Empires of the Ancient Empires of the Ancient WorldWorld

Define the following: Define the following:

1. civilization 1. civilization

2. rule of law2. rule of law

DefinitionsDefinitions

1.1. Civilization – complex, highly organized Civilization – complex, highly organized social order. social order.

2. Rule of law - government by law. 2. Rule of law - government by law. The The rule of law implies that government rule of law implies that government authority may only be exercised in authority may only be exercised in accordance with written laws, which accordance with written laws, which were adopted through an established were adopted through an established procedure.procedure.

Greek CivilizationGreek Civilization1750 BC – 133 BC1750 BC – 133 BC

Early Minoan Early Minoan civilization – civilization –

the forerunner for the forerunner for Greece Greece – began on the island of began on the island of

Crete, around 1700 BC. Crete, around 1700 BC. – Evidence shows Evidence shows

extensive trade and a extensive trade and a very advanced culture,very advanced culture, which was exported to which was exported to mainland Greece at mainland Greece at Mycenaea.Mycenaea.

Mycenaea

Greek CivilizationGreek Civilization1750 BC – 133 BC1750 BC – 133 BC

• How did the geography of Greece present obstacles to a unified Greek country?

Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization Minoan Civilization was one of the earliest Minoan Civilization was one of the earliest

examples of what has come to be called examples of what has come to be called Greek civilization.Greek civilization.

Minoans were trading at the same time as the Minoans were trading at the same time as the Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians.Phoenicians, Egyptians and Babylonians.

The Minoan Civilization may have been the foundation for the story of Atlantis.

MycenaeansMycenaeans1600 BC – 1200 BC1600 BC – 1200 BC

Sea tradersSea traders – beyond Aegean to Sicily, Italy, Egypt and – beyond Aegean to Sicily, Italy, Egypt and Mesopotamia.Mesopotamia.

Warriors, living in several city states.Warriors, living in several city states. The Mycenaean city state became the mainland Greek The Mycenaean city state became the mainland Greek

civilization.civilization. Best known for Trojan War. Best known for Trojan War.

Athens and SpartaAthens and Sparta

1200 – 0 BC1200 – 0 BC

Greece itself was made up of separate Greece itself was made up of separate

city-statescity-states,, which were constantly at which were constantly at war.war.

City-state: Political unit made up of a City-state: Political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands.city and the surrounding lands.

Two major city-states: Athens and Two major city-states: Athens and Sparta.Sparta.

AthensAthens Government:Government: Limited democracy (only male Limited democracy (only male

citizens could participate), citizens could participate), Council of 500 which made the Council of 500 which made the laws, voting Assembly.laws, voting Assembly.

Soldiers:Soldiers: Citizen soldiers – only during Citizen soldiers – only during

wartimewartime Slaves:Slaves: No political rights or freedoms. No political rights or freedoms.

Owned by individualsOwned by individuals Women: Women: Cared for the home, limited Cared for the home, limited

political rights.political rights. Education:Education: Upper class boys only. Military Upper class boys only. Military

training and preparation for training and preparation for government involvement. government involvement. Knowledge was important for a Knowledge was important for a democratic government. democratic government.

SpartaSparta Government:Government: Two kings (military generals) Two kings (military generals)

and a council of elders. and a council of elders. Citizens were male, native Citizens were male, native born, over 30.born, over 30.

Soldiers:Soldiers: Military society, all males Military society, all males

prepared to be soldiers from prepared to be soldiers from birth. Soldiers from age 7 – 30.birth. Soldiers from age 7 – 30.

SlavesSlaves Owned by the StateOwned by the State Women:Women: Prepared physically for Prepared physically for

fighting, right to inherit fighting, right to inherit property, must obey men.property, must obey men.

Education:Education: Boys only. Military based Boys only. Military based

training from age 7. Taught to training from age 7. Taught to fight. Prohibition against fight. Prohibition against trade, travel and mixing with trade, travel and mixing with other city-states.other city-states.

Persian WarsPersian Wars490 – 479 BC490 – 479 BC

The Greek city-states did not unite until The Greek city-states did not unite until faced with a common enemy:faced with a common enemy: Persia

Athens – Athens – Conquered by SpartaConquered by Sparta

In 404 BC, Sparta attacked and conquered the fading Athenian empire in what came to be know as the Peloponnesian War. For the next century, fighting continued to dominate the Greek city-states. By 359 BC, the Macedonians from the north, under the leadership of Philip II invaded and conquered all of Greece.

The World of Alexander the Great The World of Alexander the Great 359 BC – 323 BC359 BC – 323 BC

Philip of Macedonia

Philip conquered Greece in 359 BC

His next conquest was to be the Persian empire.

The Macedonian army was the most superbly trained in the world. It made use of the phalanx

configuration.

Philip was assassinated before he could attack and conquer Persia.

His son, Alexander (20)– took the throne.

Over the course of the next eleven years, Over the course of the next eleven years, Alexander proceeded to conquer the entire Alexander proceeded to conquer the entire Persian empire. When Xerxes surrendered, Persian empire. When Xerxes surrendered, Alexander took over all of his realm and his Alexander took over all of his realm and his possessions. Alexander even married Xerxes possessions. Alexander even married Xerxes daughter!daughter!

What are some of the similarities and differences of the extent of Alexander’s Empire as opposed to the Persian Empire?AlexanderAlexander

Upon the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC, his empire began to divide and dissolve. However, Alexander left behind a legacy of Greek thought, language and custom that survives in part today.

The Legacy of AlexanderThe Legacy of Alexander

Local cultures assimilated Greek ideas and language. They became Hellenic – or “Greek like” The Hellenistic Age is the age of world wide Greek culture after Alexander.

Left behind the idea that all people are morally equal. Aided in the spread of Christianity.

Encouraged the work of scholars. Built libraries all over the empire – especially at Alexandria, Egypt. Emphasized mathematics, medicine, science and philosophy.

The Roman WorldThe Roman WorldThe earliest of the Roman civilizations were the Etruscans. With the fall of Hellenic influence, the Etruscans conquered all of the Italian peninsula. Their competition for control of the Mediterranean Sea were the Carthaginians in Africa.

After three wars with the Carthaginians – called the Punic Wars – the Romans emerged as the supreme rulers of the Mediterranean area.

The Republic of RomeThe Republic of Rome Define Define RepublicRepublic RepublicRepublic: : System of System of

government in government in which officials are which officials are elected by the elected by the people.people.

Senate:Senate: Most Most powerful governing powerful governing body. 300 members body. 300 members – all patricians. – all patricians. Made the laws.Made the laws.

First laws codified First laws codified into the into the Twelve TablesTwelve Tables

Two ConsulsTwo Consuls – – elected by Senate. elected by Senate. Ran the government Ran the government and the army.and the army.

TribunesTribunes – elected – elected by the people by the people (plebeians)(plebeians)

Judges Judges – Oversaw – Oversaw courts casescourts cases

Julius Caesar and the Empire Julius Caesar and the Empire of Romeof Rome

Caesar conquers Gaul What is Caesar conquers Gaul What is Gaul called today? Gaul called today?

FranceFrance First Triumvirate: Julius Caesar, First Triumvirate: Julius Caesar,

Pompey, and CrassusPompey, and Crassus Caesar defeats Pompey in a civil Caesar defeats Pompey in a civil

war after Crassus dies in battle.war after Crassus dies in battle. CaesarCaesar pursues Pompey to Egypt pursues Pompey to Egypt

where he where he meets Cleopatra and has meets Cleopatra and has a child with her.a child with her.

Caesar becomes dictator of RomeCaesar becomes dictator of Rome Caesar is assassinatedCaesar is assassinated by the by the

Senate he tried to displace.Senate he tried to displace. Rome plunges into Civil War.Rome plunges into Civil War. Marc Anthony and Cleopatra are Marc Anthony and Cleopatra are

defeated by Augustus.defeated by Augustus. Augustus ends all hope for a Augustus ends all hope for a

further Roman empire.further Roman empire.

Rome at its HeightRome at its Height60 – 400 AD60 – 400 AD

Pax RomanaPax Romana Pax Romana, Latin for "the Roman Pax Romana, Latin for "the Roman

peace", is the long period of peace peace", is the long period of peace experienced by states within the Roman experienced by states within the Roman Empire. Empire. – The term stems from the fact that Roman rule and its legal system The term stems from the fact that Roman rule and its legal system

pacified regions which had suffered from the quarrels between rival pacified regions which had suffered from the quarrels between rival leaders, sometimes forcefully. leaders, sometimes forcefully.

– During this time Rome still fought a number of wars against During this time Rome still fought a number of wars against neighboring states and tribes, most notably the Germanic tribes and neighboring states and tribes, most notably the Germanic tribes and Parthia. Parthia.

– It was an era of relative tranquility, in which Rome endured neither It was an era of relative tranquility, in which Rome endured neither major civil wars, such as the perpetual bloodshed of the first century major civil wars, such as the perpetual bloodshed of the first century BC, nor serious invasions. BC, nor serious invasions.

– Characterized by rule by emperors and a lack of democracy.Characterized by rule by emperors and a lack of democracy.

– Strong military presence.Strong military presence.

The Roman AchievementThe Roman Achievement Roman RoadsRoman Roads - As early as the 4th century BC, a good - As early as the 4th century BC, a good

road system was recognized as road system was recognized as vital for military vital for military deployment, communication and increasing deployment, communication and increasing commerce.commerce. By having an option to traveling around By having an option to traveling around the peninsula or along the coast line of Italy, travelers the peninsula or along the coast line of Italy, travelers and merchants could avoid some threat of storms, and merchants could avoid some threat of storms, pirates and navigational problems.pirates and navigational problems.

Well trained and extensive military. Because the Well trained and extensive military. Because the military presence on Roman roads was so extensive, military presence on Roman roads was so extensive, travel and trade were safer and much faster.travel and trade were safer and much faster.

Roman rule of law - An accused person is innocent Roman rule of law - An accused person is innocent until proven guilty.until proven guilty.

The Roman AchievementThe Roman Achievement

The Roman AchievementThe Roman Achievement Aqueducts Aqueducts – Roman – Roman

water systems often water systems often carried water to carried water to cities from cities from mountain streams mountain streams hundreds of miles hundreds of miles away.away. Only a highly Only a highly organized organized civilization with civilization with advanced advanced technology could technology could create such a create such a system.system.

The Roman AchievementThe Roman AchievementHighly sophisticated Highly sophisticated

public buildings and public buildings and baths.baths.

Roman Architecture Roman Architecture

Coliseum Coliseum

Roman Roman Amphitheatre Amphitheatre

Temple to BacchusTemple to Bacchus

Temple in Temple in Southern ItalySouthern Italy

Greek Architecture Greek Architecture

Acropolis Acropolis

A Greek TempleA Greek Temple