ems ch13 ppt
TRANSCRIPT
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, SYDNEYUNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, SYDNEYFACULTY OF ENGINEERINGFACULTY OF ENGINEERING
48531 Electromechanical Systems48531 Electromechanical Systems
Introduction to ConventionalIntroduction to ConventionalAC and DC MachinesAC and DC Machines
Topics to cover:
1. Introduction 2. DC Machines
3. Synchronous Machines 4. Induction Machines
IntroductionIntroductionConventional rotating machines are very commonly used inindustrial drive systems. They can be energized either directly byconventional AC and DC power supplies, or by power electronicconverters/inverters, especially in varibale speed drives.
According to the operational principles and power supplies, they canbe classified as:
DC machines, -- DC power supplies;
Synchronous machines, -- speeds proportional to the supply
frequency; and
Induction machines, -- rotor emf and current are induced by
rotating magnetic field
DC MachinesDC Machines- Basic Principles: Induced emf- Basic Principles: Induced emf
Induced emf in elementary AC and DC machines
DC MachinesDC Machines- Basic Principles: Electromagnetic Torque- Basic Principles: Electromagnetic Torque
Uni-directional torque inan elementary DC machine
DC MachinesDC Machines- Structures: Electromagnet Poles- Structures: Electromagnet Poles Cut away view of
a DC Machine
DC MachinesDC Machines- Structures: Electromagnetic Poles (Cont.)- Structures: Electromagnetic Poles (Cont.)
Cross section ofa DC machine
DC MachinesDC Machines- Structures: Permanent Magnet Poles- Structures: Permanent Magnet Poles
Dis-assembled view ofa PM DC Machine
DC MachinesDC Machines- Structures: Permanent Magnet Poles (Cont.)- Structures: Permanent Magnet Poles (Cont.)
Cross section of aPM DC Machine
DC MachinesDC Machines- Structures: Permanent Magnet Poles (Cont.)- Structures: Permanent Magnet Poles (Cont.)
Dis-assembled view ofa PM DC Machine
DC MachinesDC Machines- Structures: Permanent Magnet Poles (Cont.)- Structures: Permanent Magnet Poles (Cont.)
Dis-assembled view ofa PM DC Machine
DC MachinesDC Machines- Windings- Windings
A DC machinewinding (lap)
DC MachinesDC Machines- Induced Emf- Induced Emf
Waveforms of induced emf
DC MachinesDC Machines- Schematic Representation- Schematic Representation
Symbol of a DC machine
DC MachinesDC Machines- Field Circuit Connection- Field Circuit Connection
Four field circuit connections
DC MachinesDC Machines- Emf and Torque- Emf and Torque
Assume the flux linkage of a single turn coil due to the stator magnetsvaries with time sinusoidally:
The induced emf then can be calculated by
The commutator rectifies AC into DC, and
therefore,
λ λ ωs m m t= 2 s in
ed
d ttm= =
ΦΦω ωco s
e td ta m m= =∫1 2
2
3 2
πω ω ω
πω
π
πΦ Φco s
For an armature winding of a great number of coils, the emf is
The electromagnetic power must balance the internal mechanicalpower, or Therefore,P E I Tem a a em r= = ω
TP
K Iemem
ra m a= =
ωΦ
E Ka a m r= Φ ω
DC MachinesDC Machines- Equivalent Circuit: Generator- Equivalent Circuit: Generator
Equivalent circuit of a separateexcited generator
DC MachinesDC Machines- Equivalent Circuit: Motor- Equivalent Circuit: Motor
Equivalent circuit of aseparately excited DC motor
DC MachinesDC Machines- DC Generators- DC Generators
Conditions for terminalvoltage build-up:
1) Residual magnetism
2) Connection ofarmature winding tofield winding such thatthe generated field aidsthe residual magneticfield;
3) The field circuitresistance smaller thanthe critical resistance
DC MachinesDC Machines- DC Generators (Cont.)- DC Generators (Cont.)
External characteristics of different DC generators
DC MachinesDC Machines- Drive Systems- Drive Systems
Ward-Leonard System
DC MachinesDC Machines- Drive Systems (Cont.)- Drive Systems (Cont.)
Power Electronic Drive System
0
Separately Excited
Shunt Motor
Series Motor
Motor
Compound Motorω0
DC MachinesDC Machines- Torque/Speed Curves- Torque/Speed Curves
Torque/speed curves of different DC motors
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Structures: Generators- Structures: Generators
Hydroelectric synchronous generator
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Structures: Generators- Structures: Generators
Hydroelectricsynchronousgenerator
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Structures: Generators- Structures: Generators
Stator of aturbinegenerator
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Structures: Generators- Structures: Generators
Rotor of a turbine generator
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Structures: Motors- Structures: Motors
Synchronous motor
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Structures: Motors- Structures: Motors
Permanent magnet motors
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Electrical and Mechanical Engles- Electrical and Mechanical Engles
Elementary two polesynchronous machine
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Electrical and Mechanical Engles (Cont.)- Electrical and Mechanical Engles (Cont.)
Elementary four polesynchronous machine
θ θ=P
m2ω ω=
Pm2and
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Rotating Field (Cont.)- Rotating Field (Cont.)
Phase winding positionsand phase currents
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Rotating Field (Cont.)- Rotating Field (Cont.)
Positions of rotating field at different time
t=0
θπ/ 2 π π/ 23 π20
F1
t= ωπ
2ω
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Rotating Field (Cont.)- Rotating Field (Cont.)
Rotating mmf wave
( )F F F FF
ta b cm
1 1 1 1
3
2= + + = −cosθ ω
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Rotating Field (Cont.)- Rotating Field (Cont.)
The speed in electrical rad/s of the rotating field is
ωθ π
π ωωf
d
dt= = =
2
2
ωω
f P=
2
nf
Pf
f= =60
2
120ωπ
In rev/min, it is
In mechanical rad/s,
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Equivalent Circuit- Equivalent Circuit
Equivalent Circuit for synchronous (a) genarators and (b) motors
(Xs>>Ra for large synchronous machines)
Ea
jXs Ra Ia
Va Ea
jXs Ra Ia
Va
(a) (b)
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Phasor Diagrams- Phasor Diagrams
Phasor diagrams for synchronous (a) genarators and (b) motors(a) (b)
Va
I a
jXsI a
δEaϕVa
I a
jXsI a
δϕ
Ea
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Generator Characteristics- Generator Characteristics Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines
- Torque/Load Angle Curve- Torque/Load Angle Curve
TE V
Xa a
f s
=3
ωδsin
InductiveLoad
SynchronousCondenser
Three PhasePower Supply I loadI s
I cmp
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Power factor Compensation- Power factor Compensation
Schematic illustration of power factor compensationusing synchronous condensers
( ) ( )Im ImI Icmp load= −
Ea sinδ
I a cosϕ
I a2
δδ 1
ϕ3
Ea1 Ea2 Ea3
Va
jX sI a1 jX sI a2
jX sI a3
I a3
δδ 2 δδ 3ϕ
1
I a1
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- Power factor Compensation (Cont.)- Power factor Compensation (Cont.)
Phasoe diagram of power factor control by controlingrotor excitation of a synchronous machine
Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines- V Curves- V Curves Synchronous MachinesSynchronous Machines
- Speed Control- Speed Control
Synchonous motor speedcontrol: Variable Voltageand Variable Frequency(VVVF)
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Structures- Structures
Cut away viewof a wound rotorinduction motor
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Structures- Structures
Wound rotorof an inductionmotor
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Structures (Cont.)- Structures (Cont.)
Cut away view ofa squirrel cageinduction motor
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Structures (Cont.)- Structures (Cont.)
Squirrel cagerotor of aninduction motor
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Equivalent Circuit- Equivalent Circuit
T equivalent circuit of induction motors
V 1
I 1R1 jX l1
jX m
jX'l2R'2 I'2
E 1R'2
1-ss
where slip sf r
f
=−ω ω
ω
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Torque/Speed Curve- Torque/Speed Curve
( )T
VR
s
RR
sX Xf
l l
=+
+ +
3 12 2
12
2
1 2
2ω
'
''
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Speed Control- Speed Control
Methods for induction motor speed control:
1) Varying number of poles,
2) Varying terminal voltage,
3) Varying rotor winding resistance,
4) Rotor power recovery, and
5) Variable voltage variable frequency (VVVF).
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Speed Control (Cont.)- Speed Control (Cont.)
Induction motor speed control by varying number of poles
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Speed Control (Cont.)- Speed Control (Cont.)
Induction motor speed control by varying number of poles
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Speed Control (Cont.)- Speed Control (Cont.)
Induction motorspeed control byvarying terminalvoltage
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Speed Control (Cont.)- Speed Control (Cont.)
Induction motorspeed control byvarying rotorwinding resistance
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Speed Control (Cont.)- Speed Control (Cont.)
Induction motor speed control by rotor power recovery
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Speed Control (Cont.)- Speed Control (Cont.)
Induction motor speed control by variable voltagevariable frequency (VVVF).
Induction MachinesInduction Machines- Speed Control (Cont.)- Speed Control (Cont.)
Torque/speedcurve of VVVFspeed control