

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_308

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_256

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_219

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_317

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_152

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_123

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_124

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_200

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_201

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_250

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_243

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_262

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_196

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_160

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_197

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_195

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_47

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_343

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_151

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_356

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_120

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_120

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_248

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_180

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_181

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_182

1059

1062

1063

1075

1081

1094

1099

1103

1109

1111

1115

1120

1124

1129

1135

1147

1160

1163

1166

1172

1175

1180

1185

1186

1197

1201

1207

1220

1231

1233

1236

1240

1241

1242

1247

1253

1257

CONTENTS xi

Oklo Natural Nuclear ReactorsMark J. Rigali

Onuma DiagramsChenguang Sun

Ore DepositsMichel Cuney

Organic FaciesR. Paul Philp

Organic GeochemistryJohn K. Volkman

Organic Matter Degradation and PreservationSandra Arndt and Douglas Edward LaRowe

Organic Matter in FossilsA. D. Muscente, Andrew D. Czaja,Leigh Anne Riedman and Caitlin Colleary

Organics: Sources and DepositionalEnvironments

Elisabeth Sikes

OsmiumRichard J. Walker

Osmium IsotopesRichard J. Walker

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Eh-pH(Pourbaix) Diagrams

William H. Casey

Oxide MineralsPatrick Nadoll

OxygenEdward D. Young

Oxygen IsotopesHisayoshi Yurimoto

Ozone and Stratospheric ChemistrySlimane Bekki and Joël Savarino

PaleoclimatologyLarry C. Peterson

PaleoenvironmentsB. D. A Naafs and R. D. Pancost

PaleoproductivityGerold Wefer

PaleotemperaturesJennifer E. Hertzberg and Matthew W. Schmidt

PalladiumJames M. Brenan

ParagenesisDenton S. Ebel and Robert J. Kamilli

Partial MeltingPaul D. Asimow

Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission (PIXE)Masanori Kurosawa

Partitioning and Partition CoefficientsChenguang Sun

PeatThomas J. Kelly, Ian T. Lawson andLydia E. S. Cole

Periodic TableKaren Harpp

PetroleumPhilippe Ungerer

Phase EquilibriaRobert W. Luth

PhosphorusKarl B. Föllmi

PlatinumJames M. Brenan

Platinum Group ElementsIgor S. Puchtel

Poisson-Boltzmann EquationJoan E. Curry

PoloniumMonica Vasiliu and David A. Dixon

Polyoxometalates and Other Metal-OxoClusters in Nature

May Nyman

PorphyrinsJ. William Louda

PotassiumRicardo Arevalo Jr.

PraseodymiumScott M. McLennan

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_125

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_344

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_126

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_183

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_149

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_184

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_185

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_165

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_165

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_127

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_128

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_21

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_21

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_21

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_345

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_333

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_346

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_207

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_129

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_161

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_130

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_131

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_227

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_304

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_218

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_315

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_347

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_187

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_245

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_188

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_348

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_189

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_228

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_274

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_15

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_1

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_43

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_43

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_190

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_132

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_133

1258

1266

1273

1276

1286

1287

1291

1295

1298

1301

1303

1307

1312

1314

1316

1318

1321

1323

1326

1328

1330

1334

1335

1337

1340

1344

1347

1352

1359

1367

1374

1376

1377

1379

1384

1392

1394

1397

1399

1402

xii CONTENTS

Precambrian GeochemistryTsuyoshi Komiya

Precambrian Organic MatterRoger Summons

Presolar GrainsPeter Hoppe

Programmed Temperature PyrolysisKenneth E. Peters andLeonardo Briceno Rodriguez

PromethiumScott M. McLennan

ProtactiniumJulie Prytulak

Quantum NumbersDavid A. Dixon

RadioactivityDon Porcelli

RadiumWilliam M. White

RadonDon Porcelli

Raman MicrospectroscopyAndrás Gorzsás

Refractory Inclusions in Chondritic MeteoritesAlexander N. Krot and Glenn J. MacPherson

RheniumJames M. Brenan

RhodiumThomas C. Meisel

RubidiumOliver Nebel

RutheniumThomas C. Meisel

SamariumMichael Bizimis and Howie D. Scher

ScandiumIain M. Samson and Mathieu Chassé

SeleniumMonica Vasiliu and David A. Dixon

Siderophile ElementsJames M. D. Day

Silicate MeltsPascal Richet

Silicate MineralsRitsuro Miyawaki

SiliconMonica Vasiliu and David A. Dixon

Silicon IsotopesAnat Shahar

SilverHelen Mango

SodiumJérome Gaillardet

SoilsJohannes Lehmann

Solid Solution/ExsolutionC. Noguera and B. Fritz

SolubilityJean-François Boily

Stable Isotope GeochemistryWilliam M. White

Standard StatesWilliam H. Casey and Peter A. Rock

StoichiometryAnna F. Oliveri

StrontiumOliver Nebel

Strontium IsotopesOliver Nebel and Jessica A. Stammeier

Subduction Zone GeochemistryTerry Plank

Sulfate MineralsAndrew G. Christy

Sulfide MineralsAndrew G. Tomkins andBree Morgan

SulfurJames Farquhar

Sulfur CycleMartin A. Schoonen

Sulfur IsotopesJames Farquhar

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_312

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_191

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_309

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_148

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_134

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_273

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_18

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_269

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_276

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_270

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_70

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_313

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_229

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_260

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_135

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_261

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_136

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_281

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_29

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_234

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_275

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_319

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_236

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_284

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_257

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_240

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_192

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_350

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_72

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_351

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_13

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_45

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_138

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_137

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_268

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_30

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_31

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_19

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_73

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_74

1409

1410

1415

1419

1421

1423

1425

1426

1429

1433

1435

1439

1441

1443

1445

1451

1452

1455

1458

1463

1464

1468

1473

1474

1476

1480

1487

1497

1500

1508

1511

1517

1518

1521

1524

1528

1531

1533

CONTENTS xiii

SupergeneMartin Reich

Surface GeochemistryChristian Ludwig and William H. Casey

Synchrotron X-Ray Fluorescence AnalysisJuan S. Lezama Pacheco and Scott E. Fendorf

TantalumCarsten Münker

TechnetiumYoshio Takahashi

TelluriumYoshio Takahashi

TerbiumScott M. McLennan

ThalliumJosh Wimpenny

Thallium IsotopesSune G. Nielsen

Thermal Ionization Mass SpectrometryJohn C. Lassiter

ThermogravimetryJiri Kucerik

ThoriumVincent J. M. Salters

ThuliumScott M. McLennan

TinWilliam M. White

TitaniumJay B. Thomas

Trace ElementsWilliam M. White

Transition ElementsDante Canil

TungstenGeorge R. Helz

Tungsten IsotopesThorsten Kleine

Unified Atomic Mass Unit, Avogadro Constant,and Mole

Norman E. Holden

UraniumVincent J. M. Salters

Uranium Decay SeriesBernard Bourdon

Van der Waals ForceTaku Tsuchiya

VanadiumOlivier Pourret and Aline Dia

Volcanic GasesAlessandro Aiuppa and Fabrice Gaillard

VolcanismNick Rogers

WaterCarl O. Moses

XenonSujoy Mukhopadhyay

Xenon IsotopesSujoy Mukhopadhyay

X-Ray DiffractionTori Z. Forbes

X-Ray Fluorescence AnalysisIzumi Nakai

YtterbiumJ. H. L. Voncken

YttriumJ. H. L. Voncken

ZincJoël Brugger

Zinc IsotopesFrédéric Moynier

ZirconiumCarsten Münker

Author Index

Subject Index

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_139

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_14

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_22

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_263

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_287

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_288

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_140

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_52

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_53

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_299

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_314

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_279

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_141

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_297

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_289

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_296

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_230

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_352

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_353

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_233

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_233

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_280

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_226

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_329

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_272

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_239

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_298

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_42

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_202

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_203

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_25

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_321

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_144

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_145

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_212

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_215

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39312-4_264

Contributors

Jacob AdetunjiGeoscienceUniversity of DerbyDerby, UK

Alessandro AiuppaDipartimento DiSTeMUniversità di PalermoPalermo, ItalyandSezione di PalermoIstituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaPalermo, Italy

Masaki AkaogiDepartment of ChemistryGakushuin UniversityTokyo, Japan

Francis AlbarèdeLaboratoire de Géologie de LyonEcole Normale Supérieure de LyonLyon Cedex 7, France

Charles N. AlpersU.S. Geological SurveyCalifornia Water Science CenterSacramento, CA, USA

Ricardo Arevalo Jr.Planetary Environments LabNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, MD, USA

Sandra ArndtBGeosys, Department Geoscience, Environment andSociety (DGES)Université Libre de BruxellesBruxelles, Belgium

Paul D. AsimowDivision of Geological and Planetary SciencesCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA, USA

Wolfgang BachDepartment of Geosciences and MARUM Center forMarine Environmental ResearchUniversity of BremenBremen, Germany

Chris J. BallentineDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxford, UK

Jane BarlingDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxford, UK

Sarah-Jane BarnesSciences de la TerreUniversité du Québec à ChicoutimiChicoutimi, QC, Canada

xvi CONTRIBUTORS

Alain J. BaronnetAix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CINAMCampus LuminyMarseille, France

Jean-Alix BarratU.B.O.-I.U.E.MCNRS UMR 6538 (Domaines Océaniques)Plouzané, France

Peter H. BarryDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxford, UK

Gray E. BeboutDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesLehigh UniversityBethlehem, PA, USA

Achim BechtelDepartment of Applied Geoscience and GeophysicsPetroleum GeologyMontanuniversitaet LeobenLeoben, Austria

Slimane BekkiLATMOS-IPSL (Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux,Observations Spatiales)Sorbonne Universités-UPMC, Paris Saclay-UVSQ, CNRSParis, France

R. Alexander BentleyComparative Cultural Studies and Hobby School of PublicAffairsUniversity of Houston, McElhinney HallHouston, TX, USA

Bridget A. BergquistDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada

Barry R. BickmoreDepartment of Geological SciencesBrigham Young UniversityProvo, UT, USA

Paul R. BiermanDepartment of GeologyUniversity of VermontBurlington, VT, USA

Justin E. BirdwellCentral Energy Resources Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyDenver, CO, USA

Michael BizimisEarth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, SC, USA

Jay R. BlackSchool of Earth SciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia

Janne Blichert-ToftLaboratoire de Géologie de LyonEcole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Université ClaudeBernard Lyon 1, CNRSLyon, France

Robert J. BodnarDepartment of GeosciencesVirginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA

Jean-François BoilyDepartment of ChemistryUmeå UniversityUmeå, SE, Sweden

Magali BonifacieInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisSorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris DiderotParis, France

Bernard BourdonLaboratoire de Géologie de LyonUniversité de LyonLyon, FranceandENS-LyonUniversité Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5276 LGLTPELyon, France

Ian C. BourgDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering andPrinceton Environmental InstitutePrinceton UniversityPrinceton, NJ, USA

CONTRIBUTORS xvii

J. A. BrandesSkidaway Institute of Oceanography and Department ofMarine ScienceUniversity of GeorgiaSavannah, GA, USA

James M. BrenanDepartment of Earth SciencesDalhousie UniversityHalifax, NS, Canada

James G. BrophyDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomington, IN, USA

Joël BruggerSchool of Earth, Atmosphere and the EnvironmentMonash UniversityClayton, Australia

James R. BudahnU.S.Geological SurveyDenver, CO, USA

Hélène BureauInstitut de Minéralogie, de Physique desMatériaux et deCosmochimie (IMPMC)Sorbonne Universités –UPMCUniv. Paris 06, CNRSUMR7590, MuséumNational d’Histoire NaturelleParis, France

Vincent BusignyInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisSorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris DiderotParis, France

Dante CanilSchool of Earth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada

Elizabeth A. CanuelDepartment of Physical Science, Virginia Institute ofMarine ScienceCollege of William & MaryGloucester Point, VA, USA

Pierre CartignyInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisSorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris DiderotParis, France

William H. CaseyDepartment of Chemistry and Department of Earth andPlanetary SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA

Anthony ChappazDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesCentral Michigan UniversityMount Pleasant, MI, USA

Mathieu ChasséInstitut de minéralogie, de physique des matériaux, et decosmochimie (IMPMC)Sorbonne universités – UPMCParis, France

Catherine ChauvelISTerreUniversity Grenoble Alpes, CNRSGrenoble, France

Allan R. ChivasGeoQuEST Research Centre, School of Earth andEnvironmental SciencesUniversity of WollongongWollongong, NSW, AustraliaandDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia

Andrew G. ChristySchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of QueenslandSt Lucia, QLD, AustraliaandGeosciencesQueensland MuseumHendra, QLD, Australia

Cristiana L. CiobanuSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia

Norbert ClauerLaboratoire d’Hydrologie et de Géochimie de StrasbourgCNRS - Université de StrasbourgStrasbourg, France

Devon B. ColeDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsYale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA

xviii CONTRIBUTORS

Lydia E. S. ColeDepartment of Zoology, Biodiversity InstituteUniversity of OxfordOxford, UK

Christopher A. CollaDepartment of Chemistry and Department of Earth andPlanetary SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA

Caitlin CollearyDepartment of GeosciencesVirginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USA

Nigel J. CookSchool of Chemical EngineeringThe University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia

Laura J. CrosseyDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerque, NM, USA

Michel CuneyGeoRessourcesUniversity of Lorraine, CNRS, CREGUVandoeuvre les Nancy, France

Joan E. CurryDepartment of Soil, Water and Environmental ScienceUniversity of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA

Andrew D. CzajaDepartment of GeologyUniversity of CincinnatiCincinnati, OH, USA

James M. D. DayScripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of California San DiegoLa Jolla, CA, USA

Hein J. W. de BaarNIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchDepartment of Ocean Systems (OCS), and UtrechtUniversityDen Burg, The Netherlands

Patrick DegryseEarth and Environmental Sciences, Division GeologyCentre for Archaeological Sciences, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium

Louis A. DerryDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA

Aline DiaGéosciences RennesRennes, France

David A. DixonDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosa, AL, USA

Ann G. DunleaWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, MA, USA

Denton S. EbelDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesColumbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA

Cortland F. EbleKentucky Geological SurveyUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA

Kay-Christian EmeisDepartment of Earth SciencesHamburg UniversityHamburg, Germany

Giuseppe EtiopeSezione Roma 2Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRome, Italy

Juraj FarkašDepartment of Earth Sciences, School of Physical SciencesUniversity of AdelaideAdelaide, South Australia, AustraliaandDepartment of GeochemistryCzech Geological SurveyPrague, Czech Republic

James FarquharDepartment of Geology and Earth System ScienceInterdisciplinary CenterUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA

CONTRIBUTORS xix

Michel-Pierre FauconUniLaSalleBeauvais Cedex, France

Scott E. FendorfDepartment of GeologyStanford UniversityMenlo Park, CA, USA

Karl B. FöllmiInstitute of Earth SciencesUniversity of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland

Tori Z. ForbesDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of IowaIowa City, IA, USA

Gavin L. FosterOcean and Earth Science, National Oceanography CentreSouthamptonUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK

B. FritzLaboratoire d’Hydrologie et Géochimie de StrasbourgUniversité de Strasbourg/EOST, CNRSStrasbourg Cedex, France

Fabrice GaillardInstitut des Sciences de la TerreUniversité d’Orléans-BRGMOrléans, France

Jérôme GaillardetInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisParis, France

Heinz GamsjägerLeoben, Austria

Charles A. GeigerDepartment of Chemistry and Physics of MaterialsSection MineralogyUniversity of SalzburgSalzburg, Austria

Hidenori GendaEarth-Life Science Institute (ELSI)Tokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan

Tammie L. GerkeDepartment of Geology and Environmental Earth ScienceMiami University MiddletownMiddletown, OH, USA

Mark GhiorsoOFM ResearchSeattle, WA, USA

Sarah L. C. GieringOcean Biogeochemistry and EcosystemsNational Oceanography CentreSouthampton, UK

Jennifer B. GlassSchool of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA, USA

William E. GlassleyDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, USA

Colin GoldblattSchool of Earth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada

András GorzsásDepartment of ChemistryUmeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden

Jitendra Nath GoswamiPhysical Research LaboratoryAhmedabad, India

Stephen F. GrebKentucky Geological SurveyUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA

Eleanor C. R. GreenInstitute of Geochemistry and PetrologyETH ZürichZürich, Switzerland

Richard GreenwoodPlanetary and Space Sciences, Department of PhysicalSciencesThe Open UniversityMilton Keynes, UK

xx CONTRIBUTORS

Dana T. GriffenGeology DepartmentBrigham Young UniversityProvo, UT, USA

William L. GriffinEarth and Planetary SciencesMacquarie UniversityNorth Ryde, NSW, Australia

Henning HaackMaine Mineral and Gem MuseumBethel, ME, USA

Amber K. HardisonMarine Science InstituteThe University of Texas at AustinPort Aransas, TX, USA

Russell S. HarmonNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleigh, NC, USA

Karen HarppDepartment of GeologyColgate UniversityHamilton, NY, USA

Hilairy Ellen HartnettSchool of Earth and Space Exploration and School ofMolecular SciencesArizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA

Adam J. HawkinsEarth and Atmospheric SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA

Meng HeDepartment of Geological and Environmental SciencesStanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA

James R. HeinPacific Coastal and Marine Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveySanta Cruz, CA, USA

George R. HelzDepartments of Geology and ChemistryUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA

Jens O. HerrleInstitute of GeosciencesGoethe University FrankfurtFrankfurt, Germany

Jennifer E. HertzbergDepartment of Marine SciencesUniversity of ConnecticutGroton, CT, USA

Takafumi HirataGeochemical Research CenterThe University of TokyoTokyo, Japan

Michael F. Hochella Jr.Department of GeosciencesVirginia TechBlacksburg, VA, USAandGeosciences GroupPacific Northwest National LaboratoryRichland, WA, USA

Norman E. HoldenNational Nuclear Data CenterBrookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, New York, USA

Greg HollandSchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchester, UK

Masahiko HondaResearch School of Earth SciencesThe Australian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia

Peter HoppeParticle Chemistry DepartmentMax Planck Institute for ChemistryMainz, Germany

Jacqueline R. HoustonCSUS – California State UniversitySacramento, CA, USA

James C. HowerCenter for Applied Energy ResearchUniversity of KentuckyLexington, KY, USA

Munir HumayunDepartment of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric ScienceFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA

CONTRIBUTORS xxi

Matthew P. HumphreysOcean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthampton, UK

Matthew Gerard JacksonDepartment of Earth ScienceUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, USA

Frances E. JennerDepartment of Environment, Earth and EcosystemsThe Open UniversityMilton Keynes, Buckinghamshire, UK

Clark M. JohnsonDepartment of GeoscienceUniversity of WisconsinMadison, WI, USA

Adrian JonesDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity College LondonLondon, UK

Rhian JonesSchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesThe University of ManchesterManchester, UK

Robert J. KamilliTucson Office – Geology, Minerals, Energy andGeophysics Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyTucson, Arizona, USA

Tatsuhiko KawamotoInstitute for Geothermal Sciences, Graduate School ofScienceKyoto UniversityKyoto, Japan

Stuart KearnsSchool of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolBristol, UK

Thomas J. KellySchool of GeographyUniversity of LeedsLeeds, UK

Mark A. KendrickResearch School of Earth SciencesAustralian National UniversityCanberra, ACT, Australia

Hans KepplerBayerisches GeoinstitutUniversity of BayreuthBayreuth, Germany

Markus KleberDepartment of Crop and Soil ScienceOregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA

Barbara I. KleineInstitute of Earth SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavík, Iceland

Thorsten KleineInstitut für PlanetologieUniversity of MünsterMünster, Germany

Kenneth T. KogaLaboratoire Magmas et VolcansUniversité Blaise Pascal – CNRSClermont-Ferrand, France

Tsuyoshi KomiyaDepartment of Earth Science and AstronomyThe University of TokyoTokyo, Japan

Erich KönigsbergerChemical and Metallurgical Engineering and ChemistrySchool of Engineering and Information TechnologyMurdoch UniversityMurdoch, WA, Australia

Alexander N. KrotHawai‘i Institute of Geophysics and PlanetologyUniversity of Hawai‘i at MānoaHonolulu, HI, USA

Jiri KucerikInstitute of Chemistry and Technology of EnvironmentalProtection, Faculty of ChemistryBrno University of TechnologyBrno, Czech Republic

Elizabeth B. KujawinskiMarine Chemistry and GeochemistryWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, MA, USA

Rajnish KumarDepartment of Chemical EngineeringIndian Institute of TechnologyChennai, India

xxii CONTRIBUTORS

Masanori KurosawaFaculty of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TsukubaTsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Klaus S. LacknerSchool of Sustainable Engineering and the BuiltEnvironmentArizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA

Maik LangDepartment of Nuclear EngineeringUniversity of TennesseeKnoxville, TN, USA

Charles H. LangmuirDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA

Douglas Edward LaRoweDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of Southern CaliforniaLos Angeles, CA, USA

John C. LassiterDepartment of Geological Sciences, Jackson School ofGeosciencesUniversity of Texas at AustinAustin, TX, USA

Gregory B. LawrenceNew York Water Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveyTroy, NY, USA

Ian T. LawsonDepartment of Geography and Sustainable DevelopmentUniversity of St AndrewsEdinburg, Scotland, UK

Christophe LécuyerLaboratoire de Géologie de Lyon, LGL-TPECNRS UMR 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 andInstitut Universitaire de FranceLyon, France

Cin-Ty LeeDepartment of Earth Science MS-126Rice UniversityHouston, TX, USA

Johannes LehmannSoil and Crop Science, School of Integrative Plant ScienceCornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA

Abraham LermanDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesNorthwestern UniversityEvanston, IL, USA

Juan S. Lezama PachecoSchool of Earth, Energy, and Environmental SciencesStanford UniversityMenlo Park, CA, USA

Yan LiangDepartment of Earth, Environmental and PlanetarySciencesBrown UniversityProvidence, RI, USA

Yu-Hsuan Crystal LiangInstitute of Earth SciencesAcademia SinicaNangang, Taipei, TAIWAN

Peter C. LichtnerOFM Research—SouthwestSanta Fe, NM, USA

Praveen LingaDepartment of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore, Singapore

Brenda J. LittleNaval Research LaboratoryStennis Space CenterHancock County, MS, USA

Xingcheng LiuGuangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China

J. William LoudaDepartment of Chemistry and Biochemistry and theEnvironmental Sciences ProgramFlorida Atlantic UniversityBoca Raton, FL, USA

Christian LudwigPaul Scherrer Institute (PSI)Villigen, SwitzerlandandÉcole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL)Lausanne, Switzerland

CONTRIBUTORS xxiii

Robert W. LuthDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of AlbertaEdmonton, AB, Canada

Timothy W. LyonsDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of California – RiversideRiverside, CA, USA

Fred T. MackenzieDepartment of Oceanography, School of Ocean and EarthScience and TechnologyUniversity of Hawai‘i at ManoaHonolulu, HI, USA

Glenn J. MacPhersonSmithsonian InstitutionWashington, DC, USA

Clayton R. MagillLyell Centre for Marine and Earth Science and TechnologyHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburgh, UK

Helen MangoDepartment of Natural SciencesCastleton UniversityCastleton, VT, USA

Horst R. MarschallDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWood Hole, MA, USAandInstitut für GeowissenschaftenGoethe-Universität FrankfurtFrankfurt am Main, Germany

Giuseppe MascaroSchool of Sustainable Engineering and the BuiltEnvironmentArizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA

Satoshi MatsubaraDepartment of Geology and PaleontologyNational Museum of Nature and ScienceTokyo, Japan

William F. McDonoughDepartment of GeologyUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA

David McKirdyDepartment of Earth Sciences, School of Physical SciencesThe University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia

Scott M. McLennanDepartment of GeosciencesStony Brook UniversityStony Brook, NY, USA

Patricia M. MedeirosDepartment of Marine SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthens, GA, USA

Thomas C. MeiselGeneral and Analytical ChemistryMontanuniversität LeobenLeoben, Austria

Rob MiddagNIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchDepartment of Ocean Systems (OCS), and UtrechtUniversityDen Burg, The Netherlands

Ritsuro MiyawakiDepartment of GeologyNational Museum of Nature and ScienceTokyo, Japan

Kira MizellPacific Coastal and Marine Science CenterU.S. Geological SurveySanta Cruz, CA, USAandDepartment of Ocean SciencesUniversity of California, Santa CruzSanta Cruz, CA, USA

J. Michael MoldowanBiomarker Technologies, Inc.Rohnert Park, CA, USA

Isabel P. MontañezDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA

Mainak MookherjeeEarth, Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA

xxiv CONTRIBUTORS

Manuel MoreiraInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisSorbonne Paris Cité, UMR CNRS 7154, Université ParisDiderotParis, France

Bree MorganSchool of GeosciencesThe University of SydneyCamperdown, NSW, Australia

Carl O. MosesProvost and Vice President for Academic AffairsGrand View UniversityDes Moines, IA, USA

Frédéric MoynierInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisUniversité Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris CitéParis, FranceandInstitut Universitaire de FranceParis, France

Sujoy MukhopadhyayDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of California DavisDavis, CA, USA

Carsten MünkerInstitut für Geologie und MineralogieUniversität zu KölnKöln, Germany

Richard W. MurrayDepartment of Earth and EnvironmentBoston UniversityBoston, MA, USA

A. D. MuscenteDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA

B. D. A. NaafsOrganic Geochemistry Unit, School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol and Cabot InstituteBristol, UK

Patrick NadollGeoZentrum Nordbayern, Geochemistry – EconomicGeologyFriedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-NurembergErlangen, Germany

Kazuhide NagashimaHawai‘i Institute of Geophysics and PlanetologyUniversity of Hawai‘i at MānoaHonolulu, HI, USA

Izumi NakaiDepartment of Applied ChemistryTokyo University of ScienceTokyo, Japan

Oliver NebelSchool of Earth, Atmosphere and EnvironmentMonash UniversityClayton/Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Sune G. NielsenDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, MA, USA

C. NogueraInstitut des Nanosciences de ParisCNRS-Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06Paris, France

May NymanDepartment of ChemistryOregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA

C. André OhlinDepartment of ChemistryUmeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden

Priscia OlivaCNRS/IRDPaul Sabatier UniversityToulouse, France

Anna F. OliveriDepartment of Chemistry, Department of Earth andPlanetary SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA

Hugh StC O’NeillResearch School of Earth SciencesAustralian National UniversityActon, Australia

Herbert PalmeForschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum SenckenbergFrankfurt am Main, Germany

CONTRIBUTORS xxv

Monica M. PaltaDepartment of Environmental Studies and SciencePace UniversityNew York, NY, USA

R.D. PancostOrganic Geochemistry Unit, School of ChemistryUniversity of Bristol and Cabot InstituteBristol, UK

Ann PearsonDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA

Michael PerfitDepartment of Geological SciencesUniversity of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA

Kenneth E. PetersSchlumbergerMill Valley, CA, USAandDepartment of Geological SciencesStanford UniversityStanford, CA, USA

Larry C. PetersonRosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of MiamiMiami, FL, USA

Steven PetschDepartment of GeosciencesUniversity of Massachusetts AmherstAmherst, MA, USA

R. Paul PhilpConocoPhillips School of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of OklahomaNorman, OK, USA

Corey D. PilgrimDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of California, DavisDavis, CA, USA

Daniele L. PintiGEOTOP, Research Center on the Dynamics of EarthSystemUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontréal, QC, Canada

Noah J. PlanavskyDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsYale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA

Terry PlankLamont-Doherty Earth ObservatoryColumbia UniversityPalisades, NY, USA

Don PorcelliDepartment of Earth SciencesOxford UniversityOxford, UK

Eric W. PortengaDepartment of Geography and GeologyEastern Michigan UniversityYpsilanti, MI, USA

Olivier PourretUniLaSalleBeauvais Cedex, France

Julie PrytulakDepartment of Earth Science and EngineeringImperial College LondonLondon, UK

Igor S. PuchtelDepartment of GeologyUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA

Keith PutirkaDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesCalifornia State University – FresnoFresno, CA, USA

Wilhelm PüttmannInstitute for Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesDepartment of Environmental Analytical ChemistryGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am Main, Germany

Liping QinDepartment of Earth and Space ScienceChina University of Science and TechnologyHefei, Hubei, China

Patrick ReardonNuclear Magnetic Resonance FacilityOregon State UniversityCorvallis, OR, USA

Eoghan P. ReevesDepartment of Earth Science and Centre for GeobiologyUniversity of BergenBergen, Norway

xxvi CONTRIBUTORS

Martin ReichDepartment of Geology and Andean Geothermal Center ofExcellence (CEGA), FCFMUniversidad de ChileSantiago, Chile

Christopher T. ReinhardSchool of Earth and Atmospheric ScienceGeorgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, GA, USA

Justin B. RichardsonDept. of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA

Pascal RichetInstitut de Physique du Globe de ParisParis, France

Leigh Anne RiedmanDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, MA, USA

Mark J. RigaliSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerque, NM, USA

Jennifer A. RobertsDepartment of GeologyUniversity of KansasLawrence, KS, USA

Peter A. RockCollege of Math and Physical Sciences, Department ofChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaDavis, CA, USA

Leonardo Briceño RodriguezSchlumbergerMexico City, Mexico

Norelis D. RodriguezChevron Energy Technology CompanyHouston, TX, USA

Nick RogersSchool of Environment, Earth and Ecosystem SciencesThe Open UniversityMilton Keynes, UK

Hugh RollinsonGeoscienceUniversity of DerbyDerby, UK

Estelle F. Rose-KogaLaboratoire Magmas et VolcansUniversité Blaise Pascal – CNRSClermont-Ferrand, France

Andrew RossCSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering (CESRE)Kensington, NSW, Australia

Roberta L. RudnickDepartment of Earth ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaSanta Barbara, CA, USAandDepartment of GeologyUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA

Sara RussellDepartment of Earth SciencesThe Natural History MuseumLondon, UK

Michael A. RutzkeCollege of Agriculture and Life Sciences Nutrient AnalysisLabCornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA

Jeffrey G. RyanSchool of GeosciencesUniversity of South FloridaTampa, FL, USA

Isao SakaguchiNational Institute for Materials ScienceTsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

Vincent J. M. SaltersNational High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Departmentof Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesFlorida State UniversityTallahassee, FL, USA

Iain M. SamsonDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of WindsorWindsor, ON, Canada

Yuji SanoAtmosphere and Ocean Research InstituteUnivertsity of TokyoKashiwa, Japan

CONTRIBUTORS xxvii

Philippe SardaGEOPS, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRSUniversité Paris-Saclay, Rue du BelvédèreOrsay, France

Peter E. SauerDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomington, IN, USA

Paul SavageDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of St AndrewsSt Andrews, UK

Joël SavarinoLaboratoire de Glaciologie et Géophysique del’EnvironnementUniversité Grenoble-Alpes, UMRCNTS/UGAGrenoble, France

Howie D. ScherEarth and Ocean SciencesUniversity of South CarolinaColumbia, SC, USA

Arndt SchimmelmannDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesIndiana UniversityBloomington, IN, USA

Matthew W. SchmidtDepartment of Ocean, Earth and Atmospheric SciencesOld Dominion UniversityNorfolk, VA, USA

Mark D. SchmitzDepartment of GeosciencesBoise State UniversityBoise, ID, USA

Maria SchönbächlerInstitute of Geochemistry and PetrologyETHZurich, Switzerland

Martin A. SchoonenBrookhaven National LaboratoryUpton, NY, USAandDepartment of GeosciencesStony Brook UniversityStony Brook, NY, USA

Kurt SchwartzGSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion ResearchDarmstadt, Germany

Melissa ScruggsDepartment of Earth ScienceUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, USA

Rachel P. ScudderTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA

Jeffrey S. SeewaldMarine Chemistry and Geochemistry DepartmentWoods Hole Oceanographic InstitutionWoods Hole, MA, USA

Anat ShaharGeophysical LaboratoryCarnegie Institution for ScienceWashington, DC, USA

Elisabeth SikesDepartment of Marine and Coastal SciencesRutgers the State University of New JerseyNew Brunswick, NJ, USA

Don SparksDepartment of Plant and Soil SciencesUniversity of DelawareNewark, DE, USA

Frank SperaDepartment of Earth ScienceUniversity of California Santa BarbaraSanta Barbara, CA, USA

Garrison SpositoEnvironmental Science, Policy and ManagementUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, CA, USA

Jessica A. StammeierInstitute of Applied GeosciencesGraz University of TechnologyGraz, Austria

Andri StefánssonInstitute of Earth SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavík, Iceland

xxviii CONTRIBUTORS

Andreas StrackeInstitut für MineralogieWestfälische Wilhelms-UniversitätMünster, Germany

Dariusz StrąpoćGeoservicesSchlumbergerRoissy, France

Roger SummonsEarth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences DepartmentMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, MA, USA

Chenguang SunDepartment of Earth, Environmental and PlanetarySciencesRice UniversityHouston, TX, USA

Yoshio TakahashiGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoTokyo, Japan

Asrarur TalukderCSIRO Earth Science and Resource Engineering (CESRE)Kensington, NSW, Australia

Fang-Zhen TengIsotope Laboratory, Department of Earth and SpaceSciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattle, WA, USA

Jefferson W. TesterEarth and Atmospheric SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USAandSchool of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringCornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA

Jay B. ThomasDepartment of Earth Sciences, 204 Heroy GeologyLaboratorySyracuse UniversitySyracuse, NY, USA

John F. H. ThompsonDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA

Stuart N. ThomsonDepartment of GeosciencesUniversity of ArizonaTucson, AZ, USA

Andrew G. TomkinsSchool of Earth, Atmosphere and EnvironmentMonash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia

Taku TsuchiyaGeodynamics Research CenterEhime UniversityMatsuyama, Ehime, Japan

H. TsunakawaDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesTokyo Institute of TechnologyTokyo, Japan

Philippe UngererMaterials Design S.A.R.L.Montrouge, France

Steven M. A. C. van HeuvenNIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea ResearchDepartment of Ocean Systems (OCS), and UtrechtUniversityDen Burg, Texel, The Netherlands

Monica VasiliuDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of AlabamaTuscaloosa, AL, USA

Jeff VervoortGeological SciencesSchool of the Environment, Washington State UniversityPullman, WA, USA

Jérôme ViersCNRS/IRDPaul Sabatier UniversityToulouse, France

John K. VolkmanOceans and Atmosphere FlagshipCSIROHobart, TAS, Australia

J. H. L. VonckenFaculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Departmentof Geosciences and Engineering, Section ResourceEngineeringDelft University of TechnologyDelft, The Netherlands

CONTRIBUTORS xxix

Thomas WagnerLyell Centre for Marine and Earth Science and TechnologyHeriot-Watt UniversityEdinburgh, UK

Richard J. WalkerDepartment of GeologyUniversity of MarylandCollege Park, MD, USA

Matthew C. F. WanderDepartment of Geological SciencesBrigham Young UniversityProvo, UT, USA

Xiangli WangDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsYale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA

John WarrenPetroleum Geoscience Prog.Chulalongkorn UniversityBangkok, Thailand

Gerold WeferMARUM – Center for Marine Environmental SciencesUniversity of BremenBremen, Germany

Dominique WeisPacific Centre for Isotopic and Geochemical ResearchEarth, Ocean and Atmospheric SciencesUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada

Michael K. WeisbergDepartment of Physical Sciences, Earth and PlanetarySciences, Kingsborough Community College andGraduate CenterCity University of New YorkNew York, USA

William M. WhiteDepartment of Earth and Atmospheric SciencesCornell UniversityIthaca, NY, USA

Rainer WielerDepartment of Earth Sciences, Institute of Geochemistryand PetrologyETH ZürichZürich, Switzerland

Jamie J. WilkinsonDepartment of Earth SciencesNatural History MuseumLondon, UKandDepartment of Earth Science and EngineeringImperial CollegeLondon, UK

Matthias WillboldSchool of Earth, Atmospheric and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ManchesterManchester, UK

Josh WimpennyNuclear and Chemical Sciences DivisionLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, CA, USA

Brian F. WoodfieldDepartment of Chemistry and BiochemistryBrigham Young UniversityProvo, UT, USA

Jon WoodheadSchool of Earth SciencesThe University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia

Ryan J. WoosleyDepartment of Ocean ScienceUniversity of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine andAtmospheric SciencesMiami, FL, USA

Xiaolin XiongGuangzhou Institute of GeochemistryChinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China

Akira YamaguchiAntarctic Meteorite Research CenterNational Institute of Polar ResearchTokyo, JapanandDepartment of Polar ScienceSchool of Multidisciplinary Science, SOKENDAI (TheGraduate University for Advanced Studies)Tokyo, Japan

Y. YamamotoCenter for Advanced Marine Core ResearchKochi UniversityKochi, Japan

Jie YangSchool of Earth and Environmental SciencesUniversity of St AndrewsFife, UK

xxx CONTRIBUTORS

Edward D. YoungDepartment of Earth, Planetary, and Space SciencesUCLALos Angeles, CA, USA

Hisayoshi YurimotoNatural History SciencesHokkaido UniversitySapporo, Japan

Yi Ge ZhangDepartment of OceanographyTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, TX, USA

Preface

Few fields within the earth sciences have grown as rapidly the twentieth century has geochemistry, particularly the
or had as great an impact as geochemistry. The impact ofgeochemistry has been vast and greatly influenced ourunderstanding of virtually every aspect of this planet, itsneighbors, and the life that makes it so unique.
As an example, consider what Darwin wrote in 1859 inOrigin of Species: “If the theory [evolution] be true, it isindisputable that before the lowest Cambrian stratum wasdeposited, long periods elapsed. . .and that during thesevast periods, the world swarmed with living creatures. Butto the question why we do not find rich fossiliferousdeposits belonging to these assumed earliest periodsbefore the Cambrian system, I can give no satisfactoryanswer.” Darwin understood that the Precambrian com-prised “long periods” but had no idea how long. Geochem-istry, in particular analysis of radioactive elements andtheir daughter products, provided the answer: four billionyears. While the answer to “ how long” could have beengiven more than half a century ago, the answer to hisquestion “why” has only become apparent within the lastdecade, and that answer also comes from geochemistry.Recent studies of redox-sensitive metals such as uraniumand molybdenum in ancient marine sediments haverevealed that although the Earth’s atmosphere first becameoxidizing about 2.3 billion years ago, oxygen levelsremained too low to support animal life for nearly another2 billion years. Animals appear in the fossil record shortly,geologically speaking, after that rise.

Why oxygen levels began to rise in the Neoproterozoicremains unclear, but biomarkers in sediments of the timehint at possible answers. Biomarkers are fragments oforiginal biomolecules that survive in sediment and containclues to ancient environments and operation of the carboncycle. The carbon cycle is intimately connected to both theoxygen cycle through photosynthesis, respiration, andburial of organic carbon and climate through the green-house gases CO2 and CH4.

In another example, Louis Agassiz first recognized thatthe Earth had experienced extensive recent glaciation in thefirst half of the nineteenth century. Only in the last half of

analysis of oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios, providedanswers to the when and why of the Agassiz’s “Ice Ages.”Geochemistry continues to provide all the main tools forpaleoclimate analysis. Understanding what controlled cli-mate in the past is key to predicting how it will change inthe future. This is, of course, critical, because humans haveshifted the balance in the carbon cycle by burning ancientlyburied organic carbon, and climate is changing as aconsequence.

Geochemistry is also revealing the workings of theEarth’s interior. Thermobarometers based on the distribu-tion of elements between different minerals reveal thetemperatures of metamorphism and crystallization inmagma chambers. Combined with geochronometers, theycan reveal the rates of these processes and the rates atwhich mountains rise and erode. The 1960s James Bondfilm proclaimed that “Diamonds are Forever,” but it iszircon that holds the record for longevity. Because zirconsconcentrate uranium, they are natural clocks. Chemical andisotopic analysis of zircons reveals that creation of thecontinents began 4.4 billion years ago and proceeded sub-sequently in pulses that appear to correspond to times ofsupercontinent formation.

We have learned that geochemical cycles extend to thebase of the mantle. Water, carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur arecarried into the mantle at subduction zones. Isotopic ana-lyses, among other approaches, reveal that these are thencarried upward in mantle plumes, which seismic imagingshow rise from the base of the mantle, and are releasedback to the surface by “hot spot” volcanoes such as Hawaii,Réunion, etc. These deep cycles operate much more slowlythan surficial ones, as the discovery of the mass indepen-dently fractionated isotopic signature of Archean atmo-spheric sulfur in lavas from volcanoes of FrenchPolynesia demonstrates.

Geochemistry has its roots in the ancient arts of metal-lurgy, refining elements from the Earth, and alchemy,transforming those elements into new ones. The latterproved fruitless, of course, but transforming elements

xxxii PREFACE

into new ones happens continually in stellar interiors,supernovae, and neutron star mergers. The disparate isoto-pic signatures of these various nucleosynthetic processesare found in meteorites – the “left-overs” from solar systemformation 4.5 billion years ago. The impact of geochemis-try thus extends to understanding how planetary systemsform and how the cosmos has evolved.

The beginnings of metallurgy mark the transition ofhumanity out of the Stone Age and the founding of moderncivilization. Many of the metals that the ancients minedand refined, such as copper, tin, lead, and iron, are stillessential to us, but modern society depends increasingly ona vast array of less common elements: as many as 70 dif-ferent elements are components of smart phones, includinglithium, yttrium, rare earths, indium, tantalum, gallium,and antimony. Many of these and others such as cadmium,tellurium, and thallium are increasingly needed as wetransition to carbon-free, energy efficient societies. Findingsufficient sources of them requires understanding theirbehavior in nature and the processes that concentratethem. At the same time, many of these elements are toxicor form environmentally destructive compounds. Geo-chemistry is essential both in supplying society’s resourcesand dealing with its wastes.

Many ore deposits are formed as a result of hydrother-mal activity. The cover photo of the colorful salt deposits ofthe Dallol dome in the Danakil depression of Ethiopia is anexample of such activity, and it also illustrates how allaspects of geochemistry are ultimately interconnected.There, a mantle plume causes rifting and volcanism. Themagmatic heat drives a mixture of magmatic volatiles,

formation brines, and groundwater upward through layersof basalt and evaporites, dissolving a variety of elementsfrom both. Once this hot, acidic solution reaches the sur-face, cooling and reaction with atmospheric oxygen resultin precipitation. Thus, the resulting salts are ultimate prod-ucts of all of the Earth: its interior, the oceans, and theatmosphere.

The point is that the scope of geochemistry is so vast thatit is impossible for any one person to know the entire field.This is raison d’etre for this encyclopedia. The 331 entriesinclude brief summaries of the behavior of the naturallyoccurring chemical elements, and their isotopes in manycases, brief definitions of important terms such as quantumnumbers, overviews of important topics such as evaporites,and extensive reviews of broad topics such as the forma-tion and evolution of the Earth. All of these entries arewritten by experts on the subject. None of them are exhaus-tive, rather they are meant to acquaint the reader with thetopic and, with the references at the end of each entry,provide a point of departure for further understanding.The encyclopedia is aimed at students, teachers, profes-sionals working in other aspects of earth science, andanyone wanting to understand more about the chemistryof nature. Given, again, the vast scope of geochemistry, weexpect it should also be useful to geochemists needing tounderstand topics outside their own area of specialty.

William M. WhiteIthaca, NY

December 2017

Aknowledgments

The editors wish above all to thank the hundreds of scien-tists from academia, industry, and government organiza-tions who have graciously contributed their time and effortin writing the entries that comprise this encyclopedia. It isprimarily their efforts which have produced this volume.We would also like to thank the many other hundreds ofscientists who have provided peer reviews for these entriesand improved them with their constructive comments.Finally, we would like to thank the Springer team, Petra

van Steenbergen, Sylvia Blago, and Johanna Klute for theirwork and assistance in assembling this volume.

William H. CaseyBernard Marty

William M. WhiteHisayoshi Yurimoto

encyclopedia of geochemistry

Documents