employment law update 2017
TRANSCRIPT
Back to School:Employment Law Update WebinarPeter DonatiLaura FriedelKenneth Kneubuhler
September 27, 2017
Today’s Webinar Panel
Peter F. Donati PartnerTel: [email protected]
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Laura B. FriedelPractice Group Leader Tel: [email protected]
Kenneth KneubuhlerOf CounselTel: [email protected]
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Agenda• Overtime update• Minimum Wage developments• Sexual Orientation and Title VII• Other EEOC updates• Independent Contractor & Joint Employer standards• NLRB update• Affordable Care Act update• Immigration update• Arbitration Agreements and Waiver of Class Claims• Church Plan Exemption under ERISA• Pregnancy Accommodation developments• Paid Leave update• Restrictive Covenant Agreement update• Pay History laws• Medical Marijuana
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Overtime UpdateWhat a difference a year makes…..
• Obama administration regulations stayed just before effective date, and are now dead.
• Trump DOL has asked for public comment, so regulatory process is in motion.
• For now, 2004 Regulations remain in place.
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Minimum Wage DevelopmentsStates and localities continue to raise minimum wage….• Chicago → $11/hr• Cook County (if municipality hasn’t opted out) → $10/hr• New York State → $9.70/hr• NYC → $11/hr (large employers) or $10.50/hr (small employers)• Washington, DC → $12.50/hr
But some stepping back….St. Louis’ minimum wage of $10/hr (which was on track to increase to $11/hr) was invalidated by Missouri state law, resulting in decrease of minimum wage in St. Louis from $10/hr to $7.70/hr.
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Sexual Orientation and Title VII
• 2015 EEOC began to assert that Title VII covers sexual orientation
• All 11 U.S. Circuit Courts previously had held not covered
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• Hively v. Ivy Tech Comm. College (April 4, 2017) –full panel of 7th Cir. breaks ranks- Form of sex stereotyping- Associational discrimination
• May 25, 2017 – 2d Cir. grants en banc review in Zarda v. Altitude Express
• July 26, 2017 – DOJ files amicus brief opposing protection under Title VII – conflict with EEOC
Gender Identity and Title VII
• Roberts v. Clark County Sch. Dist. (October 4, 2016) – district court in Nevada agrees with EEOC
• Blatt v. Cabela’s Retail (May 18, 2017) – district court in Pennsylvania holds gender dysphoria possible disability protected by ADA
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• EEOC also takes position that Title VII protects against discrimination based on gender identity
Examples of Discrimination - EEOC• Failing to hire an applicant because she is a
transgender woman.• Firing an employee because he is planning or has
made a gender transition.• Denying an employee equal access to a
common restroom corresponding to the employee's gender identity.
• Harassing an employee because of a gender transition, such as by intentionally and persistently failing to use the name and gender pronoun that correspond to the gender identity with which the employee identifies, and which the employee has communicated to management and employees.
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Other EEOC Developments
Pay Reporting• 2016 EEOC announces plan to begin requiring pay
data reporting as part of EEO-1 in March 2018• April 29, 2017 – EEOC Chair Victoria Lipnic
announced review of requirements by OMB• “The poster child for the kind of regulation that the
President campaigned against”• Prior EE0-1 form (without pay data) remains in effect. • Deadline still March 2018.
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DOL Withdraws Key Guidances
Independent Contractor Guidance• Guidance issued in July 2015 changed analysis and
made it much harder to establish independent contractor status.
• Withdrawn on June 7th
• Where are we now?- Prior DOL standards stand- IRS, Common Law, ABC Tests still in place- Higher state standards apply
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Key Takeaway: Withdrawal of guidance doesn’t materially alter overall risk of independent contractor being deemed to be misclassified!
DOL Withdraws Key Guidances
Joint Employer Guidance• Guidance issued in January 2016 expanded
situations where both related companies and unrelated companies that work together would be considered joint employers.
• Withdrawn on June 7th
• Where are we now?- Existing law on joint employer status remains- Staffing agency employees still considered joint employees- Depending on management structure, sister company
employees may be considered joint employees
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NLRB Gets Ready to Change Course• Two new members recently appointed to NLRB
(William J. Emmanuel and Marvin E. Kaplan). With Chair Philip Miscimarra, this gives NLRB a Republican majority for first time in 8 years.
• Because of the way the NLRB functions and the fact that General Counsel Richard Griffin (former union attorney) will remain until November, change will come gradually
• Regional personnel will adhere to existing standards, even if writing is on the wall
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Likely Changes from NLRB
• Joint employment standard (also being addressed at D.C. Circuit)
• Mini bargaining units • Ambush elections• Class action waiver (also being addressed at
Supreme Court)• Use of employer email• Scrutiny of employer handbook policies
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Affordable Care Act Update• It is still with us . . . .
• Minimal Impact of January 2017 Executive Order • Failed Legislative Repeal Efforts• Graham-Cassidy, the latest failed attempt
• Disclosure amid the turmoil• Revised “Summary of Benefits and Coverage” standardized form applies
for this season’s open enrollments (after March 31, 2017)• ERISA Summary Plan Descriptions remain important
• We continue to see insurance certificate booklets and other benefit summaries that do not satisfy requirements
• Issues in transactions and DOL audits• King v. Blue Cross Blue Shield of Illinois (9th Cir. September 8, 2017) –
piecemeal, uncoordinated disclosure of changes can be misleading
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Immigration• Visa issues
• H-1Bs • Crackdown targeting employers who favor H-1B
over US workers• Suspension of premium processing resulting in
delay• Looking closer at entry-level positions
• Entrepreneur / “Start-Up” Visa Program delayed
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Immigration• DACA (Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals)
• Announcement September 5th that DACA is being phased out.
• Current DACA holders:• If employment authorization expires before March 5, 2018 must
renew by October 5th.• If employment authorization expires after March 5, 2018 will lose
authorization on that date unless they obtain other authorization
• If you have DACA employees:• Don’t terminate based on DACA withdrawal – only when employment
authorization documents expire• Consider carefully international travel by DACA employees
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New Form I-9• New Form I-9 has been issued
• Changes are minimal• Adds some acceptable forms of identification• Separate paper and electronic versions• Make sure using form that has “07/17/17” in the footer and
“Expires 08/31/2019” in header
• Must use new form as of September 18th
• New document is available at https://www.uscis.gov/i-9.
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Arbitration Agreements and Class Action Waivers
• January 2012 – NLRB decides D.R. Horton case• Most federal circuit courts disagreed (5th, 2nd, 8th)• May 2016 – 7th Circuit becomes first circuit court to agree
with NLRB – Epic Systems v. Lewis• Two more courts agree with NLRB - 9th Circuit in August
2016 (Ernst & Young v. Morris) and 6th Circuit in June 2017 (NLRB v. Alternative Entertainment)
• January 2017 – Supreme Court grants cert in three of the appellate court cases
• Decision expected later this year or early 2018
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ERISA Exemption for Church Plans• Protections of ERISA do not apply to “Church Plans”
• Original base definition: plan established and maintained for its employees by a church that is tax-exempt.
• Later “clarifying” addition: includes a plan maintained by an organization the principal purpose of which is the administration or funding of [such a] plan if such organization is controlled by or associated with a church.
• Many rulings hold that plans of church “affiliated” tax exempt health organizations are Church Plans.
• Challenges by participants in these types of plans led to decisions that the plans were not exempt as Church Plans• Not “established” by a church as required by base definition.• 3rd Circuit in 2015, followed by 7th and 9th Circuits in 2016.
• Overruled by Supreme Ct in Advocate Healthcare Network v. Stapleton (June 5, 2017).
• Plan need not be “established” by a church.
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Pregnancy Accommodation Developments• EEOC enforcement
guidance in 2015 addressing requirements under ADA and Pregnancy Discrimination Act.
• July 27, 2017, Mass. passes Pregnant Workers Fairness Act
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• Last four months, Connecticut, Nevada, Vermont, and Washington State have passed similar laws
• Total count now 22 states and District of Columbia • Illinois Pregnancy Accommodation Act went into effect
on January 1, 2015
Pregnancy Accommodation Developments
Locations with provisions for pregnancy accommodation as of August 2017Source: Department of Laborhttps://www.dol.gov/wb/maps/
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Leave as Accommodation under ADASeverson v. Heartland Woodcraft, Inc., (7th Cir. 9/20/17)• Question posed: does the Americans with
Disabilities Act (ADA) require that employee be given additional time off as an accommodation?
• EEOC has said yes. Courts previously have skirted the issue, not providing much guidance.
• In Severson, the Seventh Circuit rejected the EEOC’s position
- denied the employee’s claim that he should have been allowed an additional 2-3 months of leave
- flies in the face of EEOC’s position on “maximum leave” policies
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“[the ADA] is an anti-discrimination statute, not a medical leave entitlement….”
Paid Leave• Chicago Paid Sick Leave Ordinance
• Went into effect July 1st
• Not too complicated on face, but complicated when you dig in• Issues our clients are seeing
• Existing generous policies not meeting technical requirements• Carry-over requirement even if frontloading full amount employee is permitted
to take• How to handle new hires when frontloading• Part-time / temporary employees and interns• For FMLA-covered employers, whether to create separate category of time• Multiple locations and employees who work from home
• Cook County Earned Sick Leave Ordinance• Went into effect July 1st
• Home-Rule Municipalities had right to opt-out – vast majority did• For those staying in, same issues as Chicago Ordinance
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• New York State Paid Family Leave• Effective January 1, 2018• Must include in handbook/policies• Similar to unemployment compensation system, but added to
employer’s existing disability insurance policy• Most employees eligible after 26 weeks• Starts at 8 weeks @ 50% pay – going to 12 weeks @ 67% pay• Can be used for maternity/paternity or other family member care• Employers are required to carry a disability insurance policy
• Premium is fully funded by employees• Could start deducting from pay July 1st
• Must include in handbook/policies
Federal Standard to bring consistency?
Paid Leave
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Restrictive Covenant Developments• Illinois - Does the 2-year, bright-line standard under Fifield
apply in federal court? Probably not.• California – Choice of law/venue statute
- Governs contracts that are entered into from Jan. 1, 2017 forward
- Can’t require employee to adjudicate claim outside of CA- Can’t deprive employee of substantive protections of CA law- All employees who “primarily” reside and work in CA- Voidable at option of employee- Can get attorneys’ fees- Does not apply to employee represented by counsel in
negotiating employment agreement
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Restrictive Covenant Developments
• Bankers Life v. American Senior Benefits (Illinois 1st
Dist. – June 2017)- Former employee sent three former coworkers requests to
become LinkedIn “connections”- Requests did not discuss Bankers Life or new employer,
did not suggest review of job description, did not encourage recipient to leave
• Mobile Mini, Inc. v. Vevea (U.S. District Court in Minnesota – July 2017)- Two posts on LinkedIn that included invitations to
customers- Went beyond status updates
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Pay History Laws• Laws that prohibit asking applicants about current or past
compensation before an offer is made, or otherwise seeking that information.
• Currently some sort of restriction on the books• Massachusetts (effective 2018)• Delaware (effective 12/17)• Oregon (no suits until 2019)• Puerto Rico (penalty provisions effective 3/18)• New York City (effective 10/31/17)• Philadelphia (enforcement delayed pending court challenge)• San Francisco (penalty provisions effective 2019)
• Illinois version was vetoed
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Pay History Laws
• Practical Implications• What law applies when offers are made over state/city lines?• Difficulty making initial offer• Increased negotiation?• Interplay with anti-trust laws• Increased need for comp consultants?
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Medical Marijuana
• Medical marijuana legal in 29 states plus DC and pending in 12 others
• Still Schedule 1 controlled substance under federal law
• Early case law suggested right to use didn’t limit employment action- 2015 Colorado S. Ct. in Coats v Dish
Network - Similar rulings in CA, MT, and WA
• But the tide is shifting…
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Medical Marijuana
• Callaghan v. Darlington Fabrics – Rhode Island Superior Court – May 2017 – refusal to hire medical marijuana user violates RI Civil Rights Act and med. marijuana statute
• Barbuto v. Advantage Sales – MA Supreme Court –July 2017 – finds claim for disability discrimination under state FEPA
• Noffsinger v. SSC Niantic Operating Co. – U.S. District Court in CT – August 2017 - federal law does not preempt claims under state statutes
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Questions?
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