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ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

Progress Report

© 2014 The World Bank Group1818 H Street NWWashington DC 20433Telephone: 202-473-1000Internet: www.worldbank.org

-

acceptance of such boundaries.

Rights and Permissions

worldbank.org.

IIICONTENTS | 2015

Contents

Foreword ....................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................... ix

Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1

............................................................................................ 7

.......................................................... 12

CORE TOPICS

Registering agricultural land .............................................................................

.............................................................................

...............................................................................

.................................................................................. 47

Transporting agricultural goods ........................................................................

Selling agricultural goods .................................................................................. 71

TOPICS FOR INITIAL TESTING

Contracting agricultural production ................................................................ 83

.........................................................................................

..................................................................

References ..............................................................................................................

Data notes .............................................................................................................. 121

.....................................................................................................

.................................................................................................

IV ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

BOXES

.................................. 18

Box 3.2: Getting to scale in Rwanda .............................................................................................

.................................................................................. 22

............................................................ 28

....................................................................... 32

........................................................................................... 38

greater choice ...................................................................................................................

.................................................

.......................................................................

..............................................

.................................................... 73

Box 8.2: Regional integration facilitates cross-border agricultural trade ..................................

......................................................................

..................................................................................

FIGURES

................................ 1

Figure 2.1: A learning and growth process .................................................................................. 10

........................................................................................ 12

................................................................................................... 13

....................................................................................... 20

.............................................................. 20

........................... 30

......................................................................

VCONTENTS | 2015

............................................................................. 41

.............................................................................................. 42

...............................................................................................

...........................................................

............................................................

........................................................................

......................

..................................................

.......................................................................................

........................................................................ 78

......................................

..............................................................

population in half the pilot countries ............................................................................ 102

Figure 11.2: Mobile broadband usage rates across pilot countries ......................................... 103

MAPS

..............................................................................

.......................................

.......................................................................................

TABLES

........................................................................................ 8

.......................................................... 14

........................ 23

Table 4.1: Countries regulate branchless banking to different extents .....................................

................ 40

VI ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

........................................................................................................ 44

agricultural trading partner ..............................................................................................

agricultural trading partner ..............................................................................................

......................................... 87

in the 10 pilot countries ...................................................................................................

VIIFOREWORD | 2015

Foreword

At the dawn of the 21st

-

protection needs.

Enabling the Business of Agriculture

-

spanning 10 countries. While the results are pre-

FOREWORD | 2015

VIII ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

-

Juergen VoegeleSenior Director

World Bank

DirectorGlobal Indicators Group

World Bank Group

the regulations and policies affecting the ag-ricultural and agribusiness sectors.

-

IXEXECUTIVE SUMMARY | 2015

Executive summary

Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015 is a -

Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015

-

sector

to local and regional businesses in agriculture.

the expected population increase and chang-ing diets, call for strategic and concerted action.

-

-

-

-

-

in

-tural policies and regulations worldwide. The

Doing Business the Agribusiness Indicators

topics. The 10 countries represent a range of geographic regions in different stages of

X ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

-Enabling the Business of

Agriculture

different topic areas. Six of these topics were -

and selling agricultural goods. Another three topics were chosen for initial testing: contracting

The initial data collected for topic areas pres-

without attributing

-

will conduct additional research to assess the

-pert feedback and whether the data point

for specific targeted indicators and a solid

of agriculture.

and expand the list of topics to include issues

-

-

through the Enabling the Business of Agriculture website (eba.worldbank.org).

1INTRODUCTION | 2015

Introduction

1 Global food 2

-

-

-3

4 The

-

FIGURE 1.1: The global population is expected to exceed 9 billion by 2050

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

9

3.1

6.9

9.2

0.5

2.65.3

1.7

3.12.6

0.9 1.2 1.3

1960 2010 2050

Developing countries – urban populationDeveloping countries – rural populationDeveloped countries – population

Billi

ons

Source:

INTRODUCTION | 2015

2 ENABLING THE BUSINESS OF AGRICULTURE | 2015

use is low.-

holds depend on agriculture for their food and

-

7

-

potential land is suitable for growing crops that

natural resources needs to be ensured across the entire agricultural production chain.

Nations need to be prepared to address this

the need to connect producers and the urban

-

-

in place.8

-

-

-

-ful agricultural growth.10 Without well-functioning

A pivotal role for smaller-scale producers

-

than 2 hectares.


-

-

Policies, regulations and an enabling environment

The prospect of continued growth in food -

-

11

agribusiness and supporting greater inclusion

-

Benchmarking as a way to foster change

-

12

-

13

agriculture. But literature suggests that it can


14

-

-

-

-

aspect shown to be essential in encouraging

indicators help create a consistent language

A tool for policy and regulatory analysis

Enabling the Business of Agriculture is designed

-

agriculture.

-

-

-

different topic areas and an entire network of

Enabling the Business of Agriculture breaks down the agri-

Six of these topics were selected to be studied

-

agricultural goods. Another 3 were chosen for initial testing: contracting agricultural produc-


Enabling the Business of Agriculture -anced regulations that foster well-functioning

--

the need for transparent regulation and good

health and the trade of safe agricultural prod-ucts. Data also are collected on the existence

to be up to date and based on science. The

help in assessing where countries are following

use to reduce the propagation of fake seed.


World Development Report 2008 and enables countries to be clustered into

cohorts according to their stage of agricultural

-

engaged in agriculture. This process allows for

-

the Doing Business report and the Agribusiness Indicators

of these statistics across countries and on issues

this pilot experience. Data collected in the 10 countries are presented in the last chapter on

-

trigger consultation and feedback.


Notes

2 FAO 2012c.

4 Nelson et al. 2013.

al. 2012.

11 Altenburg 2007.

7BUILDING A METHODOLOGY | 2015

Building a methodology

The Enabling the Business of Agriculture -

-

whether there are regulations to facilitate con-

transporting agricultural goods or to register a

such as the procedures and cost to register a

-

How the data are collected

partner institutions. This process led to the iden-

-ness of the resulting data points. Questions re-

-


-

What topics and countries are covered

pilot phase (table 2.1) and 3 other topics were

to about 80 to 100 countries during the next 3

Agriculture-based countries -

Pre-transition countries -

Transition countries

Urbanizing countries

Developed countries ---

Ten countries were selected for the pilot phase -

graphic regions and stages of agricultural

The pilot data that were collected can be -

1. Measurements

TABLE 2.1: Topics covered by the project

Core topics Topics for initial testing Topic areas for year 2

Registering agricultural land

Transporting agricultural goods

Selling agricultural goods

Contracting agricultural production

Water

Gender


across countries. The data points will

aggregate indicators in the future.

-

-

-

-

the process is broken down into clear-

-

2. Descriptive data --

-

MAP 2.1: Countries covered in the pilot phase

Agriculture-based countries: Ethiopia, Nepal, Rwanda

Pre-transition countries: Mozambique, Uganda

Transition countries: Guatemala, the Philippines

Urbanizing countries: Morocco, Ukraine

Developed country: Spain

RWANDA

ETHIOPIA

MOZAMBIQUE

UGANDA

MOROCCO

SPAIN

NEPAL

UKRAINE

PHILIPPINES

GUATEMALA

Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.


-

-

-

agricultural products.

3. Referential data are data points that -

---

What are the lessons learned

This process can be seen in the work done to

-

Questionnaires addressing legal and

-

FIGURE 2.1: A learning and growth process

Jan–Jun 2013

Research and consultation on key

constraints in enabling environment for

agriculture

Jun–Oct 2013

Consultation with technical experts to

develop questionnaires

Nov 2013

Round 1 data collection in Guatemala

Dec 2013

Round 2 data collection in Morocco, Rwanda and Ukraine

Jan 2014

Refinement and review of

questionnaires

Feb–Mar 2014

Round 3 data collection in Ethiopia, Mozambique, Nepal, Philippines, Spain

and Uganda

Mar–May 2014

Data verification through follow-up and

extensive research

May–Jul 2014

Data analysis and report writing

Aug–Sep 2014

Consultations on main findings and

methodology

Oct–Dec 2014

Implementation of suggestions on report

analysis and methodology for second-year data

collection


-

light of the initial experience in collect--

being collected.

--

-

--

-tionnaires for each topic was sorted and

-

data collection in the next phase of the


Annex A: A transformational framework

-

of its workforce engaged in agriculture.

differences between countries.

-

-

-

FIGURE A2.1: Country segmentation based on agriculture’s role in the national economy, 2012

Agr

icul

ture

val

ue a

dded

as

perc

ent o

f GDP

0

10

20

30 25

40

50

60

70

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Economically active in agriculture as percent of total economically active population

Urbanizing

Agriculture-based

Transition

Pre-transitionDeveloped

Sources:accounts for 2012.

13ANNEX A: A TRANSFORMATIONAL FRAMEWORK | 2015

-

stages.

- Notes

FIGURE A2.2: Agriculture and agribusiness value added as share of GDP and the ratio between them

Perc

ent

Agriculture-based Pre-transition Transition Urbanizing Developed

1:0.56 1:0.87 1:1.06 1:1.17 1:1.90

0

20

1

30

40

50

60

70

80

100

90

Rest of other sectors Agribusiness Agriculture

Source:


TABLE A2.1: Key macroeconomic data for pilot countries

Country

Agriculture value

added (% of GDP)a

EAP in agriculture

(% total EAP)b

Agriculture value

added/EAP in agriculture (US $/person)

Agriculture capital

stock/EAP in agriculture

(US $/person)c

Estimated future urban

food demand (% CAGR)d

Agriculture value

added to agribusiness

(ratio)e

Ag based (n = 26)Ethiopia

Nepal 1: 0.33

Rwanda

Pre-transition (n = 18) 1: 0.87

1: 0.40

Transition (n = 35)1: 1.02

Urbanizing (n = 27) 1: 1.17

Morocco 1: 0.83

Developed (n = 50)Spain 1: 1.28

Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture

Note:

15REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND | 2015

Registering agricultural land María Heredia, a farmer in Spain’s Andalusian province of Almería, has a one-hectare greenhouse in which she grows high-end “raf” tomatoes. Her grandparents were landless peasants in the nearby province of Granada at the turn of the 20th century; they moved to Almería because of a land reform and colonization program that provided them with farmland. One of the least developed parts of Spain at the time, Almería now boasts one of the highest levels of income per capita among Andalucía’s provinces. Its smallholders have invested in their land to become market leaders in vegetable production—growing peppers, squash, tomatoes, zucchini and other vegetables in the hundreds of greenhouses they have built since the 1960s. The province ships fresh produce to markets across Europe. The land reform that allowed smallholders to register their rights to farmland is perceived to be one of the critical factors in the development of this suc-cessful agriculture-based economy.1

need secure access2 3 -4

) or for a

7). The guarantee of access or 8

-ship of natural resources that are essential to

10

World Development Report 2008:

Agriculture for Development -

-

11

Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure

-

12

13 The Rights and


to ext-

as concessions for large-scale agriculture for -

14

-

Along these Voluntary Guidelines on the

Responsible Governance of Tenure-

The

-

17 The -

registered or those whose resource rights were

18

-

-

20

What registering agricultural land data measure

registration or in recordation institutions that

or recordation institutions because these are

rights.21

1. First-time registrations of private land for individuals: These data assess whether


registrations of freehold rights on agri-

ownership.

2. registrations of private land for individu-als:

to register a plot of agricultural land for

-

3. First-time registrations of leases of public land for individuals: These data assess whether due process is followed during

leasehold or concession basis.

4. First-time registrations of land for com-munities: These data assess whether due

-

Land registry and registered land rights:

-

-

-

-

of land rights and rights-holders. Other is-sues that are explored include how reg-

Whether neighbors and other parties

-

Whether affected parties can appeal

What the initial pilot results show

-

-

strongest legal protection of land rights. The

are allowed to register those rights.

Three scenarios—with commonalities and differences across countries



rights for a plot of land for which there has been

22 -

land.

right to use a plot of agricultural land that belongs to the public sector.

practices.

BOX 3.1: What is the role of a land registry—and why is it so important?

a

-

-

b

-tutions such as land registriesc or registries of deedsd

to landowners and parties to land transactions.e

be registered or recorded.

Doing Business 2012

Doing Business 2012detailed discussion on this topic.


Scenario 1: First-time registrations of private land

-

-tions in place to process applications for these

-cided that it would be best to undertake a

past decade and has been or is in the process of being titled (box 3.2).

register the land that he or she has been using

BOX 3.2: Getting to scale in Rwanda

-

-


23

of the registration process but also the cost can

FIGURE 3.2:200 days in half of the pilot countries

1

2

2

4

0 1 2 3 4 5

<50

51–100

101–200

>200

Days

Number of countries


FIGURE 3.1:the majority of pilot countries

36.5

6.4

2.1

1.7

0.7

0.4

0.2

0.1

0.1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Mozambique

Ethiopia

Morocco

Uganda

Philippines

Rwanda

Guatemala

Spain

Ukraine

Percent of property value



-cation public24 also include a public hearing in

appeal the decision.

Scenario 2: First-time registrations of leases of public land for individual use

the safeguards of the process differ. While the

neighbors and other interested parties about

the process does not include consulting third parties.

Scenario 3: First-time registrations of land for communal use

-

use right.

Land rights are inheritable – but do not necessarily include the land’s natural resources

-

Registered rights to a plot of land can be inher-ited in all the pilot countries. But land rights do

rights to a plot of land can be inherited and

The spectrum of coordination among land registries, mapping agencies, and mining institutions

Land rights can be registered in one institution

areas. But not all land registries coordinate their


-

-

databases.

The relationship between erroneous land information and monetary compensation

BOX 3.3: The importance of delimiting land

-a -

-

region.

-tion of natural resources.


parties that incur losses as a result of errors in

loss as a result of engaging in good faith trans-

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial results for a

TABLE 3.1: Where land registries provide compensation in the event of errors

Country

Does the law provide for compensation to parties who engage in a good

faith transaction and incur losses due to erroneous

land registry?

Ethiopia No

Guatemala No

Morocco No

No

Nepal No

Philippines Yes

Rwanda No

Spain Yes

Uganda No

Ukraine Yes


constraints and good practices in registering --

areas:

1. The issues of access to registered rights

--

issues that will be addressed in building registering agricultural land indicators in-

land rights.

2. -

its coordination with other institutions in -

-

countries.


Notes

landless peasants.

12 FAO 2013c.

et al. 2014.

Deininger and Selod (2011).

20 FAO 2013c.21 Arruñada 2012.

possession.

where the plot of land is situated. This process

25ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES | 2015

Tsehay Farmers’ Cooperative Union is an Ethiopian farmers’ union with more than 38,000 small farmers who produce mainly barley, chickpea, teff, and spices in the Amhara region of Gondar. Farmers typically had to travel long distances to reach larger towns and cities if they wanted to access basic

required as collateral immovable assets that the small farmers rarely owned. However, some recently-adopted regulations have helped to overcome

for a Warehouse Receipts System enacted in 2003, farmers can now store their crops and use them as collateral to obtain loans from banks. Similarly, mobile and agent banking services regulation has enabled banks to offer

farmers can access through their mobile phones without having to travel to a bank branch.

-

-

-

worldwide1

2 The need is

3

-

as well.4


-

--

-

can offer rural reach and local knowledge. And

7

-

8

agricultural enterprises.

-

10

-

banking regulations need to be adapted to

11

data measure

and households.

1. Branchless banking. These data assess --

-

2. Nontraditional collateral. These data

use of categories of collateral that are


-

such assets can be used as collateral.

3. Warehouse receipts. -sure the existence and scope of rules

4. Prudential regulation. These data focus

-

institutions.


-

-

12

-

Regulated branchless banking in all pilot countries except Morocco and Mozambique

-

13

-

-

-

14

are needed to ensure that agents are able to

-

-

bank reduces the risk of fraud and the costs

17


--

-

Rwanda and Spain allow agents to conduct

-

Spain also allow agents to open accounts for

--

BOX 4.1: Overview of the branchless banking operation

--

-a -

b

-c

d

while reducing institutional costs.e

f

g

The New Times http:.

f. Merritt 2010.g. Tobbin 2011.


Continuing constraints on the use of nontraditional collateral

-

-

warehouse receipts. Banks tend to be hesitant

18

not allow eligible borrowers to describe their

-

-

20

collateral.21

-

TABLE 4.1: Countries regulate branchless banking to different extents

Country Agent banking Law Mobile banking Law

Consumer protection rules tailored to agent

banking activities

EthiopiaGuatemalaMorocco

NepalPhilippinesRwandaSpainUgandaUkraine



--

collateral laws allowing pledging future assets as

-es need working capital to process crops into

22

FIGURE 4.1: All pilot countries allow tangible movable property as collateral

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

Tangible movable property Leased movable assets Future assets

Share of pilot countries that allow the usage of certain asset category to secure a loan

Tangible movable property can be used in all the 10 pilot countries,while it can only be described in general terms in 4 of them

100

60 60


23

the countries with a secured transactions law -

Great potential for the use of warehouse receipts

24 When

-

their willingness to accept the receipts as collat-

Another is insurance against risks that


-

to store their goods in warehouses as well as

receipts as collateral.27

operators to insure the warehouse against

a license before storing goods and issuing warehouse receipts.

-

While both paper-based and electronic receipts

28

receipts.

institutions

-

30

these institutions.31

-

32

33

place if the funding generated through retail deposits hits a certain threshold.34 Six countries

-

capital as a percentage of its risk-weighted assets.


- Six

BOX 4.2: Uganda’s new mobile money guidelines

a

b -

-

-c

-d

-

d. Ibid.


loans.37 This process can encourage loans to

-

default risks.38

-

-

-

percentages of their loanable funds to agricul-

long run.40

their loanable funds for the agricultural sector.

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial pilot results

-

be regulated across the globe.

The next steps consist of building and deepen-ing the scope of indicators in those areas where

institutions under the data sets on prudential

will be expanded so as to be suitable for dif-


-on attributes of successful warehouse receipt

indicators. On the use of nontraditional collat-

subtopic includes a data subset that the Doing Business Getting Credit-Legal Rights Indicator

Doing Business

current Getting Credit-Legal Rights indicators

Notes

10 Hoellinger 2011.

21 Nair and Kloeppinger-Todd 2004.

particular location.

28 Drew 2013.

to risk.

different criteria.

35STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS | 2015

Strengthening seed systemsA farmer in northern Rwanda’s Gagenke district, Mugawaneza has grown maize on her half hectare of farmland for more than a decade. Two years ago she persuaded other farmers in her village to consolidate their land

1 Mugawaneza and the other farmers were given improved seed2 and fertilizer as well as training in good agricultural practices. Thanks in large part to the improved maize variety, their production rose substantially—and now the farmers are able to sell more than half their harvest in the local market. Before, they only occasionally had surplus to sell after feeding their families. The improved variety also needs less rainfall and can be harvested in 90 days rather than the traditional 120 to 150 days.

-

production and resistance to plant pests and diseases.3 And its use can account for up to

4

In

-

-


FIGURE 5.1: In Ethiopia, demand for basic seed for the multiplication of hybrid maize regularly exceeds supply

Met

ric to

ns

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

52118 102

243

115

222249

313

730782

2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Quantity supplied Quantity demand

Source: World Bank 2012b.

7

8 -

-

staple food crops.10

established 8 regional seed centers.

11 A


12

What strengthening seed systems data focuses on

-

13 Data include the following:

1. The regulatory framework for seed. These -

2. Requirements for the evaluation and registration of new varieties. These data

-

-

-

3. Availability of initial seed classes. These -

es are eligible to produce breeder or pre-basic seed and foundation or basic

14

4. Seed quality control requirements. These

--

duced seed.

International and regional seed trade.

-lations and whether it adheres to inter-


-tinct stages.

Most countries have seed laws but many still lack seed intellectual property rights

that are clear and enforceable.


17

-ation and details the roles and responsibilities

-

18

It generates

-

standards.

-

20 that

BOX 5.1: and Guatemala

-

Plan Maroc Vert

together.a

--

b c

b. FAO 2013b.


2001 seed decree with a new one21

ease the public sector burden during the seed

-

rieties.22

Costs and testing requirements across countries for the evaluation and registration of new varieties reduce outcomes

-

23 And the

the new crop season.

Enabling the Business of Agriculture found a -

-

-

-


TABLE 5.1:

TopicEthiopia a

(wheat)Guatemala

(maize)Morocco(wheat) (maize)

Nepal(maize)

Spain(wheat)

Uganda(maize)

Ukraine(maize)

Number of crop seasons for DUS testing

n.a. n.a. 2 n.a.b 2 2 2 3

Number of crop seasons for VCU testing

3 n.a. 2 2 2 2 2 3

Are applicant data accepted No Yesc No Yes Yes Yes Yes No


breeders are running the trials and NSCS accepts

allowing the seed enterprise to conduct the

data.

test locations. This practice contributes to a shift

-24

-

sector.

-

-


--

-

done by public authorities

-

-

-

FIGURE 5.2: Cost for evaluation and variety release is highest in Ukraine and Uganda in percentage of income per capita

Ethiopia(wheat)

Guatemala(maize)

Morocco(wheat)

Nepal(maize)

Spain(wheat)

Uganda(maize)

Ukraine(wheat)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

2.0

15.89.9

28.0

60.0

Freea Free



-

-

-

-

accredited in the future.

-ed. Accredited seed enterprises need

-

tests conducted in accordance with International Seed Testing Association (ISTA) rules. Both procedures can be done online.

-

-

FIGURE 5.3: The private sector is underrepresented on most national variety release committees

EthiopiadGuatemalaa Philippinesb Rwandac MoroccoNepal SpainUganda0

5

10

15

20

25

77 10

10

9

333 244

1166

Public sector representatives Private sector representatives



and reduce the public sector burden because

-

-

Regional and international harmonization offers opportunities for faster and simpler evaluation and registration of new varieties

of seed across national borders. This process ex--

27

28

--

-

-

seed can be sold without further testing once

-

-

-

-

-

trade barriers.30


-31 This

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial results for a

-

-

collectable across countries and narrowed the

next round of data collection.

-

The usefulness of the current selection of

-

TABLE 5.2: Country membership in regional and international seed

Country

Ethiopia None

Guatemala None

Morocco OECD

of Seed Regulations (2008)None

Nepal None ISTA

Philippines None ISTA

Rwanda None

Spain OECD and ISTA

Uganda OECD and ISTA

Ukraine None OECD and ISTA



-

to obtain a seed producer license are considerations. Initial readings

across countries.

-

seed are additional considerations.

--

-

--

-

Initial data was gathered on seed policies. Further discussions with ex-perts on the appropriate angle to adopt will be held to further enrich


Notes

2 Enabling the Business of Agriculture

tolerance and disease resistance.

Science Center 2011.8 World Bank 2012b.


processes.10 Minot 2008.11 Enabling the Business of Agriculture

Science Center 2011.

through the Enabling the Business of Agriculture

or foundation seed is seed produced under the

Science Center 2011.17 Turner 2001. 18 FAO 2013d.

(2012).

27 Minot 2008.

Science Center 2011.

http://www.oecd.org/agriculture/code/

47IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY | 2015

Improving fertilizer supply A farmer in Mozambique’s Xai-Xai region, Fernanda grows maize, beans and vegetables. She produces enough to sustain her family of 5, but would like to grow surplus production to sell at the local market. Fernanda has heard from other women at her village that if she uses fertilizer she can sig-

she hears that this agricultural input is very expensive. Therefore, Fernanda has decided not to use fertilizer this season.

1 No world region has been able to boost agricultural growth and tackle hunger without increasing the use

2

-

-

-

in the future through the ongoing depletion of soil nutrients.3

-

infrastructure.4

Agribusiness Indicators

-7


What improving fertilizer supply data focus on

-

1. Domestic production and blending of fertilizer.

-

-

2. Regulatory framework for fertilizer. These -

existence of national and supranational laws and regulations.

3. Registration of fertilizer. -

-

-

The data set also highlights supranation-

4. Importing of fertilizer. -

-

Subsidies, taxes and tariffs on fertiliz-er.

---

-

8 Taxes and tariffs can be an -

-

Quality control of fertilizer. These data -

-

7. Fertilizer use and soil health. These data

look at whether soil testing facilities and --


--

countries.


-

Four of the 10 pilot countries produce fer-

-

neither production nor blending facilities. All 10

Regional harmonization leads to easier registration of fertilizer

-

FIGURE 6.1: Fertilizer laws by country

Countries that have a unified lawregulating chemical fertilizers

Countries that do not have a lawregulating chemical fertilizers

Countries that have a supranationalfertilizer law in addition to the

national fertilizer law

8

1

2

Morocco

Guatemala Spain

Ethiopia Guatemala

Philippines Rwanda

Mozambique Nepal

Uganda Ukraine



-

FIGURE 6.3:

Registration issubject toa specific

time period

Registrationreguired to legally

commercializefertilizer

No registrationreguired

3 years

10 years

9

1

8

Ethiopia Guatemala

Rwanda Spain

Mozambique Nepal

Uganda Ukraine

Morocco

Philippines

Nepal Philippines Uganda

Guatemala Spain Ukraine

No specific time

5 years

Rwanda

Mozambique


FIGURE 6.2: Fertilizer production and blending by country

4

6

Morocco Philippines Spain Ukraine Fertilizer producing countries

Countries that mix/blend fertilizerdomestically

Guatemala Morocco Philippines

Spain

Mozambique

Ukraine



-position is and when the registration expires.

-

-

(SADC).

Public sector is often involved in the procurement of fertilizer

So it is no

10

-

-

-

Fertilizer prices are the highest in African pilot countries


BOX 6.1: Harmonizing fertilizer registration and trade for lower cost and greater choice

-

-

MAP B6.1.1: Regional organizations with pilot countries as members

CACU+P

EU

CIS

SADC

EAC

ASEAN

Source:


-

Programs to promote fertilizer use are becoming increasingly targeted

-

11 subsidies.12

--

13

-

-

-

14


Quality controls are common, but not always effective

Countries use both labeling and inspections

include the results that can be expected when

-


-

--

-tainers. In the countries where open containers

-

a technical data sheet.

17 Adulteration and dilution

-

-


FIGURE 6.4: Average fertilizer use rates by country

Ethiopia Guatemala PhilippinesUkraineMozambique MoroccoNepal SpainUganda

Kilo

gram

s pe

r hec

tare

0

80

60

40

20

100

120

140

160

52

150150

131

78

40

2423


18

with 3 functional laboratories and a population

-

-

-

of the countries.

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial pilot results for

health. The results presented were selected

focus areas will be narrowed down during the


be considered. Further research that would be

following 3 areas:

1. -

2.

3. -

BOX 6.2: Extending reach through a mobile soil lab in Uganda

-

--

Source:


Notes

3 World Bank 2013b.

would not otherwise use purchased inputs (or to the

12 Minde et al. 2008.

annex 1.

59TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015

Transporting agricultural goods Simalgarhi Samuha, a farmers’ group based in the village of Chainpur, in Nepal’s Chitwan district, has 22 members who grow beans, eggplant

Bharatpur, Pokhara and Kathmandu, but getting their produce to these markets is not easy. Although an all-weather road connects the village to the markets, the road can deteriorate quickly, especially in the rainy season. And because licensed commercial vehicles are in short supply in

the farmers often rely on informal public transport such as unregistered minibuses. This solution is far from ideal as the vehicles neither comply with safety rules nor keep the produce fresh until it reaches the market.

Access to essential transport infrastructure and

-

-

obtain essential inputs and get their crops to

1

-

World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development -

and exports.2

-

-

costs.3


4 In the -

nation of the trucking cartel and the restrictions

logistics costs.

Appropriate

7 Appropriate professional standards

trucking sector can facilitate trade.8

What transporting agricultural goods data measure

1. Licensing requirements to operate a trucking company. -

-

--

goods.

2. Pricing and freight allocation. These -

are set and how freight is allocated.

3. Axle-load regulation. These data focus

through weighing stations and associat-

4. Mutual recognition of standards and for-eign trucking competition. These data


focus on bilateral or regional agree-

-

well as restrictions on cross-border truck-

rights.10

Monitoring of road access, density and quality. These data record the existence

-cess (such as the share of the popula-


trucking sector around the world. Licensing re-

-

policies on transport and infrastructure.

License or permit is required to transport agricultural goods in most pilot countries

Making it easier to obtain licenses for transport

trade and transport.11

-

haulage (registre spécial de transporteur de marchandises pour compte d’autrui

The process of obtaining a license or other au-

-

where the process includes a hearing that re-

-


-

such as refrigeration for transporting perishable agricultural goods.

applications.

Little intervention in pricing and freight allocation

-

prices.12

-

-

(food grain) and coffee.13

and Transport publishes past prices (based on

FIGURE 7.1:

State concession or franchise

Special license or permit

Registry or notification to a governmentagency or professional association

No special license required

1

7

1

1

Ethiopia

Rwanda

Guatemala Mozambique

Spain Uganda

Nepal

Morocco

Ukraine

Philippines



prices.

associations publish reference prices on their websites or in national newspapers. In nei-

there are no legal sanctions for not following

-

associations (box 7.1).

to belong to a trucking association to operate

-

Axle-load regulations are widespread

BOX 7.1: What is the role of trucking associations?

guidelines and training.

-

(Federation of Truck Transport Associations of Nepal and Federation of Nepalese National Transport -

guidelines (such as those on pricing).

-



FIGURE 7.2: Gross vehicle mass and axle-load limits by country

9 10.211.511.58

13.5111010

56

40 40414546

5356

Ethiopia

Guate

mala

Philip

pines

Rwand

a

Moro

cco

Nepal

Spain

Uganda

Moza

mbique

Ukraine

Tons

0

20

10

30

40

50

60

Gross vehicle mass Maximum weight per axle


-

14

tons. All countries except for Morocco and Nepal

Axle-load regulations are enforced through

countries sanction freight carriers for exceeding

countries. Most of the countries also take other

-

International transport agreements are in place, but limited foreign trucking competition remains


transport rights allowing foreign participation

on the International Transport of Goods under

-ate borders.

-

-tion of axle-load regulations (the Vehicle Load

Transport rights that allow trucks to pick up a

landlocked countries.17 -

-

18

-

-

-

backhauling and triangular rights) (table 7.1).

Indian trucks can operate in Nepal for 72 hours

Broad use of standard government indicators on road quality, but limited reliable data on road access and density

-

20


TABLE 7.1: Transporting goods from the country’s largest neighboring agricultural trading partner

Country

Types of transport rights granted to foreign companies

Import Backhauling Transit Triangular Cabotage




Index21 22

- resources (box 7.2).

BOX 7.2: Morocco’s national programs for improving rural roads

-

douars-

Continued next page


-

a

Data on rural population and travel time to the nearest city

b

c

Enabling the Business of Agriculture-

0 100 200 300 400

Kilometers

Rural popula onwithin 1 hour

within 2 hours

within 3 hours

within 4 hours

over 4 hours (30 %)

MAP B7.2.1: Rural population and travel time to the nearest city over 250,000 inhabitants in Morocco

Source:

Continued next page

BOX 7.2: (Continued)


BOX 7.2: (Continued)

FIGURE B7.2.1: Access of rural population to cities of over 100,000 and 250,000 inhabitants in Morocco

Perc

ent o

f rur

al p

opul

atio

n be

yond

sp

ecifi

c tra

vel t

ime

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100 93

73

49

30

18

86

56

33

20

11

Travel time to cities with over 250,000 inhabitants Travel time to cities with over 100,000 inhabitants

Travel time in hours

-

terai (plain) region.

all countries use the International Roughness

trunk roads in poor condition is as high as 33

Source:a. World Bank 2006; African Development Bank 2013; Ministry of Equipment, Transport and Logistics (Ministère de l’Equipement, du Transport et de la Logistique)

c. Webb 2013.


Next steps

This chapter presents the initial results for a

constraints in trucking that can affect the

These data points will be used as a basis for

data collection (see Data notes).

1.

based on the International Roughness --

-Enabling the Business of

Agriculture is exploring the use of geo--

2. and international transport agree-

3. -

data. Another group of indicators would

-

4. --

trucking business. While the focus is pri-

-

perishable goods as well as the distinc-

international transport.

the pilot phase (including through a

to conduct research on transport prices

-


Notes

Osborne and Virginia Tanase.

3 Kunaka et al. 2013.

7 World Bank 2012d. 8 World Bank 2010.

11 World Bank 2010.

13 World Bank 2012b.

17 Nathan Associates 2012.

21 The International Roughness Index is a standard scale

roughness in a single wheel path of the road surface.

71

Selling agricultural goods A farmer from Iganga, Uganda, Seruwo produces and sells maize. When harvest comes, thanks to the farmer organization he belongs to, his maize is pooled with that of his neighbors and sold at the local market. He knows he could get more for his maize across the border in Kenya, but there are several constraints to getting his maize to the neighboring market. Besides lack of proper storage to protect his grain from rain and pests, transpor-tation is expensive, and there are burdensome requirements across the

trader in the Philippines, faces similar problems; in addition, she also has to register as an exporter with 2 different government agencies, which can be costly and take more than 3 weeks.

-

and challenges. Responding to these growing

-

-

facilitation.1

2

-

-

SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015


-ricultural products.3

the nature of the products and the conditions

and transported.4

-

-

transparent and accessible regulations and -

-

access can be channeled through extension

-

agricultural sector.

produce.7 But foreign trade does not neces-

lie right across the border.8

-

--

10 -

-

and procedures.11 The World Bank and World

73SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS | 2015

-

paperwork.12

-

regional collaboration is needed. The lack of -

-13

-

What selling agricultural goods data measure

-icies and regulations that can facilitate (or

-

BOX 8.1: A tiered approach to extension services in Rwanda

-

The case of Rwanda

-

-

-



-

(see Data notes).

1. Cross-border agricultural exports. These -

--

when trading agricultural products and whether exporter accreditation is

2. SPS regulation of agricultural trade. These

-14 when trading agricultural prod-

-

-

3. Information availability and market-ing requirements. These data focus on whether and how the fee schedules of

for processed food.

4. Government promotion of agricultur-al marketing.

-

-

Collective action to supply markets. This

-

of laws and regulations.

this report. Within the transport of agricultural

-

-

-

producers.


-

-


Additional procedures and documentation required for exporting agricultural products

-

as perishable agricultural products. Enhancing

cross-border agricultural exports would help

Saharan Africa.

-

procedures when exporting staple cereals to its

BOX 8.2: Regional integration facilitates cross-border agricultural trade

-a

trade procedures.

•

b also

c

• -

-

• -

d -

Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.a. World Bank 2008.


TABLE 8.1:trading partner

Country

Use of customs broker

Periodic exporter accreditationPeriodic agricultural exporter

accreditationExport Import




-

17

cereals when exporting.

exporter licensing or accreditation (table 8.1). -

Compulsory, but not burdensome, SPS processes

standards is crucial for curtailing the increase


agricultural trade.18

and agricultural health.

For the regional export of staple cereals or horti-

-

in all the pilot countries except Spain (within

-

-

of Standards.

-

-

laboratories.

Phytosanitary fee schedules are publicly available in most pilot countries

-

-


20 In

21 Morocco

-

traders need to contact the inspectors based

there are laws or regulations in place that

-

food product labels.

Increasing government efforts to promote agricultural marketing

-

-

FIGURE 8.1:for staple cereals by country (% income per capita)

Ethiopia

Guate

mala

Philip

pines

Rwand

a

Moro

cco

Nepal

Spain*

Uganda

Moza

mbique

Ukraine

0

3

2

1

4

5

6

7

0.1 0.1 0.10.1 0.20.20.2 0.2 0.20.30.4 0.50.60.9

0.05 0.0

5.96.4

Cost of phytosanitary certificate Cost of phytosanitary import clearance

% in

com

e pe

r cap

ita



channels for reaching an intended state of

-

-

training subsidies and preferential access to

-

Legislation on farmers’ groups or organizations is available in most pilot countries

-

-

and Sub-Saharan Africa.22

linkage point between producers and agribusi-

-

lowering transaction costs.

Morocco to 10 hectares in Ethiopia. The dif-

-

-

-


-

regulates and registers these groups.

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial results of a -

-

1. Further research will be conducted

-

-cepted and science-based health ob-

-

2. -

---

3.

-

run and accessible. In the 10 pilot coun-

--

-

-

-


Notes

7 Wiggins and Keats 2013.8 World Bank 2012a.

13 Jaffee and Henson 2004.

22 IFAD 2014.

83CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION | 2015

Contracting agricultural productionThe town of Melka Awash is located in Ethiopia’s Oromia region, on the banks of the Awash River about 50 km south of Addis Ababa. Since 2005, the Melka Awash farmers have been organized in a cooperative union that now has more than 30,000 members who produce wheat, malt barley, teff and chickpea on individual plots averaging 2 to 3 hectares. In 2012, British beer producer Diageo plc acquired Ethiopia-based Meta Abo Breweries and decided to source its raw materials locally. Diageo-Meta signed pro-duction contracts with members of the Melka Awash Cooperative Union to procure 1,000 metric tons of malt barley. Using the seeds and fertilizers provided by Diageo-Meta, the farmers of Melka Awash now have a secure output for their malt barley production, and the brewer can count on a reliable supply of raw materials.

Guiding Principles for Responsible Contract Farming Operations

-

which establishes conditions for the production 1

-

2 In

countries.3

-

-tent supplies at a reasonable price and desired

the contracting parties and are a cornerstone of 4

-

other infrastructure needed to reach urban


-

-

obligations.

-

7

-

8

-

-

What the contracting agricultural production data focus on

The contracting agricultural production data -

1. Regulatory framework for contract farming.

-

whether or not there is ad hoc legislation

2. These data -

-

of products. The data differentiate be--

3. Procedural requirements for contract farming. These data show whether the


laws and regulations establish registra--

tracting parties or for the contract itself.

4. Dispute resolution mechanisms. These data establish whether there is a spe-

-

proceedings.


-

-

Ad hoc contract farming laws are found in only 2 countries—Morocco and Spain

Countries tend to take 2 different approaches -

the legislation was drafted. Ad hoc laws sug-

obligations signals a perception that broader

-

in these countries. Morocco has a new law on

a contract.10 The Law of 2012 is a pillar of the Plan Maroc Vert (Green Morocco Plan)

parties and one aggregator for the produc-

11 In

-

12 On the

contracts in 200013 -

FIGURE 9.1:

Countries without a law oncontract farming

Countries with a law oncontract farming

Ethiopia Guatemala

Philippines Rwanda

Mozambique Nepal

Uganda Ukraine

Morocco Spain 2

8



2013.14

production contracts. The Law of 2000 focuses

and production contracts in a designated sector.

standard contracts.

-

-

-

engaging in contractual relationships. In 4

the Contracts Act of 2010 are the principal

and the Contract Act.

-

In other

-

for the production of crops.

Different regulatory solutions exist for specifying product quality, price determination, payment and delivery in contracts

parties or third parties outside the contract.

-

-


-

-

TABLE 9.1:

Country

Default or mandatory rule exists for

the product’s Price determination Payment time

Payment place Delivery date

Delivery location

Ethiopia

Guatemala

Morocco

Nepal

Philippines

Rwanda

Spain

Uganda

Ukraine



of Goods Act.

-

place where the goods were located when

Few countries require contract registration

-tract or the parties to a contract create addition-al procedures along with associated costs and

-

-tractors to register with the Regional Directorate

entering into agricultural production contracts. -

dard contracts. Once a standard contract is

contracts can be registered with the registrar of

contract farming dispute mechanisms

-

-

can also guarantee balanced representation -

or restore the business relationship.

-

-

-bitration or court proceedings can take place.

-


the General Directorate of Nutrition with the

contract for the larger sector.17

-

-

Next steps

This chapter presented the initial results of a pilot

BOX 9.1: Approval of a standard contract in Spain

-a

b -

c

d

e

f

Source:


1. --

-

-

production contract.

2.

-

-ods. While 2 case scenarios were test-

and additional case scenarios will help

BOX 9.2: Mandatory mediation in Morocco

-

a

b

c

d

Source:

b. Ibid.c. Ibid.


Notes

2 Setboonsarng 2008.

4 Eaton and Shepherd 2001.

7 Ibid.8 Ibid.

aggregation.

agri-food contracts.

93ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS | 2015

Electrifying rural areasTesfaye, a maize producer living in a small village near the southern Ethiopian town of Finchawa, still remembers the days before his farmhouse was con-nected to the national electricity grid. Every year during harvest time, the maize had to be handled very quickly, requiring cleaning, drying, shelling and grinding by hand, using traditional techniques. The price for maize was extremely low during that time due to farmers’ cash needs and risks associated with pest infestation and other storage losses. The new elec-tricity connection allows Tesfaye to process the maize quickly after drying, thanks to a new electric-motor-driven maize milling machine that he and the other farmers of their organization recently purchased. The milling ma-chine is an easy way to preserve the maize and transform the perishable commodity into a product that can be transported long distances, stored and sold later at the market.

-

need to be processed within a few hours of

--

-

-ing industries in Sub-Saharan Africa to those in


1

What electrifying rural areas data focus on

the share of population that has access to


The choice of data published in this report is

-

-

-

-

Access to electricity

-

-

2

-

Electricity affordability


FIGURE 10.1:

Ethiopia

Guate

mala

Philip

pines

Moro

cco

Nepal

Spain

Uganda

Moza

mbique

Ukraine

Perc

ent o

f rur

al e

lect

rific

atio

n

0

20

40

60

5 711

52

69 72

97 99.8 99.9

80

100

Source: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.Note: Rwanda is excluded as no data could be obtained.

3

-

power plants based on fossil fuel.

-

across countries. A possible data point that

Doing Business

4 It

Off-grid electricity systems


extending the national grid into all corners of -

-

-

stantial proportion of the new connections.

-

-

independent power producers to generate

Next steps

This chapter presented initial pilot results on

World Bank7 8 was

-search will be undertaken to focus the scope of

and costs.


Notes

3 World Bank 2014a.4 World Bank 2013a.

7 World Bank 2014b.

99

Connecting farmers to information

-

Question Response

Question Response

I will be planting cassava. Is there a recommended amount of fertilizer for both dry and wet seasons regardless if I conducted soil analysis?

We recommend NPK (12:24:12) application at the rate of 336 kg/ha 6 weeks after planting, followed by 16:8:24 16 weeks after planting.

Please send me information about rice seed variety NSIC RC 222. Thanks

NSIC Rc222 (also known as Tubigan 18) has an average yield of 6.1 t/ha and the maximum yield is 10 t/ha., 114 days maturity. Height is 101 cm. Intermediate to blast, bacterial leaf blight and tungro. Moderately resistant to brown plant hopper and green leafhoppers.

I have 50 kilograms of tomatoes that I would like to sell at the market in Jinja. My farm is near Bukoyo. Can somebody pick up my produce? What is the current market price of tomatoes?

We have a truck with capacity for your produce passing by your village this Friday. We will connect you with the trucker to arrange for a meeting point. The kilo price for tomatoes in Kampala is 2,836 Ugandan Shillings this week.

Question Response

CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015


one another.1

--

chains.2

3

-

-

-es.4

to recharge phones.

What the ICT data focus on

-

ICT is an -

-

and at what price.

-

1. Number of mobile cellular subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

2. Number of active mobile broadband subscriptions per 100 inhabitants. These

broadband subscriptions and dedicat-

the public Internet.

101CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION | 2015

3. Market structure of the telecommuni-cations subsector in the 10 pilot coun-tries.

-

-

countries.

4. Public sector role to support the devel-opment of ICT infrastructure. These data

-

Existing ICT-enabled market information and e-extension7 services. These data

-


-

-

--

reduction strategies.

-

30-second or per-second basis.

Another lesson learned is that penetration rate

-

Mobile cellular subscriptions versus country population

8

-scription. Where there is a large gap between

-

10


Bank11

the pilot countries.

Highly variable mobile broadband subscriptions

Mobile broadband access can be an attrac-

the percentage of the population within reach

12

None of the pilot countries collect data on

FIGURE 11.1: Number of mobile cellular subscriptions exceeds country population in half the pilot countries

Ethiopia

Guate

mala

Philip

pines

Moro

cco

Nepal

Spain

Rwand

a

Uganda

Moza

mbique

Ukraine

Mob

ile c

ellu

lar s

ubsc

riptio

ns p

er

100

inha

bita

nts

0

80

60

40

20

100

120

137.8130.3

119.9108.4 106.5

59.649.7 45

36.222.3

140

160


countries.


FIGURE 11.2: Mobile broadband usage rates across pilot countriesEth

iopia

Guate

mala

Philip

pines

Moro

cco

Rwand

a

Spain

Uganda

Moza

mbique

Ukraine

0

20

10

30

40

53.4

10.17.6 5.5 4.5 3.8 3.3 1.8 0.4

50

60

Mob

ile c

ellu

lar s

ubsc

riptio

ns p

er

100

inha

bita

nts


-

Telecommunications sector liberalization

-

13

-

-

Public sector’s role

-

-

in rural areas.

-


--

nications infrastructure in those areas where

ICT-enabled market information and e-extension services

-

14

-

are used to support

Next steps

be considered.

The topic could continue to be an in-

---

--

tinue to expand cooperation and ex-


TABLE 11.1: ICT-enabled market information and e-extension services in the 10 pilot countries

CountryName of Service/

Product Description/Summary

Ethiopia Ethiopia

rural areas. The producers are able to see the price difference between different

production.

Guatemala Distance Diagnostics through Digital

Morocco ASAAR

(and several other African countries)

Esoko

De Mercados Agrícolas De

(SIMA)

Philippines b2bpricenow

Philippines International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)

Philippines Agriculture Training Institute

(Continued next page)


as a cross-cutting topic into other pro-

-

-

CountryName of Service/

Product Description/Summary

Uganda Application

Uganda

Uganda Foodnet and

local target area.

Uganda Google Trader

Uganda Infotrade

Rwanda Agricultural

Centre (CICA)

Rwanda, Uganda (and several other African countries)

East Africa

Sources: Enabling the Business of Agriculture database.


Notes

1 World Bank 2011b.2 Shenggen et al. 2013.

worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2012/07/17/

planets-population. 4 ICT4Ag 2014.

11 World Bank 2014b.

13 Ibid. 14 Karugu 2010.

109REFERENCES | 2015

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“Regulating New Banking Models that

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Working Group on Linkages and Value

Bonn.

Secured Transactions in the MENA

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Finance & Development

Institutional Foundations of Impersonal Exchange. Theory and Policy of Contractual Registries.

The MicroFinance Network Occasional

Journal of Public Policy

TS041.04-2010.


Journal of Development Economics

Agricultural Finance: Getting the Policies Right.

DC. http://www.ifad.org/pub/land/

Food Policy.

Hague.

RossiDoriaWDR.pdf.

The Mystery of Capital. New York: Basic Books.

Land Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction

and M. Stickler. 2011. “Rising Global

siteresources.worldbank.org/DEC/Resources/Rising-Global-Interest-in-

The Land Governance Assessment Framework. Identifying and Monitoring Good Practice in the Land Sector.


The Review of Economics and Statistics

Ag Banking 1 (1): 10.

East African Trade and Transport

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www.eac.int/infrastructure/index.

Contribution of Working Group II to

European Bank for Reconstruction and

How to Feed the World by 2050.

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The State of Food and Agriculture 2012: Investing in Agriculture for a Better Future.

Statistical Yearbook 2013: World Food and Agriculture.

Enabling Environments for Agribusiness and Agro-industries Development: Regional and Country Perspectives.

Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure of Land, Fisheries, and Forests in the context of National Food Security.


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Feed the Future. 2012. “Cooperation

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JICA (Japan International Cooperation

The East African Trade and Transport

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Finance & Development,

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---

--

Relationship between Loan

Financial Industry Perspectives,

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Assets: Does their Introduction Spur

Handbook of Law and Economics,


Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. New


and Regulations in Eastern and Central

paper prepared the International

June 8.

Constraints to Agricultural Trade of

-

-tion.pdf.



Theory and Law. Free Will and Land Registry Controls,Valencia: Tirant lo Blanch.

of Road Freight Transport in Central

Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action

-

One Billion Rising: Law, Land and the Alleviation of Global Poverty. The Netherlands: Lieden

In Uniform Law Review

Adriano. 2012. “The Quiet Revolution in Staple Food Value Chains in Asia: Enter the Dragon, the Elephant, and the Tiger

http://www.rightsandresources.org/wp-content/uploads/2013-Annual-

Private Sector Development Viewpoint, No. 307. World


Welfare State Structures: The Case

Stifel and Minten. 2007. “Isolation and Agricultural

Economics

www.se4all.org/.

Bold. 2013. “The Market for (Fake)

DC.

Risks of Insecure Land Tenure.

The New Times. 2012. “KCB Rwanda

World Development 31.12

NRI Bulletin

-


pdf.


International Land Coalition. http://www.landcoalition.org/en/publica-

-

World Development Report 2008: Agriculture for Development.

World Development Report 2009: Reshaping Economic Geography.

Trade and Transport Facilitation Assessment: A Practical Toolkit for Country Implementation. DC: World Bank.

doingbusiness.org/reports/global-re-

English/DB12-Chapters/Registering-

ICT in Agriculture - Connecting Smallholders to Knowledge, Networks, and Institutions, eSourcebook,

www.ictinagriculture.org/ictinag/content/ict-agriculture-sourcebook.

Africa Can Help Feed Africa - Removing Barriers to Regional Trade in Food Staples. Bank.

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Agribusiness Indicators: Washington DC: World Bank.


Agro-Logistics in Central America: A Supply Chain Approach.

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doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/

doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics/

-business.org/data/exploretopics/enforcing-contracts.

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Growing Africa: Unlocking the Potential of Agribusiness. DC: World Bank.

Long-run Effects of MFIs on Informal Credit Market in Bangladesh.

World Development Indicators

Enabling Trade Valuing Growth Opportunities.

Massachusetts.

and S. Esselaar. 2012. “Mobile Applications for Agriculture and Rural

121DATA NOTES | 2015

Data notesEnabling the Business of Agriculture

selling agricultural goods. Three other topics

-

Registering agricultural land explores

constraints in the regulation of a set of -

agricultural enterprises and households.

Strengthening seed systems seeks to

Improving fertilizer supply-

-

Transporting agricultural goods identi-

--

Selling agricultural goodspolicies and regulations that can facil-

Contracting agricultural production in-

-keting contracts.

Electrifying rural areasshare of population that has access to

Connecting farmers to information focus--

measurements

indicators in the future.


-

-

-

countries.

Registering agricultural land

-

1.

2.

3.

4.

-

-

-

process

different scenarios are explored in which a


the registration of rights to a plot of land for which there has been no prior registration of land rights.

Assumptions about the applicant

The applicant:

Scenario 1:

Has been in possession of a plot of agricultural land.

Has used the plot without interruption

Scenario 2:

Seeks to obtain the right to use a plot of agricultural land that belongs to the public sector.

Scenario 3:

Assumptions about the property

capita.

Is 1 hectare of agricultural land.

agricultural production regions.

Type of registration process

registrations of land rights. Judicial registration

the land registration process is initiated in a

Procedures

-

Time

Cost

-


Customary rights

Freehold for life with the right to pass it on through inher-

Indefeasibility is a characteristic that registra-

-

Leaseowner of a plot of land cedes the right to use

Short-term lease

Medium-term lease

Long-term lease

is a characteristic that registration

1.

2.

3. Warehouse receipt operation and

4. General prudential regulation and

institutions.

-

as well as with third parties. The data were also -

that the legislation lacks certain features or -


on nontraditional collateral are based on “in Doing Business

Branchless banking

a percentage of its risk-weighted asset. Where

Electronic signature-

Nontraditional collateral is a pledge that is not

collateral.

Provisioning rules

loans in their portfolios. The share of a loan that

Prudential regulations -

-

Security interest -

certain preferential rights in the disposition of secured assets.

Warehouse receipts

or both.

Strengthening seed systems

1.

2.

3.

4.

International and regional seed trade.

--

-

also consulted. Questionnaires are tailored to


regulations to the extent that these were ob-

online searches. In addition to the initial con-

technical contributions on data selection and

Evaluation and registration of new varieties

Assumptions for evaluation and registration of new varieties

Seed quality control

The seed:

foundation seed.

Procedures

and technical experts. All procedures that are -

business functions are counted.

Cost

-

Basic/foundation seed has been produced -

-

Breeder/pre-basic seedthe originating or sponsor plant breeding insti-

Distinctiveness, Uniformity and Stability (DUS) testing -

Distinctness

distinguishable in at least one character


registration.

Uniformity

Stability

-ance process during which seed intended for

-

UPOV

-

in participating in the sessions of the Council.

Value for Cultivation and Use (UPOV) -

Variety (UPOV) is a plant grouping within a sin-

can be:

Considered as a unit with regard to

unchanged.

Variety catalog

Variety release committee

be registered and should be introduced on the

Improving fertilizer supply

1.

2.


3.

4.

7.

-

of agriculture) and agricultural input dealer

contribute to the topic area. Questionnaires -

researchers.

Assumptions about the business

The business:

Does not operate in an export

Assumptions about the imported fertilizer

trucks.

Procedures

--

not counted as procedures.

Time

--

Cost

-

-

Blendproducts.

Fertilizer form-


Fertilizer product-

that is used for its plant nutrient content.

Fertilizer types are as follows:

essential in plant nutrition.

handling.

Transporting agricultural goods

1.

2.

3. Axle-load regulation.

4. Mutual recognition of standards and

-

-


The business:

Operates in the largest town in the

operations.

or registration to transport such products.

pesticides.


goods across the border into the

closest agricultural trading partner.

Procedures

-

Time

Cost

Transport rights granted to foreign trucking companies

Backhauling rightsA is able to transport agricultural goods into

Cabotage rights

Transit rights

Triangular rights

Transport/import rights: A truck registered in

Freight allocation

Intermediary system (“bourse de fret”) allows

-

Queuing system (“tour de rôle”)

-ed with a transport association. Each carrier

Axle-load regulation

Axle is a central shaft for a rotating wheel or

surroundings.


Axle-load

Gross vehicle mass

-

Selling agricultural goods

1. Cross-border agricultural exports.

2.

3.

4.

-

retailers of agricultural products.


The business:

Has obtained exporter accreditation or

agriculture.

Does not operate in a special export

Assumptions about the traded goods

The traded agricultural goods:

traded staple cereal/horticultural product.

Are traded with the largest neighboring agricultural trading partner.

Are transported as a 20-foot container if there is no land border with the regional trading partner.

Procedures

-


letter of credit is not recorded.

Time

-pleted. If a procedure can be accelerated

-

Cost

-

1

issued for exported or re-exported consign-

Phytosanitary import permit --

SPS measure

--

-

spread of pests.1

Contracting agricultural productionFour data sets were designed as follows:

1.

2.

3.

4.

-

-

with respondents as well as with third parties. The

of certain features in the legislation and the existence of default contractual rules estab-

-

-


Electrifying rural areas

share of population that has access to electric-

-

Connecting farmers information

1. per 100 inhabitants.

2. subscriptions per 100 inhabitants.

--

--

-

Country characteristicsGross national income per capita

Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015World Development Indicators 2014

Exchange rate

World Development Indicators 2014


Note

135PILOT DATA TABLES | 2015

Pilot data tables


Ethiopia Guatemala Morocco Nepal

REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND

First-time registrations of private land for individuals

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors Yes Yes Yes No No

of the applicant and can affected parties

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Judicial

12 10 10

208 341

0.2 2.1

First-time registrations of leases of public land for individuals

applications of state-owned land for Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

place to process applications for leases of Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Is an application for public land registration Yes Yes Yes No No

Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors and other interested parties on an

Yes No No No


Yes Yes Yes Yes

First-time registrations of land for communities

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

No Yes Yes Yes n.a.

Yes Yes No Yes n.a.

Is an application for registration of land for No Yes n.a. Yes n.a.

Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors No Yes No No n.a.

n.a. = not applicable; — = not available; (m) = mandatory. For more details, see the Data notes. (continued on page 138)


Philippines Rwanda Spain Uganda Ukraine

REGISTERING AGRICULTURAL LAND

First-time registrations of private land for individuals

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors Yes Yes Yes Yes No


Yes Yes Yes No No

Judicial Judicial

12 12 7

48 180

0.7 0.4 0.1 1.7 0.1

First-time registrations of leases of public land for individuals

applications of state-owned land for Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

place to process applications for leases of Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Is an application for public land registration Yes Yes Yes No No

Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors and other interested parties on an

No Yes No No No


No Yes Yes No No

First-time registrations of land for communities

Yes No Yes Yes No

Yes n.a. Yes Yes n.a.

Yes n.a. Yes Yes n.a.

Is an application for registration of land for Yes n.a. Yes Yes n.a.

Is a public hearing held to consult neighbors Yes n.a. Yes No n.a.




No Yes Yes Yes n.a.

Land registry and registered land rights

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

water.

No Yes

water.

No

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No No No Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No No No No

No Yes Yes No Yes

ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES

Branchless banking

Both Banks None None Banks

No No n.a. n.a. No

Yes No n.a. n.a. No

Yes Yes n.a. n.a. Yes





Yes No n.a. n.a. No

No No n.a. n.a. No

Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a.

Yes Yes No No Yes


Nontraditional collateral

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes




Yes n.a. Yes No n.a.

Land registry and registered land rights

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes

water.

Yes Yes

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes No Yes No

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes No Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

ACCESSING FINANCIAL SERVICES

Branchless banking

Banks Both Banks None Both

No Yes No n.a. No

No Yes No n.a. No

No Yes Yes n.a. No

No Yes Yes n.a. No

No Yes Yes n.a. No

No Yes Yes n.a. Yes

No Yes Yes n.a. No

No No Yes n.a. No

No No Yes n.a. No

No No No n.a. Yes

Yes Yes No Yes No

Yes Yes n.a. Yes n.a.

Nontraditional collateral

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes




Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes No No Yes

No Yes Yes No Yes

No Yes Yes No Yes

No No No No Yes

Warehouse receipts

Yes Yes No No No

Must warehouse operators obtain a Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a.

Must the warehouse operators insure their Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a.

Both n.a. n.a. n.a.




No No n.a. n.a. n.a.

Yes No n.a. n.a. n.a.

Prudential regulation

direct a certain share of their lending to the No No No No Yes

Yes No No Yes Yes

none none 4.2

12 n.a. n.a. 8 8

Yes Yes Yes No No

STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS

Regulatory framework for seed

Yes No Yes No Yes

Yes No Yes No No

None None None




Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes No No Yes

No Yes Yes No Yes

No Yes No Yes Yes

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Warehouse receipts

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Must warehouse operators obtain a No No n.a. Yes Yes

Must the warehouse operators insure their No No n.a. Yes Yes

Both n.a. Both

Yes Yes n.a. Yes Yes

Yes Yes n.a. Yes Yes

No No n.a. No Yes

No No n.a. No No

No No n.a. Yes Yes

Prudential regulation

direct a certain share of their lending to the Yes No No No No

No Yes n.a. Yes Yes

none 3737 n.a.

n.a. n.a. 20

n.a. Yes n.a. No Yes

STRENGTHENING SEED SYSTEMS

Regulatory framework for seed

No Yes No No No

Yes No Yes No Yes

None




Does the current seed regulation allow No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

No Yes No No No

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

11a 4b 7

none none 3 2

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Procedures and cost for evaluation and registration of new varieties

8

no costc 2.0 no cost

Availability of initial seed classes

breeder/pre-basic seed of local public Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

foundation/ basic seed of local public Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No Yes Yes No

7 4

No No No Yes

International and regional seed trade

COMESA seed Central

Technical Regulations

SADC Technical

Seed

none

none none OECD none ISTA

IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY

Domestic production and blending of fertilizer

No No Yes No No

No Yes Yes Yes No

Regulatory framework for fertilizer

Yes No No Yes Yes

Yes Yes No Yes Yes




Does the current seed regulation allow Yes No Yes Yes No

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No No No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

10 7

3 4 10 3

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Procedures and cost for evaluation and registration of new varieties

n.a. 7

n.a. 28.0

Availability of initial seed classes

breeder/pre-basic seed of local public Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

foundation/ basic seed of local public Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes No Yes Yes

4

No No No No No

International and regional seed trade

none COMESA seed

seed and plant propagating

COMESA seed none

ISTA none OECD and ISTA OECD and ISTA OECD and ISTA

IMPROVING FERTILIZER SUPPLY

Domestic production and blending of fertilizer

Yes No Yes No Yes

Yes No Yes No Yes

Regulatory framework for fertilizer

Yes No No No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes




No

No Yes No No No

Registration of fertilizer

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

2 4 n.a. n.a. 3

120 n.a. n.a.

323.3 n.a. n.a. 4710.0

No Yes n.a. Yes Yes

n.a. 10 n.a. 3

Yes Yes No No No

No Yes No No No

n.a. No n.a. n.a. n.a.

Importing of fertilizer

Yes Yes Yes No Yes

Yese Yes Yes Yes Yes

N.Af 8 8 4

40

Subsidies, taxes and tariffs on fertilizer

No Yes Yes No Yes

No Yes Yes No No

Quality control of fertilizer

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

the results or effects that can be expected Yes No No

Fertilizer use and soil health

Yes Yes Yes Yes

23 40 24

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes




Multiple laws

No No Yes No No

Registration of fertilizer

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

3 2 1 7

202.1 no cost

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

3 3 10d 3 10

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

No No Yes No No

n.a. n.a. Yes n.a. n.a.

Importing of fertilizer

No Yes No Yes No

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

4 4 4 7

43 13 37

Subsidies, taxes and tariffs on fertilizer

Yes Yes No No No

Yes No Yes No Yes

Quality control of fertilizer

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

the results or effects that can be expected Yes Yes Yes No No

Fertilizer use and soil health

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

131 2 78

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes




TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS

transport agricultural products in the

2 1 1 2 2

2 30 18 20 2

11.1 0.7 no cost 44.7 48.8

No Yes No No No

Does a single license allow operation of Yes No Yes No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Yes Yes No No No

Yes Yes Yes No No

registered with trucking associations to No No No No No

Pricing and freight allocation

Yes No Yes No Yes

Do transport associations regulate or No Yes No No No

tour de rôle) used to allocate agricultural

No No No No No

bourse de fret) used to allocate No No No No No


Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Are there restrictions to truck circulation (for No Yes No No Yes

Mutual recognition of standards and foreign trucking competition (Assumption: foreign trucking company is registered in the largest neighboring trading partner)

Is there an international or bilateral

agricultural trading partner granting

Yes Yes No No No




TRANSPORTING AGRICULTURAL GOODS

transport agricultural products in the State concession

or franchiseNo license

8 1 1 1 n.a.

270 2 2 3 n.a.

1.4 0.2 n.a.

No Yes No Yes n.a.

Does a single license allow operation of Yes Yes Yes No n.a.

Yes Yes Yes Yes n.a.

Yes Yes Yes No n.a.

No No No Yes n.a.

No No Yes No n.a.

registered with trucking associations to No No No No No

Pricing and freight allocation

No No No No No

Do transport associations regulate or Yes No No No No

tour de rôle) used to allocate agricultural

No No No No No

bourse de fret) used to allocate No No No No No


Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Are there restrictions to truck circulation (for Yes Yes Yes No Yes

Mutual recognition of standards and foreign trucking competition (Assumption: foreign trucking company is registered in the largest neighboring trading partner)

Is there an international or bilateral

agricultural trading partner granting

No Yes Yes Yes No




Yes Yes Yes No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes Yes No No

No Yes Yes Yes No

transport goods between 2 points within the No No No No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS

Largest neighboring agricultural trading partner

Spain South Africa India

Cross-border agricultural exports

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

0 0 0 0 1

3 2 3 3 4

No No

Yes No No Yes No

Yes No Yes No No

SPS regulation of agricultural trade

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

0.4 0.2 h 0.2

1 2 3 2 3

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

0.2 i 0.3




No Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

transport goods between 2 points within the No No Yes No Yes

No No Yes Yes No

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

SELLING AGRICULTURAL GOODS

Largest neighboring agricultural trading partner

Indonesia France Russian Federation

Cross-border agricultural exports

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

0 1 0 0 2

3 4 0 3

n.a.g

Yes No n.a.g Yes No

Yes No n.a.g No No

SPS regulation of agricultural trade

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

0.1 n.a.g 0.1 0.1

3 2 n.a.g 1 1

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

0.2 no cost n.a.g 0.1 0.2




1 1 2 2

Both Both Both

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

labeling or packaging of processed Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Government promotion of agricultural marketing

No Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Collective action to supply markets

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Regulatory framework for contract farming

Is there an ad hoc legislation regulating No No Yes No No

No No n.a. No Yes

Contract LawContract Law

Yes Yes No Yes

Yes No No Yes No

Yes No No Yes No

No No No No No

No Yes No No No

Yes Yes No Yes No

costsNo No No No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

No No No No

No No No No

Yes Yes No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No Yes No No

Who is responsible for transport Yes Yes No No




4 3 n.a.g 1 4

Both None Both Both

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes No Yes Yes Yes

labeling or packaging of processed Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Government promotion of agricultural marketing

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Collective action to supply markets

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

CONTRACTING AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION

Regulatory framework for contract farming

Is there an ad hoc legislation regulating No No Yes No No

No No n.a. No No

Contract Law Sale of Goods Act

Yes No

No No No No Yes

No No No No Yes

No No No No No

No No No No No

Yes No No Yes Yes

costsNo No No No No

No Yes Yes No Yes

No No No

No No No No No

Yes No Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes

No No Yes No Yes

Who is responsible for transport No Yes Yes No No




Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes No

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Yes Yes Yes No Yes

Contract duration No No No No

No Yes No No No

No No Yes No No

No No Yes No No

Must the contract be registered with a No No Yes No No

Dispute resolution mechanisms

No No Yes No No

No No Yes No No

ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS


What is the share of population that 23.3 20.2

What is the share of population that 11.0 72.0

CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION

Access to ICT services

22.3 137.8

subscriptions are there (per 100 0.4 10.1 1.8

Note:

World

Development Indicators 2014



Yes Yes No Yes Yes

Yes Yes

Yes Yes No Yes

Yes Yes No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

No Yes No No Yes

Contract duration No No No

Yes Yes Yes Yes No

No No No No No

No No No No No

Must the contract be registered with a No No No No No

Dispute resolution mechanisms

No No Yes No No

No No No No No

ELECTRIFYING RURAL AREAS


What is the share of population that 70.2

What is the share of population that 7.0

CONNECTING FARMERS TO INFORMATION

Access to ICT services

108.4 130.3

subscriptions are there (per 100 3.8 3.3

155ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 2015

AcknowledgmentsThe Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015 report would not be possible without the exper-

-

-

note that the data published in the report and

-

The Enabling the Business of Agriculture

this report possible: the Bill and Melinda Gates

Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015

-

-

grateful to Lawrence Clarke and Niels Morel for

grateful to the local consultants who supported


-

Mark Cackler and Melissa Johns.


The Enabling the Business of Agriculture 2015 -


Inc. designed the report and the graphs.

are listed in the pages that follow.

157ACKNOWLEDGMENTS | 2015

ETHIOPIAMelaku AdmasuPIONEER HI-BRED ETHIOPIA

AGRICULTURAL INPUT SUPPLY ENTERPRISE

AGRICULTURAL TRANSFORMATION AGENCY

Abenet AlemuETHIOPIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND SECTORAL ASSOCIATION

Fikadu AsfawFIKADU ASFAW AND ASSOCIATES LAW OFFICE

Amasalu AyanaINTEGRATED SEED SECTOR DEVELOPMENT

Abenet BekeleETHIOPIA COMMODITY EXCHANGE

Wubshet Berhanu SELF HELP AFRICA

Gebru Bonger EDEN FIELD AGRI-SEED ENTERPRISE

Messele Hagos

Beko Mohammed HassenaINTEGRATED SEED SECTOR DEVELOPMENT

Getahun HaileEDEN FIELD AGRI-SEED ENTERPRISE

Adenew HirpoMELKA AWASH COOPERATIVES

Melaku JuharETHIOPIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND SECTORAL ASSOCIATION

Dawit MelakuZEREYED GROUP TRANSIT AND FORWARDING PLC

Wondimagegnehu Negera COOPERATIVE BANK OF OROMIA

NOBLE AND TRUSTWORTHY PLC

Chris OjiewoINTERNATIONAL CROPS RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR SEMI-ARID TROPICS

Tamiru SemunegusETHIOPIAN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE AND SECTORAL ASSOCIATION

Getachew ShimelsGAWT

Azage TegegneINTERNATIONAL LIVESTOCK RESEARCH INSTITUTE

GUATEMALARodolfo Alegria ToruñoCARRILLO Y ASOCIADOS

ASOCIACIÓN GREMIO QUÍMICO

Marta BaraboraASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ)

Carla CaballerosCÁMARA DEL AGRO

Marco Antonio Colindres CacerosALL LOGISTICS S.A. GUATEMALA

Julio David CastellanosFUNDEA

Ana Beatriz ClaveríaDUWEST GUATEMALA, S. A.

Alejandro Cofiño4ABOGADOS

Anabella de LeónREGISTRO GENERAL DE LA PROPIEDAD

Hector FajardoCAMARA DE TRANSPORTISTAS CENTROAMERICANOS (CATRANSCA)

María Fernanda MAYORA & MAYORA, S. C.

Manuel GaetanSYNGENTA

Giovanni GarciaATA SERVICIOS INTEGRADOS

Christian Josué Girón CarretoDOINGTRADE GUATEMALA

ASSOCIATION MAROCAINE DES MULTIPLICATEURS DE SEMENCES (AMMS)

ASSOCIATION MAROCAINE DES SEMENCES ET PLANTS

Romain BerthonLEFÈVRE PELLETIER & ASSOCIÉS

Al Faiz ChaoukiINSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE AGRICOLE (INRA)

Lhassan CharifiBANQUE POPULAIRE

Mustapha ChehharGROUPE CREDIT AGRICOLE DU MAROC

Bouchaib El HaddajFÉDÉRATION DES NEGOCIANTS EN CEREALS ET LEGUMES

Ahmed El KhabaziaCOOPÉRATIVE KHEMISSET CHAOUIA POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE

Mustapha El KhayatASSOCIATION MAROCAINE DE LA LOGISTQUE

Mostapha FarissCOOPÉRATIVE KHEMISSET CHAOUIA POUR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE

Kaoutar GuessousWORLDWIDE LOGISTIC SERVICES (W.L.S)

Soufi HichamZIEGLER MAROC

Abdelilah HifdiTRANSPORT FEDERATION OF THE GENERAL CONFEDERATION OF EMPLOYERS IN MOROCCO (FT CGEM)

INSTITUT AGRONOMIQUE ET VÉTÉRINAIRE HASSAN II

Amine KandilCHARAF CORPORATION

Abdelkrim MadihBANQUE POPULAIRE

Rachid MrabetINSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE AGRICOLE (INRA)

Mohammed NebrafCENTRE DE TRAVAUX AGRICOLE DE BERCHID

Bouchra OuhamaneBANQUE POPULAIRE

Abdelali RegagTAMWIL EL FELLAH

Mohamed SabikSOCIÉTÉ NATIONALE DE COMMERCIALISATION DES SEMENCES (SONACOS)

Mohamed SaïdiCONFÉDÉRATION MAROCAINE DE L’AGRICULTURE ET DU DÉVELOPPEMENT RURAL (COMADER)

Seddik SaïdiINSTITUT NATIONAL DE RECHERCHE AGRICOLE (INRA)

SOCIÉTÉ NATIONALE DES TRANSPORTS ET DE LA LOGISTIQUE (SNTL)

Robert ParkinsonYARA

MOZAMBIQUEAFRICAN FERTILIZER AND AGRIBUSINESS PARTNERSHIP (AFAP)

Charles F. Gama AfonsoC. F. GAMA AFONSO, DESPACHANTE OFICIAL, LIMITADA

AGRA

AGRIFOCUS

AJ TRANSPORTES

BANCO TERRA

BCI

BIOCHEM

Rita Casimiro

A. Carvalho Neves

GREMIAGRO

Carlos HerreraGENESIS EMPRESARIAL

Manfred HillerSYNGENTA

INSTITUTO INTER-AMERICANO DE COOPERACIÓN PARA LA AGRICULTURA (IICA)

Julio Artemio Juárez MoránASOCIACIÓN DE TRANSPORTISTAS INTERNACTIONALES (ATI)

Clark McDonaldFRUTESA

Eddie MendozaFASAGUA

Christian MichelangeliCARRILLO Y ASOCIADOS

Ceslo MolinaBANRURAL

Luis MoralesBANRURAL

Baltasar MoscosoFOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO)

Sofia MuñozASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ)

Carlos NatarenoOIKO CREDIT GUATEMALA

Verónica María Orantes Orellana4ABOGADOS

Raul Antonio Palma CruzATA SERVICIOS INTEGRADOS

José Maria Perdomo FajardoASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ)

Claudia PereiraMAYORA & MAYORA, S. C.

Mélida PinedaCARRILLO Y ASOCIADOS

Ana Gabriela Platero MidenceARIAS & MUÑOZ

Gloria Elena PolencoFRUTESA

Emerio PortilloASOCIACIÓN DE PRODUCTORES AGROPECUARIOS DE ESTANZUELA (ASOPRAE)

Jose A. Ramirez Maradiaga

Ricardo Santa Cruz RubiAGEXPORT

Dora SagastumeASOCIACIÓN DE MUJERES OLOPENSES (AMO)

Alfredo Salguerro VargasASOCIACIÓN DESAROLLO INTEGRAL DE LA PARTE ALTA DE ZACAPA (ADIPAZ)

Edwin Sanchez Mendez FUNDEA

Aura SonDUWEST GUATEMALA, S. A

Armando SotoDUWEST GUATEMALA, S. A

Maria Lucia SotoCONSEJO DE USUARIOS DEL TRANSPORTE INTERNATIONAL DE GUATEMALA

Erick Tobar

René VelásquezPRODUCTORA DE SEMILLAS, S.A.

Luis VenturaSYNGENTA

YARA

MOROCCOOmar AfiriZIEGLER MAROC

Anouar AlasriSYNGENTA

CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY OF MOZAMBIQUE

DENGO COMMERCIAL

EXPORT TRADING GROUP

Antonio FagildeTECNOLOGIA & CONSULTORIA AGRO-PECUARIA.LDA (TECAP)

GAPI

Pedro GonzalezOLAM

INTERNATIONAL FERTILIZER DEVELOPMENT CENTER (IFDC)

INTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.

Bazir LozaneLOZANE FARM

Indranil MajumdarOLAM

MATANUSKA.LDA

MOÇAMBIQUE QUIMICOS E SOLOS

José MonteiroINICIATIVA PARA TERRAS COMUNITÁRIAS

MOZAMBIQUE FERTILIZER COMPANY

MOZFOODS

OMNIA

Ujjwalkanta SenapatiOLAM

Rui SantosSOLUÇÕES RURAIS

STANDARD BANK

Rafael UaieneMICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

NEPALDurga Prasad AdhikariSEED ENTREPRENEURS’ ASSOCIATION OF NEPAL (SEAN)

AGRICULTURE INPUT COMPANY LIMITED (AICL)

Pratima BurmaGANDHI AND ASSOCIATES

Nirmal DahalLAXMI BANK

FEDERATION OF NEPALESE NATIONAL TRANSPORT ENTREPRENEURS

Nikesh GhimireLAXMI BANK

Rudra Prasad GiriPALM AGRO-TECH

Pankaj JoshiSALT TRADING CORPORATION LIMITED

Kunta KarkiPALM AGRO-TECH

Prakash KuikelLEGEND CARGO COMPANY (P) LTD

Arun Lal

Jeevan PandeyNEW YORK CARGO COMPANY (P) LTD

Pratima PandeyNEPAL AGRICULTURE RESEARCH COUNCIL

Avash PanditGANDHI AND ASSOCIATES

Gandhi PanditGANDHI AND ASSOCIATES

Shikhar PanditGANDHI AND ASSOCIATES

Harihar Dev PantNIRDHAN UTTHAN BANK

Abinash Pant

Sameer Sharma

Pradeep ThapaPRIME LAW ASSOCIATES

Rajeshwor Tribedi


PHILIPPINESATLAS FERTILIZER CORPORATION

Ruperto BayucotCONFEDERATION OF TRUCKERS ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES

Pedro Jose BernardoKELVIN CHIA YANGON

Pamela CharRAMGO INTERNATIONAL CORPORATION

Arnold DoriaDORIA LAW OFFICE

Rafael ElazeguiRAYOMAR

Jhomie P. EsquibelFPJMLP CUSTOMS BROKERAGE

EXPORT DEVELOPMENT COUNCIL

FERTILIZER INDUSTRY ASSOCIATION OF THE PHILIPPINES (FIAP)

Dennis GalamDJD TRUCKING SERVICES

Jose Armando GalinatoDAMCO

Jose Antonio R. GarciaRAYOMAR

Israel GonzalesOLDREACH TRUCKING SERVICES

Rafael A. MoralesSYCIP SALAZAR HERNANDEZ & GATMAITAN

Felix C. Paraguya Jr.FPJMLP CUSTOMS BROKERAGE

Mary Ann SayocEAST-WEST SEED

Jasper Jon T. TaoDAMCO

UNIVERSAL HARVESTER, INC.

YARA

RWANDAVianney BizmanaBANQUE POPULAIRE DU RWANDA

Jean de DieuCOOPÉRATIVE TWIHANGIE

ENAS

Anthony HachezINTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.

Sekizeye John Bosco IyademaPREMIER CONSULTING GROUP LTD

Frank KarasiraFRAMEG CARGO SERVICE LTD.

Janvier MutigandaINTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.

Gerard Mutimura SakufiBANQUE POPULAIRE DU RWANDA

Geoffrey MwineGM CHAMBERS

Paula NankundaFRAMEG CARGO SERVICE LTD.

Aimable NkurangaCREDIT REFERENCE BUREAU AFRICA

ONE ACRE FUND

Gafigi Jean PaulPANNAR

Herbert RubashaFOUNTAIN LAW CHAMBERS

SEED CO

Serge MurenziINTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.

SPEDAG INTERFREIGHT

Murenzi TheodoreRWANDA LONG DISTANCE TRUCK DRIVERS UNION

TOP SERVICES LTD

Shyaka VianneyADONIA CLEARING & FORWARDING

SPAINJesús de Diego AlarcónPUBLIC CORPORATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AND COMMERCE REGISTRARS OF SPAIN

Alonso Sánchez ÁlvarezASEMTRAEX

ARPA ABOGADOS CONSULTORES

ASAJA-ALMERIA

ASOCIACIÓN COMERCIAL ESPAÑOLA DE FERTILIZANTES (ACEFER)

ASOCIACIÓN NACIONAL DE OBTENTORES VEGETALES (ANOVE)

AUTONOMOUS UNIVERSITY OF BARCELONA

BIOIBERICA

José Ortega CabelloAGROVEGETAL

CAJAMAR

CAJA RURAL

Antonio García CatónPLAZA FORWARDING SL

COORDINADORA DE ORGANIZACIONES DE AGRICULTORES Y GANADEROS

COMUNIDAD DE REGANTES TIERRAS DE ALMERIA

Olivier CrassousSEMILLAS DEL GUADALQUIVIR, S.L.

Jaime FitoSEMILLAS FITO

Fernando P. Méndez GonzálezPUBLIC CORPORATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AND COMMERCE REGISTRARS OF SPAIN

Guillermo Nevado González

Justo Gutierrez JerezASOCIACIÓN PROFESIONAL DE EMPRESAS PRODUCTORAS DE SEMILLAS SELECTAS (APROSE)

Begoña JiménezFEDERACIÓN ESPAÑOLA DE ASOCIACIONES DE PRODUCTORES EXPORTADORES DE FRUTAS, HORTALIZAS, FLORES Y PLANTAS VIVAS (FEPEX)

LA CAIXA

Lourdes Rodríguez LópezPLAZA FORWARDING SL

MAPFRE

Ignacio Solís MartelAGROVEGETAL

Antonio Costa MéndezASEMTRAEX

Ignacio Montagud

Nicolas NoguerolesPUBLIC CORPORATION OF PROPERTY RIGHTS AND COMMERCE REGISTRARS OF SPAIN

Ana Morales OcañaL&D PRODUCE SL

Oscar Lanzaco PuigROCALBA

Jose Rivera

TRACASA

VICASOL

YARA

UGANDAJabber AbdulBALTON UGANDA

Sudhir BalsureSWIFT FREIGHT INTERNATIONAL (UGANDA) LTD.

Andrew BalyejusaINTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.

Sandeepani K. BhatINTERNATIONAL MARITIME AGENCY LTD.

Ibyisintabyo ChrisUGANDA SEED TRADE ASSOCIATION

CROPLIFE UGANDA

Muduuli FredKEITH ASSOCIATES

Andrew Gita

Meg JaguayJAKANA

Claire Amanya Rukundo KakeetoCR AMANYA ADVOCATES & SOLICITORS

Brian KaggwaIMPALA LEGAL ADVOCATES AND CONSULTANTS

David Kissa KAPCHORWA COMMERCIAL FARMERS ASSOCIATION

Barnabas KiizaMAKERERE UNIVERSITY

William Kimeto K.EAST AFRICAN SEED (U) LTD.

Tony KisadhaSELF HELP AFRICA

Maliza KweraMMAKS ADVOCATES

Bosco Ochira LawinoTROPICAL TRADE INTERNATIONAL CO. LTD

Lydia LuyimaMMAKS ADVOCATES

Fiona MagonaMMAKS ADVOCATES

Richard MasagaziPEARL SEEDS LTD

Okotel MisakiSELF HELP AFRICA

Augstine MwendyaUGANDA NATIONAL FARMERS FEDERATION

Christine NangendoEAST AFRICAN SEED (U) LTD.

Issac ObongoSELF HELP AFRICA

Patrice OcungirwothHOUSING FINANCE BANK

Fred OkwareINDEPENDENT CLEARANCE AGENT

Jerome Kiracho OleleA.O. MUSINGO INV. LTD

Peter OtimodochOTIS GARDEN SEEDS

Nicolai Rodeyns NASECO.LTD

B.W. RwabwogoMUKWANO GROUP

John SsaliPRIDE MICROFINANCE LIMITED (MDI)

Seruwo SolomonBUKOOLA CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES LTD

Shankar T.D.EAST AFRICAN SEED (U) LTD.

Michael TuriyoNATIONAL LOGISTICS COMPANY LIMITED

UGANDA FORUM FOR AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY SERVICES (AFAAS)

Micahel WaithakaASSOCIATION FOR STRENGTHENING AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH IN EASTERN AND CENTRAL AFRICA

UKRAINEDmitriy AntoschenkoYUGINTERTRANS TRANSPORT FORWARDING ENTERPRISE

Alexander BorodkinVASIL KISIL & PARTNERS

Viktor BorysovCOMPANY MAIS

Vitaliy FedchukMONSANTO

Oleksiy FelivGIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL

Anastasiia FilipiukMARCHENKO DANEVYCH

Oleksandr FedorovKWS

Viacheslav GavrylianchykSYNGENTA

GRANEX

Natalia GusevaBAYER CROPSCIENCE

Svitlana GusakURKSIBANK

Oleksandr IgnatenkoURKSIBANK

Artiom KhaliavkaCREATIVE GROUP

Yaroslav KrasnopolskyiVITERA

Volodymyr LapaUKRAINIAN AGRIBUSINESS CLUB

Maksym MaksymovDNIPROPETROVSK UNION OF COOPERATIVES

Iryna MarushkoLAVRYNOVYCH & PARTNERS

Lesya MelnikCREATIVE GROUP

Mykola MelnykCOMPANY MAIS

Roman OgnevyukENGARDE LAWYERS

Maxim OleksiyukKM PARTNERS

Pavlo OliinykENGARDE LAWYERS

PRIVATBANK

Konstantin ProhorukTRANSPORTATION LOGISTICS GROUP

Julian RiesGIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL

Maxim RyabushevBAYER CROPSCIENCE

Vadym ShestakovMARCHENKO DANEVYCH

Anastasia ShytskaCREATIVE GROUP

Tatiana SmovzhSYNGENTA

Maksym SysoievMARCHENKO DANEVYCH

Viktoriya TaranKWS

Bate C. Toms

Tetyana Yaremko

Oleh ZahnitkoGIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL

Oleksandr ZakharchukINSTITUTE OF AGRARIAN ECONOMICS

Oleksandr ZhemoydaNATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF LIFE AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES OF UKRAINE

Olena ZubchenkoLAVRYNOVYCH & PARTNERS

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