encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice - …978-1-4614-5690-2/1.pdf · preface...

Encyclopedia of Criminologyand Criminal Justice

Gerben BruinsmaDavid WeisburdEditors

Encyclopedia ofCriminology andCriminal Justice

With 311 Figures and 150 Tables

EditorsGerben BruinsmaNetherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR)Amsterdam, The Netherlands

VU University AmsterdamAmsterdam, The Netherlands

David WeisburdDepartment of Criminology, Law and SocietyGeorge Mason UniversityFairfax, VA, USA

Faculty of LawThe Hebrew UniversityMt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

ISBN 978-1-4614-5689-6 ISBN 978-1-4614-5690-2 (eBook)ISBN 978-1-4614-5691-9 (Print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-5690-2Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013946647

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Preface

Introduction

When we began our effort to outline and organize the Encyclopedia ofCriminology and Criminal Justice with our distinguished Associate Editors,

we set before ourselves a major task that would be different from that of most

other encyclopedias that are produced today in various fields.We looked back

in history to find our task.We sought to define the parameters of the discipline

of criminology and criminal justice, in the spirit of the encyclopedias first

developed in the 18th century. This Encyclopedia would not be a dictionary of

the field, but a cutting edge statement of knowledge in the field at this time.

Crime and criminal justice are major dynamic issues in contemporary

societies. Every society is confronted with variations in crime rates and has

to deal with large groups of crime places, offenders, and victims. Crimes

appear in changing images in everyday life and criminal justice agencies have

to find solutions for these societal phenomena. This means that the science of

criminology is important not just for scientists and scholars who want to

develop basic knowledge and understand the causes of crime, but also to

policy makers and practitioners. Criminology as a discipline spans both basic

and applied research questions, and criminology has been enriched by its

ability to both provide scientific knowledge to practice and to raise critical

questions about the basic principles and effects of policy and practice. There

is an international community of active producers of criminological knowl-

edge in every continent at universities, research institutes, and governmental

offices. The globalization of criminological knowledge has increased the

dissemination of criminological research and theory to all parts of the

world. This Encyclopedia seeks to summarize that broad array of knowledge.

Undergraduate and graduate students in criminology and criminal justice

are taught using general text books with brief sections on relevant topics.

Further information is explored on the Internet, using Wikipedia texts for

additional knowledge or for writing papers. These texts have not been

reviewed by scholars in the field. The print and online versions of this

Encyclopedia give students, researchers, policy makers, and practitioners

direct access to a reliable body of knowledge on topics that have been written

by experts in the discipline. Indeed, in this Encyclopedia it is often the

originators of theories, practices, or methods that are writing the entries.

These entries will give students and scholars efficient and solid insights into

the knowledge they need for their courses.

v

Goals

This Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice presents the current

state of knowledge of this discipline. Like science in general, criminology

expanded during the last two centuries, starting with the first geographic

studies on the distribution of crime rates until new neurological knowledge

of offenders and innovative forensic techniques to detect perpetrators, and to

evidence-based treatment programs for serious or frequent offenders or local

governmental to private interventions in crime situations. We needed ten

volumes with 579 entries to display today’s criminology and criminal justice

knowledge base. It represents our efforts to provide the reader with current

state-of-the-art knowledge in criminology and criminal justice.

The aim of the Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice is to

supply a comprehensive reference tool for the field of criminology and

criminal justice that is both cutting edge and of very high scientific quality.

This ten volume work provides a complete and systematic coverage of this

growing field that is unprecedented, as it is truly international and includes

fields related to criminology, such as police science, forensics, and certain

areas of psychology. Each entry offers an extended description of the topic,

relevant literature, current base of knowledge, and ideas about what needs to

be studied in the future. The on-line version will be updated continuously

after the first publication serving millions of students, researchers, policy

makers, and practitioners of all continents.

Defining the Discipline

The goal of this Encyclopedia is to provide a comprehensive reference work for

the field of criminology and criminal justice. We worked hard, meeting mul-

tiple times with our Associate Editors, to identify what the critical areas were,

and what research existed that we could include in the Encyclopedia. The

Encyclopedia in this sense "defines the field" through its choice of organization

and entries. We aimed at identifying emerging ideas and trends, so that the

work will be timely at publication and afterwards. This Encyclopedia covers

the field broadly, and internationally, and attempts to be up to date as to recent

developments in research and practice in the field. This Encyclopedia is not

a dictionary, nor a kind ofWikipedia without any quality assessment, and aims

at comprehensive and cutting edge knowledge that defines the contours of the

field of criminology and criminal justice. That is why we included the fast

developing new fields of forensics, psychology of law, and investigative

psychology. The ten volumes cover the following broad fields of criminology

and criminal justice (listed with the Associate Editors responsible):

Corrections and Criminal Justice Supervision in the Community (Doris

MacKenzie)

Courts, Sentencing, and the Judicial System (Leslie Sebba)

Police and Law Enforcement (Stephen Mastrofski)

Crimes, Criminals, and Victims (Alex Piquero)

vi Preface

Crime Places and Situations (Cynthia Lum)

Explanations for Criminal Behavior (Sally Simpson)

History of Criminology (all Associate Editors and Editors-in-Chief)

Data, Methods, and Statistics (Arjan Blokland and Dan Nagin)

Social Interventions and Prevention (Gwladys Gillieron & Martin Killias)

Forensics and Forensic Science Investigative Psychology (Peter Neyroud)

Psychology of Law (Karen Amendola)

Every section defines a number of areas of research (a total of 111), and

consequently a number of relevant topics or articles that are included as

entries (579). The entries are arranged in alphabetical order. Each entry

provides an overview of what is covered, followed by a short list of suggested

readings and references. All entries have been reviewed, first by the Area

Editors, then by the Associate Editors, and finally by the Editors-in-Chief.

Not all of the articles submitted could be accepted into the Encyclopedia, as is

the case with other academic work that is reviewed. We very much appreciate

the efforts of all of our authors, who have truly produced an important work in

criminology and criminal justice.

Acknowledgements

As the reader can imagine, this ten volume Encyclopedia of Criminology andCriminal Justice is a work that involves the collaborative efforts of many

people. In the 18th century, Dennis Diderot and Jean le Rond d’Alembert

published between 1751 and 1772 the first encyclopedia on science with

the assistance of hundreds of scholars. It consisted of 28 volumes with

60,000 articles on all imaginable topics of the natural sciences. The editors

themselves contributed 6,000 articles. This Encyclopedia is also a joint effort

of many people.

When David Weisburd was approached by Springer, he invited Gerben

Bruinsma to join him as Editor-in-Chief. We contributed equally to the

Encyclopedia, explaining the alphabetical order of our names. We had the

magnificent support of a group of 12 Associate Editors, all renowned experts

in their fields. They organized their section by defining the areas of research

and used their extended professional network to contact the 111 Area Editors.

We owe them very much for their efforts: Karen Amendola (Police Founda-

tion), Arjan Blokland (NSCR), Gwladys Gillieron (Distance Learning Uni-

versity Switzerland, Brig, Switzerland), Martin Killias (KRC Killias

Research & Consulting SA), Cynthia Lum (George Mason University),

Doris MacKenzie (Penn State University), Stephen Mastrofski (George

Mason University), Daniel Nagin (Carnegie Mellon University), Peter

Neyroud (Cambridge University), Alex Piquero (The University of Texas at

Dallas), Leslie Sebba (The Hebrew University), and Sally Simpson

(University of Maryland). We also would like to thank the 111 Area Editors

who selected the authors and reviewed the papers in their areas. Their names

are listed separately in this Encyclopedia. Lastly, we are grateful to all our

authors who contributed with scholarly entries to the Encyclopedia. It is their

Preface vii

collective effort and expertise that has made the publication of Springer’s

Encyclopedia of Criminology and Criminal Justice a successful enterprise.

A special word of gratitude is for the staff of the publisher, Springer. Many

people have contributed to the Encyclopedia from its inception through its

production. We thank them all for their wonderful work. But some Springer

staff deserve special mention. Welmoed Spahr, Executive Editor, Social and

Behavioral Sciences, and Katie Chabalko, Criminology Editor, supported us

from the beginning to the end of the project often going much beyond their

obligations to ensure the academic quality of the work. Without Saskia Ellis,

the project manager, this project would never have been finished, or at least

would not have come out in a timely manner. She was a power house in

moving the Encyclopedia along, and worked closely with us in bringing

this major project to completion. To the literally hundreds of people who

worked on this project we thank you all, and hope that you are very pleased

with the scope and quality of Springer’s Encyclopedia of Criminology andCriminal Justice.

May 2013 Gerben Bruinsma

Netherlands Institute for the Study of

Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR)

(Amsterdam, The Netherlands) & VU

University Amsterdam (Amsterdam, The Netherlands)

David Weisburd

Department of Criminology, Law and Society,

George Mason University (Fairfax, VA, USA) &

Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University (Jerusalem, Israel)

viii Preface

Editors-in-Chief

Gerben Bruinsma Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law

Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Professor Dr. Gerben Bruinsma is, since 1999, director of the Netherlands

Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR) in

Amsterdam, a national research institute of the National Organization for

Scientific Research (NWO). He is also, since 2009, professor of environmen-

tal criminology at VU University Amsterdam. In the past he has held posi-

tions as professor of criminology at Twente University and Leiden

University. He studied sociology and criminology at Utrecht University and

finished his doctoral dissertation Crime as a Social Process: A Test of the

Differential Association Theory in the Version of K-D- Opp at the Radboud

University Nijmegen. In the 1990s he co-founded the International Police

Institute at Twente University. He was president of the Dutch Society of

Criminology and one of the founding fathers of the European Society of

Criminology, editor or editorial board member of various journals, and has

held a great number of advisory and board positions in the field of police and

criminal justice. In 2009, he received the Freda Adler Distinguished Interna-

tional Scholar Award of the Division of International Criminology of the

American Society of Criminology (ASC). He has researched and published

on juvenile delinquency, organised crime, spatial distributions of crime,

police theory, and methodological issues. He has published more than

100 articles, 30 books, and 60 book chapters. His current interests are

geographical, theoretical, and historical criminology.

ix

David Weisburd Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George

Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

David Weisburd is Distinguished Professor of Criminology, Law and Society

at George Mason University (and Director of its Center for Evidence Based

Crime Policy) and Walter E. Meyer Professor of Law and Criminal Justice at

The Hebrew University, Faculty of Law in Jerusalem. He also serves as

Senior Fellow at the Police Foundation in Washington, DC and is Chair of

its Research Advisory Committee. ProfessorWeisburd is an elected Fellow of

the American Society of Criminology and of the Academy of Experimental

Criminology. He is a member of the Science Advisory Board of the Office of

Justice Programs (USA), the Steering Committee of the Campbell Crime and

Justice Group, the Harvard Executive Session in Policing, and the Committee

on Law and Justice of the National Research Council (National Academy of

Sciences, USA). Professor Weisburd is one of the leading international

researchers in crime and justice. He is author or editor of more than

20 books and more than 100 scientific articles that cover a wide range of

criminal justice research topics, including crime at place, violent crime, white

collar crime, policing, illicit markets, criminal justice statistics, and social

deviance. Professor Weisburd is editor of the Journal of Experimental Crim-

inology and sits on many journal editorial boards, including Evaluation

Review, the Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, and the Journalof Quantitative Criminology. He is the 2008 recipient of the Joan McCord

Award from the Academy of Experimental Criminology, the 2010 recipient

of the Stockholm Prize in Criminology, and the 2011 recipient of the Klachky

Prize for the Advancement of the Frontiers of Science. In 2011, he was chosen

by a committee of the Israeli Academy of the Sciences and Humanities as a

recipient of the Minister’s Prize for Outstanding Immigrant Scientists.

x Editors-in-Chief

Associate Editors

Karen L. Amendola Police Foundation, Washington, DC, USA

Subject Area: Psychology of Law

Arjan A. J. Blokland Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law


Department of Criminology and Criminal Law, Leiden University, Leiden,

The Netherlands

Subject Area: Data, Methods, and Statistics

Gwladys Gillieron Distance Learning University Switzerland, Brig,

Switzerland

Subject Area: Social Interventions and Prevention

Martin Killias KRC Killias Research & Consulting SA, Lenzburg,

Switzerland

Subject Area: Social Interventions and Prevention

Cynthia Lum Department of Criminology, Law and Society, GeorgeMason

University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Subject Area: Crime Places and Situations

Doris L. MacKenzie The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,

PA, USA

Subject Area: Corrections and Criminal Justice Supervision in the Community

Stephen D. Mastrofski George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA

Subject Area: Police and Law Enforcement

Daniel S. Nagin Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Subject Area: Data, Methods and Statistics

Peter Neyroud University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Subject Area: Forensic and Investigative Psychology

Alex R. Piquero Department of Criminology, The University of Texas at

Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

Subject Area: Crimes, Criminals and Victims

Leslie Sebba Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew

University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

Subject Area: Courts, Sentencing and the Judicial System

Sally S. Simpson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice,

University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Subject Area: Explanations for Criminal Behavior

xi

Area Editors

Michael G. Aamodt DCI Consulting Group, Inc., Washington, DC, USA

Subject Area: Psychology and Policing

Robert Agnew Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta,

GA, USA

Subject Area: Strain Theories

Mimi Ajzenstadt Rothberg International School, The Hebrew University,

Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

Subject Area: Archival and Historical Methods


Subject Area: Detection of Deception

Martin A. Andresen School of Criminology, Institute for Canadian Urban

Research Studies, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

Subject Area: Predictive Models and Geographic Profiling

Robert Apel School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ,

USA

Subject Area: Quasi-experimental Methods

Gaylene S. Armstrong College of Criminal Justice, Correctional

Management Institute of Texas Sam Houston State University, Huntsville,

TX, USA

Subject Area: Prisons and Jails Including Correctional Management

Nachman Ben-Yehuda Department of Sociology and Anthropology, The

Hebrew University, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

Subject Area: Labeling Theories

Michael L. Benson School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Subject Area: White Collar

Catrien Bijleveld Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law

Enforcement, NSCR, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Subject Area: Multivariate Analyses

xiii

Ingrid A. Binswanger Division of General Internal Medicine and Division

of Substance Dependence, University of Colorado School of Medicine,

Aurora, CO, USA

Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA

Subject Area: Health and Corrections/Medical Issues

Daniel Birks ARC Center of Excellence in Policing and Security, CEPS,

Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia

Subject Area: Simulation Models

DonnaM. Bishop School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern

University, Boston, MA, USA

Subject Area: Juvenile Crime

Erhard Blankenburg Emeritus Professor, Faculty of Law, VU University,

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Subject Area: Legal Change, Regulation, and Compliance

Kate J. Bowers Department of Security and Crime Science, Jill Dando

Institute of Crime Science, University College London, London, UK

Subject Area: Crime Specialization and Concentrations

Robert Brame Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Univer-

sity of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

Subject Area: Criminal Careers and Selection Models

Marjie Britz College of Business and Behavioural Science, Clemson

University, Clemson, SC, USA

Subject Area: New Horizons for Forensics




Subject Area: Organized Crime

Catherine Burton Department of Criminal Justice, The Citadel, Charleston,

SC, USA

Subject Area: New Horizons for Forensics

Julia L. Carrano School of Public Affairs, AmericanUniversity,Washington,

DC, USA

Subject Area: Wrongful Convictions

Janet Chan Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Sydney,

NSW, Australia

Subject Area: Technology and Policing

Steven M. Chermak School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State

University, East Lansing, MI, USA

National Consortium for the Studies of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism

(START)

Subject Area: Media

xiv Area Editors

Heith Copes University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,

USA

Subject Area: Property Crime

Gary Cordner Department of Criminal Justice, Kutztown University,

Kutztown, PA, USA

Subject Area: Specialized Police Functions

Robert D. Crutchfield University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Subject Area: Disorganization

Michael R. Davis Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Monash

University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Subject Area: Forensic Psychology

Matthew DeMichelle Justice Center for Research, Department of

Sociology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA

Subject Area: Comparative Corrections

James M. Doyle Independent Researcher, Carney & Bassil, Boston, MA,

USA

Subject Area: History of Psychology and Law

Frieder D€unkel Faculty of Law, University of Greifswald, Greifswald,

Germany

Subject Area: Alternative/Community Sanctions

Laura Dugan Department of Criminology, University ofMaryland, College

Park, MD, USA

Subject Area: History of Methods and Statistics

Jennifer Dysart Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal

Justice, New York, NY, USA

Subject Area: Eyewitnesses

Henk Elffers Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law


Subject Area: Simulation Models

Lee Ellis Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of

Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Malaysia

Subject Area: Biosocial Theoretical

Robin Engel School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Subject Area: Police Discretion and its Control

Horst Entorf Department of Economics and Business Administration,

Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany

Subject Area: General Deterrence & General Prevention

David P. Farrington Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, UK

Subject Area: Psychological Theories

Area Editors xv

James O. Finckenauer School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University,

Newark, NJ, USA

Subject Area: Comparative Definitions

James Frank School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati,

OH, USA

Subject Area: Criminal Investigations

David O. Friedrichs Department of Sociology/Criminal Justice, University

of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA

Subject Area: Political-State Crime

Lior Gideon Department of Law, Police Science and Criminal Justice

Administration, John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA

Subject Area: History of Corrections and Punishment

Charlotte E. Gill Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason


Subject Area: Probation and Parole

Denise C. Gottfredson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice,


Subject Area: School-based Prevention

Jack R. Greene School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern


Subject Area: Police Management and Leadership

Matthew Hall School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Subject Area: Victims in Criminal Procedure

Roger A. Hanson National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA,

USA

Subject Area: Culture and Organisation of the Courts

Nathan Harris Regulatory Institutions Network, Australian National

University, Acton, ACT, Australia

Subject Area: Shaming, Defiance, Procedural Justice

Badi Hasisi Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew Univer-

sity, Mt. Scopus, Jerusalem, Israel

Subject Area: Policing Terrorism and Homeland Security

Julie Hibdon Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Southern

Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

Subject Area: Geographic Study of Crime

Joshua C. Hinkle Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology,

Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Subject Area: Social and Physical Disorder

Tony Hoskin Criminology Program, The University of Texas of the Perm-

ian Basin, Odessa, TX, USA

Subject Area: Biosocial Theoretical

xvi Area Editors

Shane D. Johnson Department of Security and Crime Science, University

College London, London, UK

Subject Area: Crime Specialization and Concentrations

Gerry Johnstone Law School, University of Hull, Hull, UK

Subject Area: Restorative Justice

Darrick Jolliffe School of Law, University of Greenwich, London, UK

Subject Area: Early Prevention and Interventions in Families

Martin Killias KRC Killias Research & Consulting SA, Lenzburg,

Switzerland

Subject Area: Evidence Based Policy

David Klinger Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University

of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Subject Area: Police Organization and Culture

Christopher S. Koper Department of Criminology, Law and Society,

George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Subject Area: Police Strategies and Practices

Marvin Krohn Department of Sociology and Criminology and Law, Uni-

versity of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Subject Area: Self-control Theories

Candace Kruttschnitt Centre for Criminology and Sociolegal Studies,

University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Subject Area: Feminist Theories

Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State Univer-

sity, East Lansing, MI, USA

Subject Area: Police Abuse of Authority

Gary LaFree National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and

Responses to Terrorism (START), University of Maryland, College Park,

MD, USA

Subject Area: Terrorism

Tapio Lappi-Sepp€al€a National Research Institute of Legal Policy, Helsinki,

Finland

Subject Area: Incapacitation

Brian Lawton Criminology, Law and Society, College of Humanities and

Social Sciences, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Subject Area: Criminology of Crime Places/History and Context of Crimeand Specific Crimes, Specific Places

Michael Levi Centre for Crime, Law and Justice at Cardiff School of Social

Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK

Subject Area: Explanations for White-collar and Corporate Crime

Area Editors xvii

Rolf Loeber Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,

PA, USA

Subject Area: Longitudinal Designs



Subject Area: Units of Analysis

Patrick Lussier Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada

Subject Area: Sex Offenders

Ineke Haen Marshall Department of Sociology & Anthropology and

School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University,

Boston, MA, USA

Subject Area: Self-report Methodology

Matt Matravers Morrell Centre for Toleration, University of York, York,

UK

Subject Area: Sentencing Philosophy

Rob I. Mawby University of South Wales, Newport, South Wales, UK

Department of Natural Sciences, University of Gloucestershire,

Cheltenham, UK

Subject Area: Comparative and International Policing

Lorraine Mazerolle The Institute for Social Science Research, University

of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia

Subject Area: Third Party Policing

Paul Mazerolle Arts, Education, and Law, Griffith University, Griffith,

QLD, Australia

Subject Area: Specialization

JeanMcGloin Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University

of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Subject Area: Co-offending

Tracey L. Meares Yale Law School, Yale University, New Haven, CT,

USA

Subject Area: Law and the Police

Guus Meershoek Department of Management and Governance, University

of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

Police Academy, Apeldoorn, The Netherlands

Subject Area: Police History

Robert Meier School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of

Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA

Subject Area: Moral Crimes

Ruth M. Morgan Security and Crime Science, University College London,

London, UK

Subject Area: Identification

xviii Area Editors


Subject Area: Systematic Observation and Visual Representation

Roger B. Parks Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA

Subject Area: Police Performance

Stephan Parmentier Leuven Institute of Criminology, University of

Leuven, Leuven, Belgium

Subject Area: International Criminal Justice

Raymond Paternoster Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice,


Subject Area: Rational Choice/Deterrance and Developmental Statistical

Methods

Ken Pease Jill Dando Institute, University College London, London, UK

Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK

Subject Area: History of Social Interventions and Prevention

Anthony Petrosino Learning Innovations, WestEd, Woburn, MA, USA

Subject Area: Experimental Methods



Subject Area: Violence

Paul Ponsaers Faculty of Law, Research Group SVA, Ghent University,

Ghent, Belgium

Subject Area: Police and Community

Paul Roberts School of Law, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Subject Area: Forensics and the Criminal Trial Process

Dennis Rosenbaum Department of Criminal Justice, University of Illinois

at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Subject Area: Police Legitimacy

Dawn L. Rothe Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Domin-

ion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Subject Area: Political-state Crime

David B. Rottman National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA,

USA

Subject Area: Alternative Courts and Procedures

Wenona Rymond-Richmond Department of Sociology, University of

Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

Subject Area: Violations Human Rights

Martin D. Schwartz George Washington University, Washington, DC,

USA

Subject Area: Critical Criminology

Area Editors xix



Subject Area: Sentencing and the Judicial System - Miscellaneous topics

Sally S. Simpson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer-

sity of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Subject Area: Social Learning and History of Criminological Theory and

Routine Activity Theory

Alette Smeulers Department of Criminal Law, Tilburg University, Tilburg,

The Netherlands

Subject Area: International Criminal Justice

Nigel South Department of Sociology, University of Essex, Colchester,

Essex, UK

Subject Area: Environmental-green

Cyrus Tata Law School, Strathclyde University, Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Subject Area: Sentencing Processes

Faye S. Taxman Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University,

Fairfax, VA, USA

Subject Area: Rehabilitation, Recidivism, and “What Works” and Health and

Corrections/Medical Issues

Terrance J. Taylor Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice,

University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Subject Area: Juvenile Gangs

William J. Tilstone Centre for Forensic Science, University of Strathclyde,

Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Subject Area: History and Evolution and Forensic Science

George Tita Department of Criminology, Law and Society, University of

California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Subject Area: Network Analysis

Michael Townsley School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith

University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Subject Area: Geographical Information System and Spatial Statistics

Andromachi Tseloni School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent Univer-

sity, Nottingham, UK

Subject Area: Victimization

Jan J. Van Dijk Human Security and Safety International Victimology

Institute, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands

Subject Area: Victimization Survey

Vere M. van Koppen VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Neth-

erlands

Subject Area: Organized Crime

xx Area Editors

Antoinette Verhage Faculty of Law, Research Group SVA, Ghent Univer-

sity, Ghent, Belgium

Subject Area: Police and Community




Subject Area: Experimental Methods

Celine Weyermann Institut de Police Scientifique (IPS), University of

Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Subject Area: Scientific Quality and Forensic Science

Per-Olof H. Wikstrom Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, UK

Subject Area: Developmental Theories

James J. Willis Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George


Subject Area: Political Systems and Policing

David B. Wilson Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George


Subject Area: Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses

Richard Wortley Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science,

University College London, London, UK

Subject Area: Situational Crime Prevention

Sue-Ming Yang Department of Criminology, National Chung Cheng

University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan

Subject Area: Criminal Careers of Places

Area Editors xxi

Contributors

Michael G. Aamodt DCI Consulting Group, Inc., Washington, DC, USA

Howard Abadinsky St. John’s University, New York, USA

Lynn A. Addington Department of Justice, Law, and Society, American

University, Washington, DC, USA

Marcelo F. Aebi School of Criminal Sciences, Institute of Criminology and

Criminal Law, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Robert Agnew Department of Sociology, Emory University, Atlanta,

GA, USA

Gracie Aguilar Spring, TX, USA

Cyrus Ahalt Division of Geriatrics, University of California San Francisco,

San Francisco, CA, USA

Melissa Alexander US District Court, North Carolina Middle Probation

Office, USA

Tracy Alexander Cold Case Investigation, LGC Forensics, Abingdon, UK

Laurence Alison University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Rob Allen Justice and Prisons

Tim Allen Department International development, London School of

Economics and Political Science, London, UK

Paul Almond School of Law, University of Reading, UK

Anna Alvazzi del Frate Small Arms Survey, Geneva, Switzerland

Kai Ambos Department of Foreign and International Criminal Law,

Institute for Criminal Law and Justice, Georg-August-Universit€at Gottingen,Gottingen, Germany


Gail S. Anderson School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University,

Burnaby, BC, Canada

Martin A. Andresen School of Criminology, Institute for Canadian Urban

Research Studies, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, Canada

xxiii

Donald L. Anthony Program in Community Research and Action, Peabody

College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA

Robert Apel School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark,

NJ, USA

Carol A. Archbold Department of Criminal Justice and Political Science,

North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA

Fabio Arcila Jr. Touro Law Center, Central Islip, NY, USA

Barak Ariel Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Shawn Armbrust Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project, American University,

Washington, DC, USA

Rachel Armitage Applied Criminology Centre, University of Huddersfield,

Huddersfield, UK

Gaylene S. Armstrong College of Criminal Justice, Correctional Manage-

ment Institute of Texas, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA

Louise Aronson Division of Geriatrics, University of California San

Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Bruce A. Arrigo Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Univer-


Cassandra A. Atkin-Plunk Sam Houston State University, Huntsville,

TX, USA

Leena Augimeri Centre for Children Commiting Offenses, Child Develop-

ment Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

Barbara A. Babb Center for Families, Children and the Courts, University

of Baltimore School of Law, Baltimore, MD, USA

Tom Barker Department of Criminal Justice, College of Justice and Safety,

Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY, USA

Stephen W. Baron Department of Sociology, Queen’s University,

Kingston, ON, Canada

Kelle Barrick RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

David G. Barrie Discipline Group of History, The University of Western

Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

Jennifer L. Beaudry Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne,

Australia

Eric Beauregard School of Criminology, Simon Fraser University,

Burnaby, BC, Canada

xxiv Contributors

KevinM. Beaver School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State

University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Center for Social and Humanities Research, King Abdulaziz University,

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Ryan Bell Australian Centre for Arson Research and Treatment, Bond

University, Robina, QLD, Australia

Roberta Belli UNDSS Somalia SIOC, Springette, Spring Valley,

Nairobi, Kenya

Jyoti Belur University College London, London, UK

Craig Bennell Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa,

Canada

Christopher Bennett Department of Philosophy, University of Sheffield,

Sheffield, UK

Jessica Bennett JB National Investigations, Fairmont, WV, USA

Sarah Bennett Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in

Policing and Security (ARC), Institute for Social Science Research (ISSR),

The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Michael L. Benson School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Richard A. Berk Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania,

Philadelphia, PA, USA

Giulia Berlusconi Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore and Transcrime,

Milan, Italy

Wim Bernasco Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law


Department of Spatial Economics, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam,

The Netherlands

Jon Gunnar Bernburg Faculty of the Social and Human Sciences,

University of Iceland, Reykjavık, Iceland

Heather Y. Bersot Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology,

University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

Alex Biedermann School of Criminal Justice, Institute of Forensic Science,

University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Ingrid A. Binswanger Division of General Internal Medicine and Division

of Substance Dependence, University of Colorado School of Medicine,

Aurora, CO, USA

Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA

Ivan Birch The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

Contributors xxv

Daniel Birks ARC Center of Excellence in Policing and Security, CEPS,

Griffith University, Brisbane, Australia

Donna M. Bishop School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeast-

ern University, Boston, MA, USA

Beth Bjerregaard Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology,


Marc Le Blanc School of Criminology and School of Psychoeducation,

Universite de Montreal and Boscoville 2000, Montreal, QC, Canada

Emmanuel Blanchard Centre de Recherches Sociologiques sur le Droit et

les Institutions Penales (CESDIP), Universite de Versailles, Guyancourt,

France

Stephen Bleay Centre for Applied Science and Technology, Home Office

Science, Sandridge, Hertfordshire, UK

Marieke Bloembergen KITLV, Leiden, The Netherlands

Arjan A. J. Blokland Department of Criminology and Criminal Law,

Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

The Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement

(NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Ulf Bockenholt Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA

Dankmar Bohning Statistical Sciences Research Institute, University of

Southampton, Southampton, UK

Danielle Boisvert College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State

University, Huntsville, TX, USA

Christian L. Bolden Criminal Justice, Loyola University New Orleans,

New Orleans, LA, USA

Robert Boruch Graduate School of Education, University of Pennsylvania,


Ilaria Bottigliero International Development Law Organization (IDLO),

Rome, Italy

Anthony Bottoms University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Leana A. Bouffard College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State


Kate J. Bowers Department of Security and Crime Science, University


Jordan Bowman William &Mary School of Law, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Ben Bradford Centre for Criminology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

xxvi Contributors

Catherine P. Bradshaw Johns Hopkins Center for the Prevention of Youth

Violence, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore,

MD, USA

Elizabeth A. Bradshaw Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social

Work, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, MI, USA

Anthony A. Braga School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark,

NJ, USA

Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

Valerie Braithwaite Regulatory Institutions Network (RegNet), The

Australian National University, Acton, ACT, Australia

Robert Brame Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Univer-


StevenG. Brandl Department of Criminal Justice, University ofWisconsin-

Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA

Kathleen F. Brickey Washington University School of Law, Washington

University, St. Louis, MO, USA

Avi Brisman School of Justice Studies, Eastern Kentucky University,

Richmond, KY, USA

Chester L. Britt School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern


Ton Broeders Faculty of Law, Institute for Criminal Law and Criminology,

Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Eileen M. Brooks College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University,

Boston, MA, USA

Jennifer Brown Mannheim Centre, Department of Social Policy, London

School of Economics, London, UK

Kenly Brown Department of Sociology, University of California, Santa

Barbara, CA, USA

Michelle Brown Department of Sociology, University of Tennessee,

Knoxville, TN, USA

Angela Browne Vera Institute of Justice, Washington, DC, USA

Christopher R. Browning Department of Sociology, The Ohio State

University, Columbus, OH, USA

Daniel Brown-Kenyon Institute for Social Science Research, Policing and

Security, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Henry H. Brownstein NORC at The University of Chicago, Bethesda,

MD, USA

Contributors xxvii




Mark Brunger Department of Law and Criminal Justice, Canterbury Christ

Church University, Canterbury, Kent, UK

Vaughn M. Bryant Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M University,

College Station, TX, USA

Michael E. Buerger Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green,

OH, USA

Peter A. Bull Oxford University Centre for the Environment, University of

Oxford, Oxford, UK

Christina L. Bullard University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton,

SC, USA

Amanda Burgess-Proctor Criminal Justice, Oakland University,

Rochester, MI, USA

Alafair S. Burke Maurice A. Deane School of Law, Hofstra University,

Hempstead, NY, USA

William D. Burrell Lawrenceville, NJ, USA

Shawn D. Bushway School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State

University of New York, Albany, NY, USA

Mark Button University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

Kathleen A. Cagney Departments of Sociology and Health Studies,

The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Francesco Calderoni Transcrime, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore,

Milan, Italy

Jesse Cale Key Centre for Ethics, Law, Justice and Governance, Griffith


Rob Canton Community and Criminal Justice, Health and Life Sciences,

De Montfort University, Leicester, UK

I. Bennett Capers Brooklyn Law School, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Joel M. Caplan School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University, Newark,

NJ, USA

Elaine Carey Department of History, St. John’s University, Queens,

NY, USA

Peter J. Carrington Department of Sociology and Legal Studies, Univer-

sity of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada

Richard F. Catalano Social Development Research Group, University of

Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

xxviii Contributors

Michael Caudy Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University,

Fairfax, VA, USA

Breanne Cave George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Javier A. Cepeda Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS and

Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale School of Public

Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Spencer Chainey Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science,


William J. Chambliss George Washington University, Washington, DC,

USA

Steven L. Chanenson School of Law, Villanova University, Villanova,

PA, USA

David Charlton Surrey and Sussex Police Forensic Services, School of

Applied Sciences, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth, UK

Ali Chaudhary Department of Sociology, University of California Davis,

Davis, CA, USA

Jorge M. Chavez Department of Sociology, Bowling Green State

University, Bowling Green, OH, USA

Jehanzeb Cheema University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana,

IL, USA

StevenM. Chermak School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University,

East Lansing, MI, USA


(START), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Stephen Chicoine Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina,

Columbia, SC, USA

Yi-Ning Chiu School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith Univer-

sity, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Brendan C. Clark Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology,

University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

Shawna Cleary School of Criminal Justice, University of Central Oklahoma,

Edmond, OK, USA

Stephen Clipper The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

Alison K. Cohen Health and Human Development Program, WestEd,

Oakland, CA, USA

Simon A. Cole Department of Criminology, Law & Society, University of

California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Contributors xxix

Steven Le Comber School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen

Mary, University of London, London, UK

Eric J. Connolly Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

David P. Connor Justice Administration, University of Louisville,

Louisville, KY, USA

Philip J. Cook Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham,

NC, USA

NBER, Cambridge, MA, USA

David J. Cooke Glasgow Caledonian University, Glasgow, UK

University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

Barry S. Cooper The Forensic Alliance, The University of British

Columbia, Simon Fraser University and The Forensic Psychiatric Services

Commission, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Heith Copes University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

Gary Cordner Department of Criminal Justice, Kutztown University,

Kutztown, PA, USA

Nicholas Corsaro School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Marina L. Costanzo University of Colorado Colorado Springs, Colorado

Springs, CO, USA

Mark A. Costanzo Department of Psychology, Claremont McKenna

College, Claremont, CA, USA

Stacy De Coster Department of Sociology and Anthropology, North

Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA

Hazel Croall School of Business and Society, Glasgow Caledonian

University, Glasgow, UK

Karen L. Cropsey Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology,

University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

Robert D. Crutchfield University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Maarten Cruyff Department of Methodology and Statistics, Utrecht

University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Kelly R. Damphousse University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA

Andrew L. B. Davies School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany,

State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA

Jacqueline Davis Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in



xxx Contributors

Jason Davis Criminal Justice, Clayton State University, Morrow, GA, USA

Michael R. Davis Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Monash


Robert C. Davis RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA

Pascal Decarpes University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany

Mathieu Deflem Department of Sociology, University of South Carolina,

Columbia, SC, USA

Walter S. DeKeseredy Institute of Technology, University of Ontario,

ON, Canada

Matt DeLisi Criminal Justice Studies, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA

Olivier Delemont Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne,

Lausanne, Switzerland

Quentin Deluermoz Quentin Deluermoz, Universite Paris 13, Sorbonne

Paris Cite, CRESC/Pleiade, Paris, France

MatthewDeMichele Justice Center for Research, Department of Sociology,

Penn State University, University Park, PA

Roger L. Depue FBI Retired

James H. Derzon Battelle Memorial Institute, Centers for Public Health

Research and Evaluation, Arlington, VA, USA

Rashaan A. DeShay School of Economic, Political, and Policy Sciences,

The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

Jan Van Dijk Human Security and Safety International Victimology

Institute, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands

Anja J. E. Dirkzwager Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and

Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Sandra Ferrari Disner Department of Linguistics, University of Southern

California, Los Angeles, CA, USA

David Dixon Faculty of Law, University of New South Wales, Sydney,

NSW, Australia

Jo Dixon Department of Sociology, New York University, New York,

NY, USA

Jonathan Doak Durham Law School, Durham University, Durham, UK

Rebecca Emerson Dobash School of Law, University of Manchester,

Manchester, UK

School of Social Justice and Inquiry, Arizona State University, Glendale,

AZ, USA

Centre for Law, Crime and Justice, School of Law, Strathclyde

University, Glasgow, Scotland

Contributors xxxi

Russell P. Dobash School of Law, University ofManchester,Manchester, UK

School of Social Justice and Inquiry, Arizona State University, Glendale,

AZ, USA

Centre for Law, Crime and Justice, School of Law, Strathclyde University,

Glasgow, Scotland

Mary Dodge School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado Denver,

Denver, CO, USA

Alan Doig International Development Department, The University of

Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK

Rebekah Doley Australian Centre for Arson Research and Treatment, Bond

University, Robina, QLD, Australia

Jennifer R. Dolin University of South Carolina Beaufort, Bluffton, SC, USA

Alfonso Donoso Instituto de Ciencia Polıtica, Pontificia Universidad

Catolica de Chile, Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile

James M. Doyle Independent Researcher, Carney & Bassil, Boston,

MA, USA

Francesco Drago University Federico II Naples and CSEF, Napoli, Italy

Kevin M. Drakulich School of Criminology and Criminal Justice,

Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

Kirstin Drenkhahn Department of Law, Freie Universitaet Berlin, Berlin,

Germany

Itiel E. Dror University College London and Cognitive Consultants

International, London, UK

Laura Dugan Department of Criminology, University ofMaryland, College

Park, MD, USA

Dora M. Dumont The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The

Miriam Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Frieder D€unkel Faculty of Law, University of Greifswald, Greifswald,

Germany

Ioan Durnescu Faculty of Sociology and Social Work, University of

Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Jennifer Dysart Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal

Justice, New York, NY, USA

Marleen Easton Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent

University, Ghent, Belgium

Ronald J. Eckert Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Villanova

University, Villanova, PA, USA

xxxii Contributors

Gary Edmond Network for Interdisciplinary Studies of Law (NISL),

School of Law, The University of New SouthWales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Nicole Egli Anthonioz School of Criminal Sciences, University of

Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Tomer Einat Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel

Bryan D. Eisentraut School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona

State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Manuel Eisner Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, UK

Paul Ekblom Design Against Crime Research Centre, Central Saint Martins

College of Arts and Design, University of the Arts London, London, UK

Gloria D. Eldridge Center for Behavioral Health Research and Services,

University of Alaska at Anchorage, Anchorage, AK, USA

Henk Elffers Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforce-

ment (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Anthony Ellis Department of Philosophy, Virginia Commonwealth Univer-

sity, Richmond, VA, USA

Lee Ellis Department of Anthropology and Sociology, University of

Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Malaysia

Graham Ellison Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, School of

Law, Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

V. H. Elmer College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University, Boston,

MA, USA

Katja Eman Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of

Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia

Traqina Q. Emeka University of Houston-Downtown, Houston, TX, USA

Clive Emsley Department of History, The Open University, Milton

Keynes, UK

Horst Entorf Department of Economics and Business Administration,


Edna Erez Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice, University of

Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Judith van Erp Erasmus School of Law, Criminology Department,

Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Alison Evans Cuellar George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Andrew Evans School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Jacqueline R. Evans The University of Texas at Tyler, Tyler, TX, USA

Contributors xxxiii

Martin Paul Evison Northumbria University Centre for Forensic Science,

Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK

Anne R. Van Ewijk Department of Political and Social Sciences, GRITIM

(Interdisciplinary Research Group on Immigration), Universitat Pompeu

Fabra, Barcelona, Spain

Samhoud, Utrecht, The Netherlands

M. Lyn Exum Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University

of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

Lorna Fadden Department of Linguistics, Simon Fraser University,

Burnaby, BC, Canada

Susan Fahey Criminal Justice Program, Richard Stockton College of

New Jersey, Galloway, NJ, USA

Seth W. Fallik College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University,

Huntsville, TX, USA

Graham Farrell Institute for Canadian Urban Research Studies and School

of Criminology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada

Stephen Farrall University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

David P. Farrington Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, UK

Katie Feavel School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State


Lynette Feder College of Health and Public Affairs, University of Central

Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Barry C. Feld University of Minnesota Law School, Minneapolis,

MN, USA

Marcus Felson School of Criminal Justice, Texas State University-San

Marcos, San Marcos, TX, USA

Roxana Ferllini Institute of Archaeology, University College London,

London, UK

April Fernandes University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA

Jeff Ferrell Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA

University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

Cassi L. Fields Fields Consulting Group, Inc., McLean, VA, USA

LeT Corporation

James O. Finckenauer School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University,

Newark, NJ, USA

xxxiv Contributors

Bonnie S. Fisher School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Victor Eugene Flango National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg,

VA, USA

John Flatley Crime Statistics and Analysis Division, Office for National

Statistics, London, UK

James Alan Fox School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern


Brian Francis Department of Maths and Statistics, Lancaster University,

Lancaster, UK

Joshua D. Freilich Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA


(START)

Steven J. Frenda University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Adrienne Freng Department of Criminal Justice, University of Wyoming,

Laramie, WY, USA

Kathleen Frey Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer-


Susan Friedman Mid-Atlantic Innocence Project, American University,

Washington, DC, USA

David O. Friedrichs Department of Sociology/Criminal Justice, University

of Scranton, Scranton, PA, USA

Katarina Fritzon Australian Centre for Arson Research and Treatment,

Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia

Trevor Fronius Learning Innovations, WestEd, Woburn, MA, USA

Adrian Furnham Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, Faculty

of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, UK

Vasco Furtado Graduate Program in Applied Informatics, University of

Fortaleza (Unifor), Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil

Robert E. Gaensslen Forensic Science Group, Department of Biopharma-

ceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago,

Chicago, IL, USA

Roberto Galbiati Department of Economics, CNRS-OSC and Sciences Po,

Paris, France

Shaun M. Gann School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Nuno Garoupa College of Law, University of Illinois at Urbana-

Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA

Contributors xxxv

Jacinta M. Gau Department of Criminal Justice, University of Central

Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Julie Gawrylowicz Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, Univer-

sity of London, Egham, UK

Gilbert Geis School of Social Ecology, University of California, Irvine,

Irvine, CA, USA

Karen Gelb Sentencing Advisory Council, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia

G. Geltner University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Charlotte Gerritsen Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law


Jennifer Gibbs West Chester University at Pennsylvania, West Chester,

PA, USA

Chris L. Gibson Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law,

University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA

Charlotte E. Gill Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy, George Mason


Gwladys Gillieron Distance Learning University Switzerland, Brig,

Switzerland

Svenja Gobbels Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

Toby S. Goldbach Cornell University Law School, Ithaca, NY, USA

Erich Goode Sociology Professor Emeritus, Stony Brook University, Stony

Brook, NY, USA

Alasdair M. Goodwill Department of Psychology, Ryerson University,

Toronto, BC, Canada

Denise C. Gottfredson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice,


Heather R. Gough School of Social Transformation, Arizona State

University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Ioanna Gouseti Department of Methodology, London School of Economics,

London, UK

Rick Grannis Department of Sociology, University of California, Irvine,

Irvine, CA, USA

Sarah Greathouse RAND Corporation, Arlington, VA, USA

Jack R. Greene School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern


B. K. Greener Politics Programme, School of People, Environment, and

Planning, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand

xxxvi Contributors

Chris Greer Department of Sociology, City University London, London, UK

Adam Gregory Serious Organised Crime Agency, London, UK

Elizabeth Griffiths School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University,

Newark, NJ, USA

Maria S. Grigoryeva Department of Sociology, University of Washington,

Seattle, WA, USA

Elizabeth R. Groff Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Garrett Grothoff School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Jeff Gruenewald Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University

of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

Ben Grunwald Department of Criminology, University of Pennsylvania,


Rob T. Guerette School of Criminal Justice, Florida International

University, Miami, FL, USA

Fiona Haines School of Social and Political Sciences, University of

Melbourne, VIC, Australia

Camilla Hald Danish National Police, Research & Development,

Copenhagen, Denmark

Matthew Hall School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Mark Hamm Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Indiana

State University, Terre Haute, IN, USA

Paula Hannaford-Agor Center for Jury Studies, National Center for State

Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Valerie P. Hans Cornell University Law School, Ithaca, NY, USA

Roger A. Hanson National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Bernard E. Harcourt Law School, The University of Chicago, Chicago,

IL, USA

Alon Harel Faculty of Law, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem,

Jerusalem, Israel

Rachel Harmon University of Virginia School of Law, Charlottesville, VA,

USA

Danielle Arlanda Harris Justice Studies, San Jose State University,

San Jose, CA, USA

Nathan Harris Regulatory Institutions Network, Australian National

University, Acton, ACT, Australia

Contributors xxxvii

Rita Haverkamp Max Planck Institute for Foreign and International

Criminal Law, Freibur, Germany

J. David Hawkins Social Development Research Group, University of


Dana L. Haynie Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University,

Columbus, OH, USA

Ðurđica Hazard School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne,


Bill Hebenton Centre for Criminology and Criminal Justice, School of Law,

University of Manchester, Manchester, UK

Jon Heidt School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of the

Fraser Valley, Abbotsford, BC, Canada

Peter G. M. van der Heijden Department of Methodology and Statistics,

Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

University of Southampton, Southampton, UK

Karen Heimer Department of Sociology, The University of Iowa, Iowa

City, IA, USA

AlanaHenninger John Jay College of Criminal Justice, NewYork, NY,USA

Bryn Ann Herrschaft Department of Research, Center for Court Innovation,

New York, NY, USA

Hugues F. Herve The Forensic Alliance, Port Moody, BC, Canada

Joshua C. Hinkle Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology,

Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA

Andreas von Hirsch Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK


Dick Hobbs University of Essex, Essex, UK

Andrew Hochstetler Department of Sociology, Iowa State University,

Ames, IA, USA

Barbora Hola Department of Criminology, VU University Amsterdam,


Simon Holdaway School of Law, Centre for Criminological Research, The

University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Meghan Hollis-Peel Northeastern University and University of Massachu-

setts, Boston, MA, USA

Kristy Holtfreter School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona


Robert Hopper JB National Investigations, Fairmont, WV, USA

xxxviii Contributors

Jonathan C. Hoskin Clemson Computing and Information Technology,

Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

Lawrence Houston The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,

PA, USA

L. Rowell Huesmann Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan,

Ann Arbor, MI, USA

Wim Huisman School of Criminology, VU University Amsterdam,


Jennifer C. Hunt Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA

Neil Hutton Centre for Law, Crime & Justice, School of Law, Strathclyde

University, Glasgow, Scotland

Jonathan Jackson Department of Methodology and Mannheim Centre for

Criminology, London School of Economics, London, UK

John D. Jackson School of Law, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Rick Jacobs Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University

and EB Jacobs, University Park, PA, USA

Sonia Jain Health and Human Development Program, WestEd, Oakland,

CA, USA

Jesse Jannetta Urban Institute, Washington, DC, USA

Fabien Jobard Centre de Recherches Sociologiques sur le Droit et les

Institutions Penales (CESDIP), CNRS, Guyancourt, France

Brian Johnson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer-


Shane D. Johnson Department of Security and Crime Science, University


Darrick Jolliffe School of Law, University of Greenwich, London, UK

Tal Jonathan-Zamir Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew

University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel

Susyan Jou Graduate School of Criminology, National Taipei University,

Taipei, Taiwan

Roberta Julian Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies, Univer-

sity of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia

Marianne Junger Twente University, Enschede, The Netherlands

Robert J. Kane Program in Criminal Justice, Drexel University, Philadel-

phia, PA, USA

Kristiina Kangaspunta United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime

(UNODC), Vienna, Austria

Contributors xxxix

TakhminaKarimova Geneva Academy of International Humanitarian Law

and Human Rights, Geneva, Switzerland

David Kauzlarich Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice Studies,

Southern Illinois University Edwardsville, Edwardsville, IL, USA

Lila Kazemian John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA

Ingo Keilitz CourtMetrics, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Gregory F. Kellermeyer Denver Health Medical Center and Division of

Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado

Denver School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA

George Kelling Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA

Christopher E. Kelly University at Albany, State University of New York,

Albany, NY, USA

Sally Kelty Tasmanian Institute of Law Enforcement Studies, University of

Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia

Jasper J. van der Kemp Department of Criminal Law and Criminology,


Leslie W. Kennedy School of Criminal Justice, Rutgers University,

Newark, NJ, USA

Sesha Kethineni Department of Criminal Justice Sciences, Illinois State

University, IL, USA

Stuart A. Kinner Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The

University of Melbourne and School of Public Health and Preventive

Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

School of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia

Janne Kivivuori Criminological Unit, National Research Institute of Legal

Policy, Helsinki, Finland

Gary Kleck College of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida State

University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Edward R. Kleemans VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The

Netherlands

MatthewKleiman National Center for State Courts,Williamsburg, VA, USA

Joanne Klein Department of History, Boise State University, Boise, ID, USA

Michel C. A. Klein Department of Computer Science, VU University

Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Ellen Klinkers KITLV, Leiden, The Netherlands

Melanie Klinkner Business School, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth,

Dorset, UK

xl Contributors

Paul Knepper School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Tammy Rinehart Kochel Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

Christopher S. Koper Department of Criminology, Law and Society,

George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Vere M. van Koppen VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The

Netherlands

Margo De Koster Vrije Universiteit Brussel, VU University, Brussels,

Belgium


Ronald C. Kramer Department of Sociology, Western Michigan

University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA

Derek A. Kreager Department of Sociology, The Pennsylvania State

University, University Park, PA, USA

Jonathan Allen Kringen School of Criminal Justice, Texas State Univer-

sity-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX, USA

Charis E. Kubrin Criminology, Law and Society, University of California,

Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Landon B. Kuester Centre for Research on Drugs and Health Behavior,

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK

Annette Kuhlmann University of Wisconsin, Baraboo, WI, USA

Margaret R. Kuklinski Social Development Research Group, University of


Megan C. Kurlychek School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany,


Helmut Kury University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany

Sanja Kutnjak Ivkovic School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State Univer-


Sharon Ingrid Kwok City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Peter van der Laan Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and

Law Enforcement (NSCR) and Faculty of Law, VU University Amsterdam,


Nicola Lacey All Souls College Oxford, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

Tapio Lappi-Sepp€al€a National Research Institute of Legal Policy, Helsinki,

Finland

A. Karl Larsen Forensic Science Group, Department of Biopharmaceutical

Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago,

IL, USA

Contributors xli

Edward J. Latessa School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Pamela K. Lattimore Crime, Violence, and Justice, RTI International,

Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

Andrew R. Laurence Department of Anthropology, Texas A&M Univer-

sity, College Station, TX, USA

Julia Lavenberg University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia,

Pennsylvania, USA

Christopher Lawless University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK

Paul Lawrence Department of History, The Open University, Milton

Keynes, UK

Victoria Z. Lawson Department of Psychology, John Jay College of

Criminal Justice and The Graduate Center, The City University of New

York, New York, NY, USA

William B. Lawson Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,

Howard University Health Sciences, Washington, DC, USA

Gloria Laycock Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science,


Benoit Leclerc School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith


Cynthia G. Lee National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Daniel R. Lee Department of Criminology, Indiana University of Pennsyl-

vania, Indiana, PA, USA

Michael J. Leiber Department of Criminology, University of South

Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Richard A. Leo University of San Francisco School of Law, San Francisco,

CA, USA

Chrysanthi Leon Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware,

Newark, DE, USA

Joanne van der Leun Department of Criminal Law and Criminology,

Faculty of Law, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands

S. C. Leung Scientific Consultancy Limited, Hong Kong, China

Kathy Levene Child Development Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

Michael Levi Centre for Crime, Law and Justice at Cardiff School of Social

Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, UK

Kay Levine Emory University School of Law, Atlanta, GA, USA

xlii Contributors

Marissa P. Levy School of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Richard

Stockton College of New Jersey, Galloway, NJ, USA

Claire Lightowler Institute for Research and Innovation in Social Services,

Glasgow, UK

Antonia Linde School of Criminal Sciences, Institute of Criminology

and Criminal Law, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland

Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain

Christine H. Lindquist Crime, Violence, and Justice, RTI International,

Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

Weiwei Liu NORC at The University of Chicago, Bethesda, MD, USA

Caleb D. Lloyd Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa,

ON, Canada

Shawnta L. Lloyd Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University,

Atlanta, GA, USA

T. Wing Lo City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong

Eric Lock Brigade de Police Technique et Scientifique, Police Cantonale,

Geneva, Switzerland

Rolf Loeber Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh,

PA, USA

Elizabeth F. Loftus University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

Ross London Berkeley College, New York, NY, USA

D. Kall Loper Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lyle

School of Engineering, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA

Nicholas Lord School of Social Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff,

Wales, UK

Friedrich Losel Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, UK

Institute of Psychology, University of Erlangen–Nuremberg, Erlangen,

Germany

Jennifer Eno Louden The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA

Thomas A. Loughran Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice,


Barry Loveday Institute of Criminal Justice Studies, University of

Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

Brian Lovins School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Contributors xliii

Christopher T. Lowenkamp Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts,

Washington, DC, USA

Hong Lu University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA

Douglas M. Lucas The Centre of Forensic Sciences Ontario, Burlington,

ON, Canada



Erik Luna Washington and Lee University School of Law, Washington and

Lee University, Lexington, VA, USA

Arthur J. Lurigio Department of Psychology, Loyola University Chicago,

Chicago, IL, USA

Patrick Lussier Laval University, Quebec City, QC, Canada

Stephanie Maass Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason Univer-

sity, Fairfax, VA, USA

Anna Macdonald Department of War Studies, King’s College London,

London, UK

John M. MacDonald Department of Criminology, University of Pennsyl-

vania, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Doris Layton MacKenzie Justice Center for Research, The Pennsylvania

State University, University Park, PA, USA

David Maimon Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer-


Nick Malleson School of Geography, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Michael D. Maltz Department of Sociology, Criminal Justice Research

Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA

Emeritus, Department of Criminal Justice and Department of Information and

Decision Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Sarah M. Manchak School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Matthew Manning School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith

University, Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia

Peter K. Manning College of Criminal Justice, Northeastern University,

Boston, MA, USA

Otwin Marenin Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology,

Washington State University, Pullman, WA, USA

Pierre Margot School of Criminal Justice, Institute of Forensic Science,


xliv Contributors

Ineke Haen Marshall Department of Sociology and Anthropology and

School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern University,

Boston, MA, USA

Shadd Maruna Queen’s University Belfast, Belfast, UK

Gary T.Marx Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge,MA, USA

Brent D. Mast Office of Policy Development and Research, U.S. Depart-

ment of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, USA

Sarah van Mastrigt Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences,

University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark

Giovanni Mastrobuoni Collegio Carlo Alberto, IZA, Netspar, Moncalieri,

Italy

Stephen D. Mastrofski George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA

Katherine E. Masyn Harvard Graduate School of Education, Cambridge,

MA, USA

Matt Matravers Morrell Centre for Toleration, University of York,

York, UK

Kristy N. Matsuda Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of

Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Ross L. Matsueda Department of Sociology, University of Washington,

Seattle, WA, USA

Rick A. Matthews Carthage College, Kenosha, WI, USA

Roger Matthews University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK

Rob I. Mawby University of South Wales, Newport, South Wales, UK

Department of Natural Sciences, University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham,UK

David May Mississippi State University, MS, USA

Pat Mayhew Crime and Justice Research Centre, Victoria University of

Wellingon, Wellington, New Zealand

Lorraine Mazerolle Institute for Social Science Research, The University

of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Paul Mazerolle Arts, Education, and Law, Griffith University, Griffith,

QLD, Australia

Logan M. McBride The Graduate Center, The City University of

New York, New York, NY, USA

James T. McCafferty Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice,

Kennesaw State University, Kennesaw, GA, USA

Bill McCarthy Department of Sociology, University of California, Davis,

Davis, CA, USA

Contributors xlv

Ron McCarthy Director Emeritus, National Tactical Officers Association,

Los Angeles Police Department (Retired), Doylestown, PA, USA

Carole McCartney School of Law, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Richard McCleary School of Social Ecology, University of California,

Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

John D. McCluskey Department of Criminal Justice, Rochester Institute of

Technology, Rochester, NY, USA

Jude McCulloch Arts Faculty, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria,

Australia

David McDowall School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State


Jenny McEwan School of Law, Exeter University, Exeter, Devon, UK

Troy McEwan Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Monash Univer-

sity and the Victorian Institute of Forensic Mental Health, Melbourne,

Australia

Edmund F. McGarrell School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State Univer-


James McGuire Institute of Psychology, Health, and Society, Division of

Clinical Psychology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Sarah J. McLean John F. Finn Institute for Public Safety, Inc., Albany,

NY, USA

Fergus McNeill Scottish Centre for Crime and Justice Research, University

of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

Tracey L. Meares Yale Law School, Yale University, NewHaven, CT, USA

Robert T. Meesig Melbourne, FL, USA

Robert Meier School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University of

Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA

Christian A.Meissner TheUniversity of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX,USA

Amina Memon Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of

London, Egham, UK

Guadalupe Mendiola-Washington University of Houston-Downtown,

Houston, TX, USA

Wyatt Merritt University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA

Gorazd Mesko Faculty of Criminal Justice and Security, University of

Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia

Lauren C. Messina Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University,

Atlanta, GA, USA

xlvi Contributors

Steven F.Messner Department of Sociology, Arts, and Sciences, University

at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, NY, USA

Silke Meyer Institute for Social Science Research, The University of

Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia

Tom Mijares Texas State University-San Marcos, San Marcos, TX, USA

Erin Miller University of Maryland/START Consortium, College Park,

MD, USA

AndrewMillie Department of Law and Criminology, Edge Hill University,

Ormskirk, Lancashire, UK

Ojmarrh Mitchell Department of Criminology, University of South

Florida, Tampa, FL, USA

Terrie E. Moffitt Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychia-

try, and Behavioral Sciences, Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke

University, Durham, NC, USA

J. Monckton-Smith University of Gloucestershire, Cheltenham, UK

George T. Monteleone Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience, The

University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Kathryn D. Morgan Department of Justice Sciences, The University of

Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

RuthM.Morgan Security and Crime Science, University College London,

London, UK

Christine Morgenstern Ernst Moritz Arndt Universit€at Greifswald,

Greifswald, Germany

Katherine Morris Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA

Robert G. Morris The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

Christian Mouhanna Centre de Recherches Sociologiques sur le Droit et

les Institutions Penales (CESDIP), CNRS, Guyancourt, France

Giulia Mugellini Institute of Criminology, University of Zurich, Zurich,

Switzerland

RebeccaMugford Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa,

ON, Canada

Kristina Murphy Griffith University, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Chongmin Na School of Human Science and Humanities, University of

Houston-Clear Lake, Houston, TX, USA


Joseph L. Nedelec School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

Contributors xlvii

David Nelken Cardiff University Law School, Cardiff, UK

Karen A. Newirth The Innocence Project, New York, NY, USA

Eryn J. Newman Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington,

New Zealand

Graeme R. Newman School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany,


Jamie Newsome Department of Criminal Justice, The University of Texas

at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA

Andrew Newton Applied Criminology Centre, University of Huddersfield,

Huddersfield, UK

Holly Nguyen Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University

of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Amanda S. Nicholson Department of Psychology, John Jay College of

Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

Paul Nieuwbeerta Department of Criminology and Criminal Law, Leiden

University, Leiden, The Netherlands

Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Faye Nitschke Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in



Kenneth J. Novak Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology,

University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, USA

William O’Brian School of Law, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK

James R. P. Ogloff Centre for Forensic Behavioural Science, Monash


Daniel Ohana The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel

MichaelM. O’Hear Marquette University Law School,Milwaukee,WI, USA

David E. Olson Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, Loyola

University Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

David O’Mahony Durham University, Durham, UK

Pat O’Malley Sydney Law School, The University of Sydney, NSW,

Australia

Brian J. Ostrom National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Nicola Padfield Faculty of Law, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

Letizia Paoli Institute of Criminology, University of Leuven, Leuven,

Belgium

xlviii Contributors

Eugene A. Paoline III Department of Criminal Justice, University of

Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Andrew V. Papachristos Department of Sociology, Yale University,

New Haven, CT, USA

Karen F. Parker Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University

of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Robert Nash Parker University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA,

USA

William Parkin Seattle University, Seattle, WA, USA

Roger B. Parks Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA

Stephan Parmentier Institute of Criminology, University of Leuven,

Leuven, Belgium

Raymond Paternoster Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice,


Michele Pathe Queensland Forensic Mental Health Service and Griffith

University, Brisbane, Australia

Irene Pavesi Small Arms Survey, Geneva, Switzerland

Allison Ann Payne Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice,

Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA

Kenneth J. Peak Department of Criminal Justice, University of Nevada,

Reno, Reno, NV, USA

Ken Pease Jill Dando Institute, University College London, London, UK

Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK

Jennifer H. Peck Department of Criminology, University of South Florida,

Tampa, FL, USA

Steven D. Penrod Department of Psychology, John Jay College of Criminal

Justice, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

Jennifer T. Perillo John Jay College of Criminal Justice and The Graduate

Center, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

Douglas D. Perkins Program in Community Research and Action, Peabody

College, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA

Barbara Perry Faculty of Social Science and Humanities, University of

Ontario Institute of Technology, North Oshawa, ON, Canada

Simon Perry Institute of Criminology, Faculty of Law, The Hebrew

University, Jerusalem, Israel

Thomas Søbirk Petersen Department of Philosophy and Science Studies,

Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark

Contributors xlix

Joan Petersilia Stanford LawSchool, StanfordUniversity, Stanford, CA,USA

Hanno Petras Research and Development, JBS International, North

Bethesda, MD, USA

K. V. Petrides Research Department of Clinical, Educational, and Health

Psychology, Educational Psychology Group, University College London,

London, UK

Anthony Petrosino Learning Innovations, WestEd, Woburn, MA, USA

Carolyn Petrosino Bridgewater State University, Bridgewater, MA, USA

Nickie D. Phillips Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, St. Francis

College, Brooklyn, NY, USA

Nathan W. Pino Department of Sociology, Texas State University-San


Paolo Pinotti Universita Bocconi, Milan, Italy



Nicole Leeper Piquero The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson,

TX, USA

Jenny C. Piquette Department of Sociology, The Ohio State University,

Columbus, OH, USA

Greg Pogarsky School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State


Paul Ponsaers Faculty of Law, Research Group SVA, Ghent University,

Ghent, Belgium

Chad Posick School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern


Hillary Potter Department of Sociology, University of Colorado Boulder,

Boulder, CO, USA

Travis C. Pratt School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State

University, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Tim Prenzler Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Policing

and Security, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith Univer-

sity, Brisbane, Australia

Ineke Pruin Department of Criminology, University of Greifswald,

Greifswald, Germany

Lesleigh Pullman University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada

David Pyrooz College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State University,

Phoenix, AZ, USA

l Contributors

Steven M. Radil Department of Geography, Ball State University, Muncie,

IN, USA

Myrna Raeder Southwestern Law School, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Lee Rainbow Serious Organised Crime Agency, London, UK

Erin Rajca Child Development Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

Marieke van de Rakt Avans University of Applied Sciences,

Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands

Kevin Ralston Sociology and Criminal Justice, University of Delaware,

Newark, DE, USA

Suzanna Ramirez The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Australia

Janet Ransley School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith

University, Mt. Gravatt, QLD, Australia

Jerry H. Ratcliffe Temple University, Philadephia, PA, USA

Allison D. Redlich University at Albany, State University of New York,

Albany, NY, USA

Michael H. Reggio

Robert Reiner Department of Law, London School of Economics and

Political Science, London, UK

Herbert Reinke Bergische Universit€at Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany

Michael Rempel Drug Courts, Criminal Justice Intervention, Center for

Court Innovation, New York, NY, USA

Callie Marie Rennison School of Public Affairs, University of Colorado

Denver, Denver, CO, USA

Danielle M. Reynald School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith

University, Griffith, Australia

Anne Giurianna Rhodes Department of Criminology, Law and Society,

George Mason University, Richmond, VA, USA

William Rhodes Abt Associates Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA

Olivier Ribaux Ecole des Sciences Criminelles, University of Lausanne,


Michele Riccardi Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational

Crime, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano, Milan, Italy

Josiah D. Rich The Center for Prisoner Health and Human Rights, The

Miriam Hospital/Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Jason Roach Crime and Policing Group, University of Huddersfield,

Huddersfield, West Yorkshire, UK

Contributors li

Kent Roach Faculty of Law, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada

Julian V. Roberts Faculty of Law, Centre for Criminology, University of

Oxford, Oxford, UK

Paul Roberts School of Law, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

James Robertson National Centre for Forensic Studies (NCFS), Faculty of

Education, Science, Engineering, Technology and Maths, University of

Canberra, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Charles Robinson Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, Washington,

DC, USA

Gwen Robinson Reader in Criminal Justice, School of Law, University of

Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Michael Rocque Department of Sociology, University of Maine, Orono,

ME, USA

Richard Rosenfeld University of Missouri-St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Jacqueline E. Ross University of Illinois College of Law, Champaign,

IL, USA

Jeffrey Ian Ross School of Criminal Justice, College of Public Affairs,

University of Baltimore, Baltimore, MD, USA

D. Kim Rossmo School of Criminal Justice, Texas State University-San


Thomas Roth NS-Dokumentationszentrum der Stadt Koln, Koln, Germany

Dawn L. Rothe Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old Domin-

ion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

David B. Rottman National Center for State Courts,Williamsburg, VA,USA

Claude Roux University of Technology, Sydney, Centre for Forensic

Science, Broadway, NSW, Australia

Danielle S. Rudes George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Vincenzo Ruggiero School of Law, Middlesex University, London, UK

Stijn Ruiter Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforce-

ment (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Amanda L. Russell TheUniversity of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

Jesper Ryberg Department of Philosophy and Science Studies, Roskilde

University, Roskilde, Denmark

Wenona Rymond-Richmond Department of Sociology, University of

Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

Mari Sakiyama University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA

lii Contributors

Gerhard S€alter Documentation and Research, Berlin Wall Memorial and

UHK/BND, Philipps-Universit€at Marburg, Berlin, Germany

Rachel Boba Santos School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida

Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA

Roberto Santos Professional Standards Division, Port St. Lucie, Police

Department, Port St. Lucie, FL, USA

Maria Sapouna School of Social Sciences, University of the West of

Scotland, Hamilton, UK

Ryan Sarasin School of Justice Studies, RogerWilliams University, Bristol,

RI, USA

Federica Sarno Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational Crime,

Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano and Universita degli Studi di

Trento, Milan, Italy

Joachim J. Savelsberg Department of Sociology, University of Minnesota,

Minneapolis, MN, USA

Ernesto U. Savona Transcrime, Joint Research Centre on Transnational

Crime, Universita Cattolica del Sacro Cuore di Milano and Universita degli

Studi di Trento, Milan, Italy

Joseph A. Schafer Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice,

Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA

Barry C. Scheck The Innocence Project, New York, NY, USA

Conrad Schetter Bonn International Center for Conversion (BICC), Bonn,

Germany

Martin Schmucker Institute of Psychology, University of Erlangen–

Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

Christopher J. Schreck Department of Criminal Justice, Rochester

Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA

Anja Schroder Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court, The

Hague, The Netherlands

Dorothy Moses Schulz John Jay College of Criminal Justice, The City

University of New York, New York, NY, USA

Joseph A. Schwartz School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Florida

State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA

Martin D. Schwartz George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

Michael S. Scott Law School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA



Contributors liii

Revital Sela-Shayovitz David Yellin Academic College and The Hebrew

University, Jerusalem, Israel

Ralph C. Serin Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa,

ON, Canada

Michael C. Seto Integrated Forensic Program, Royal Ottawa Health Care

Group, Ottawa, ON, Canada

Karen Sewell Child Development Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

Joanna Shapland School of Law, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK

Lawrence W. Sherman Institute of Criminology, Cambridge University,

Cambridge, UK

University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA

Christopher Shields Terrorism Research Center in Fulbright College,

University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

Haia Shpayer-Makov Department of History, University of Haifa, Haifa,

Israel

Rashi K. Shukla School of Criminal Justice, University of Central

Oklahoma, Edmond, OK, USA

Aiden Sidebottom Department of Security and Crime Science, University


Sally S. Simpson Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer-


Megan Sims Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology, University

of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA

Simon I. Singer School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeastern


Jennifer L. Skeem University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA

John J. Sloan III Department of Justice Sciences, The University of

Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA

Lee Ann Slocum Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Univer-

sity of Missouri – St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA

Michel De Smedt Office of the Prosecutor, International Criminal Court,

The Hague, The Netherlands

Monika Smit Administration of Justice, Legislations, and International and

Aliens Affairs (RWI), Research and Documentation Centre (WODC) of the

Dutch Ministry of Security and Justice

Paul R. Smit Ministry of Safety and Justice, Research and Documentation

Centre, The Hague, The Netherlands

liv Contributors

Brent L. Smith Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, University

of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA

Chris M. Smith Department of Sociology, University of Massachusetts

Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA

Gavin J. D. Smith Senior Lecturer in Sociology, The Australian National

University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

Martha J. Smith School of Community Affairs, Wichita State University,

Wichita, KS, USA

Brian Soller Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico,

Albuquerque, NM, USA

Ragnhild Sollund Department of Criminology and Sociology of Law,

Faculty of Law, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Keith Soothill Department of Maths and Statistics, Lancaster University,

Lancaster, UK

William Sousa University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA

Nigel South Department of Sociology, University of Essex, Colchester,

Essex, UK

Toine Spapens Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands

Anne C. Spaulding Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University,

Atlanta, GA, USA

Sandra A. Springer Center for Interdisciplinary Research on AIDS and

Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA

Elizabeth Spruin International Research Centre for Investigative Psychol-

ogy (IRCIP), University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK

Janet P. Stamatel Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky,

Lexington, KY, USA

Elizabeth Stanley School of Social and Cultural Studies, Victoria Univer-

sity of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand

Richard Stansfield Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Univer-

sity of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Richard Staring Department of Criminology, Faculty of Law, Erasmus

University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands

Carl S. Stauffer Center for Justice and Peacebuilding, Eastern Mennonite

University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA

Eric Stauffer School of Criminal Justice, University of Lausanne,


Crime Scene Unit and Crime Laboratory, Fribourg State Police, Fribourg,

Switzerland

Contributors lv

Mark Stevenson School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, QueenMary,

University of London, London, UK

Anna Stewart School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith

University, Brisbane, Australia

Reinoud D. Stoel Netherlands Forensic Institute, The Hague, The

Netherlands

Bas van Stokkom Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The

Netherlands


Magda Stouthamer-Loeber Department of Psychiatry, Medical School,

University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

Kevin J. Strom RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA

Karen Heetderks Strong

Jeanne Subjack College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State Univer-

sity, Huntsville, TX, USA

Christopher J. Sullivan School of Criminal Justice, University of

Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Lucia Summers School of Criminal Justice, Texas State University-San


Hung-En Sung Department of Criminal Justice, John Jay College of

Criminal Justice, New York, NY, USA

Mike Sutton School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent University,

Nottingham, UK

Rachel Swaner Center for Court Innovation, New York, NY, USA

Gary Sweeten Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Justice Tankebe Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, UK

Lusine Tarkhanyan Department of Security and Crime Science, University


Franco Taroni School of Criminal Justice, Institute of Forensic Science,


Faye S. Taxman Criminology, Law and Society, George Mason University,

Fairfax, VA, USA

Cody W. Telep School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State

University, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Jan Terpstra Institute of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Radboud

University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands

lvi Contributors

Richard Tewksbury Justice Administration, University of Louisville,

Louisville, KY, USA

Jo Thakker School of Psychology, University of Waikato, Hamilton,

New Zealand

Delphine Theobald Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College, London, UK

Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK

George C. Thomas III Rutgers University School of Law, Newark,

New Jersey, NJ, USA

Kyle J. Thomas Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice,


Terence P. Thornberry University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Stephen G. Tibbetts Department of Criminal Justice, California State

University, San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA, USA

Nick Tilley Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science, University


William J. Tilstone Centre for Forensic Science, University of Strathclyde,

Glasgow, Scotland, UK

Victoria B. Titterington College of Criminal Justice, Sam Houston State


Michael Townsley School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Griffith


Lawrence F. Travis III School of Criminal Justice, University of

Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Christian Traxler Department of Economics, University of Marburg,

Marburg, Germany

Max Planck Institute for Research on Collective Goods, Bonn, Germany

Ruth Triplett Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Old

Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Andromachi Tseloni School of Social Sciences, Nottingham Trent Univer-

sity, Nottingham, UK

Maria M. Ttofi Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, UK

Jillian J. Turanovic School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona


Justin Turner Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA

Michael G. Turner Department of Criminal Justice and Criminology,


Contributors lvii

Tom R. Tyler Yale Law School, New Haven, CT, USA

Craig D. Uchida Justice and Security Strategies, Inc., Silver Spring,MD, USA

Ambros Uchtenhagen Research Institute for Public Health and Addiction,

University of Zurich Medical School, Zurich, Switzerland

Jeffery T. Ulmer The Pennsylvania State University, University Park,

PA, USA

Brigitte Unger Utrecht University School of Economics, Utrecht,

The Netherlands

Abby Vandenberg School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, University

of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA

Sean P. Varano School of Justice Studies, Roger Williams University,

Bristol, RI, USA

Jennifer Varriale Carson Department of Criminal Justice, University of

Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO, USA

Marıa B. Velez Department of Sociology, University of New Mexico,

Albuquerque, NM, USA

Antoinette Verhage Faculty of Law, Research Group SVA, Ghent Univer-

sity, Ghent, Belgium

Lynne Vieraitis The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

Jill Viglione George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA

Kees van der Vijver University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands

William J. Vizzard Division of Criminal Justice, California State Univer-

sity, Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, USA

Alison Wakefield University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

SandraWalklate Department of Sociology, Social Policy and Criminology,

University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK

Danielle Wallace School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona


Roy Walmsley World Prison Brief, The International Centre for Prison

Studies, London, UK

Margaret Walsh Child Development Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada

Glenn D.Walters KutztownUniversity of Pennsylvania, Kutztown, PA, USA

Reece Walters School of Justice, Faculty of Law, Queensland University of

Technology, Brisbane, Australia

Rasmus H. Wandall Faculty of Law, University of Bergen, Bergen,

Norway

lviii Contributors

Emily A. Wang Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA

Tony Ward Experts & Institutions Research Centre, University of Hull,

Hull, UK

Tony Ward School of Psychology, Victoria University of Wellington,

Wellington, New Zealand

Nicole L.Waters National Center for State Courts, Williamsburg, VA, USA

Frank M. Weerman Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law

Enforcement (NCSR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands




Douglas B. Weiss University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Elmar G. M. Weitekamp University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany

Ronald Weitzer Department of Sociology, George Washington University,

Washington, DC, USA

Brandon C. Welsh School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Northeast-

ern University, Boston, MA, USA

Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NCSR),


Hilde Wermink Department of Criminology and Criminal Law, Leiden

University, Leiden, The Netherlands

David B. Wexler International Network on Therapeutic Jurisprudence,

University of Puerto Rico School of Law, San Juan, Puerto Rico

University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Rob White School of Social Sciences, University of Tasmania, Hobart,

TAS, Australia

Matthias Wienroth Centre for Forensic Science, Northumbria University,

Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK

Per-Olof H. Wikstrom Institute of Criminology, University of Cambridge,

Cambridge, UK

Brie Williams Division of Geriatrics, University of California San

Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

Kirk R. Williams Department of Sociology and Criminal Justice, Univer-

sity of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA

Robin Williams Centre for Forensic Science, Northumbria University,

Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK

Contributors lix

Gwenda M. Willis University of Auckland, School of Psychology,

Auckland, New Zealand

James J. Willis Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George


David B. Wilson Department of Criminology, Law and Society, George


Dean Wilson Criminology and Criminal Justice, School of Law, Plymouth

University, Plymouth, UK

Ronald E. Wilson Office of Policy Development and Research, U.S.

Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington, DC, USA

Sandra Jo Wilson Peabody Research Institute, Vanderbilt University,

Nashville, TN, USA

Andreas Wimmer Department of Sociology, Princeton University,

Princeton, NJ, USA

Jan M. Winter National Police Services Agency, Zoetermeer, The

Netherlands

Jessica Woodhams School of Psychology, University of Birmingham,

Birmingham, UK

Alissa Pollitz Worden School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany,


Robert E. Worden School of Criminal Justice, University at Albany, State


John F. Finn Institute for Public Safety, Inc., Albany, NY, USA

John L. Worrall School of Economic, Political, and Policy Sciences,

The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA

Richard Wortley Jill Dando Institute of Security and Crime Science,


Hal S. Wortzel Division of Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry,

University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine and VISN–19 MIRECC,

Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA

John Paul Wright School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati,

Cincinnati, OH, USA

King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Ronald F. Wright Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

Timbre Wulf-Ludden School of Criminology and Criminal Justice,

University of Nebraska Omaha, Omaha, NE, USA

Sue-Ming Yang Department of Criminology, National Chung-Cheng

University, Min-Hsiung, Chia-Yi, Taiwan

lx Contributors

Angela M. Yarbrough Department of Psychology, John Jay College of

Criminal Justice, The City University of New York, New York, NY, USA

Donna Youngs International Research Centre for Investigative Psychology

(IRCIP), University of Huddersfield, Huddersfield, UK

John C. Yuille The Forensic Alliance, The University of British Columbia,

Salt Spring Island, BC, Canada

Marvin Zalman Department of Criminal Justice, Wayne State Univer-

sity, Detroit, MI, USA

Marjorie S. Zatz School of Social Transformation, Arizona State

University, Tempe, AZ, USA

Don Zettlemoyer Penn State Justice and Safety Institute, The Pennsylvania

State University, University Park, PA, USA

Gregory M. Zimmerman School of Criminology and Criminal Justice,

Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA

Dirk van Zyl Smit University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

Contributors lxi

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