EMPIRE AND EXPANSION

1890-1909 Chapter 27

Growth of Imperialism

• Under imperialism, stronger nations attempt to create empires by dominating weaker nations. The late 1800s marked the peak of European imperialism, with much of Africa and Asia under foreign domination.

Why the U.S.?

•Duty to spread western culture religion

• Military bases

• Competition among countries for empires

• Need for more resources, markets

Economic factors

Nationalistic factors

Humanitarian factors

Military factors

Expanding the Navy

• All steel navies led to arms race

• Alfred Thayer Mahan. • The Influence of Sea Power upon

History

• His theory

• Caused all countries to start focusing on their naval resources, including the US.

• Led the US to desire naval bases around the world

Monroe Doctrine

• U.S. policy adopted in 1823

• Stated that the Western hemisphere was closed to European colonization

• Cornerstone of future U.S. foreign policy

Dispute Over Venezuela

• Boundary dispute between Venezuela and British Guiana.

• Cleveland urged arbitration and invokes the Monroe Doctrine.

• First real attempt by US to enforce the doctrine.

• British are unimpressed.

• Cleveland mad; war fever

• Brits give in despite military superiority. Why?

Importance…

• Results:

• South Americans are pleased with US help.

• Monroe Doctrine is upheld and takes on new validity

• Brits, with growing problems in Europe, adopt a policy of “patting the eagle’s head”

• Marks a new century of close friendship.

Spurning The Hawaiian Pear

• In the 1820s New England missionaries had come to Hawaii

• Descendants become the economic leaders.

• Important trade cross-roads

Spurning The Hawaiian Pear

• Many see Hawaii as a natural extension of the United States.

• In the 1840s US warned other countries to leave Hawaii alone.

• 1875- trade agreement

• 1887- agreement to give US naval bases there (Pearl Harbor)

• Japanese ―problem‖

• White economic leaders urge US annexation.

Spurning The Hawaiian Pear

• Queen Liliuokalani would not go along. Result?

• Cleveland response to annexation request?

• Consequences

Cubans Rise In Revolt • Cuba is last vestige of Spanish empire in

America

• Cubans rose in revolt in 1895

• Why?

• Tactics of Cuban rebels

• American sympathies with the rebels

• Reasons?

Tensions Mount

• General “Butcher” Weyler.

• Concentration camps

• Yellow Journalism

• William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer

• de Lome letter…

Maine Explosion • Weyler removed in 1897, but conditions in Cuba

continued to worsen. • McKinley sends Maine to Cuba to be prepared to

evacuate Americans. • Feb 15, 1898 it explodes, killing 260 sailors.

• American investigation blames a Spanish mine, and war hysteria in US is lathered to a fever pitch

• ―Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!‖

McKinley Unleashes The Dogs Of War

• McKinley did not want war. Why? • He knew how bad war could be as a Civil War vet • American diplomats had already secured Spanish

agreement to the US’ primary demands

• But, the public’s passions were inflamed by the Yellow Press • Hearst – ―You provide the pictures, I’ll provide the

war.‖

• Hearst and Randolph were clamoring for war, as were some politicians.

• Teddy Roosevelt (Asst. Sec of Navy) was a strong advocate for war with Spain.

McKinley Declares War

• McKinley asks Congress for a declaration of war on 11 April 1898.

• Reasons

• Teller Amendment. What does it say?

Dewey’s May Day Victory At Manila

• Teddy Roosevelt (Ass’t Sec. of Navy).

• cabled Commodore George Dewey to attack Spain’s navy in the Philippines in the event of war.

• May 1, 1898 Dewey attacks.

• Sinks 10 Spanish ships without a single US casualty.

• Dewey is a huge hero and immediately promoted to admiral.

Dewey Smashes Spanish Fleet

Unexpected Imperialistic Plums

• American troops arrive in August of 1898

• Emilio Aguinaldo.

• What is he ―promised‖?

• Renewed attention on Hawaii.

• Why?

• Congress passes resolution annexing Hawaii in July, 1898

The Confused Invasion Of Cuba

• The Spanish fleet old and decrepit.

• US Navy bottled up Spanish Navy in Santiago harbor,.

• Plan is to invade Cuba from the rear to drive in behind the trapped fleet.

The Confused Invasion Of Cuba

• US Army ill-prepared for tropical war. Why?

• Malaria and Yellow fever were big killers of US troops.

• More US troops died of disease (5000) than of battle-inflicted injuries (400).

TR’s Rough Riders

• Rough Riders; Teddy Roosevelt.

• Made up of western cowboys, miners and friends from Harvard.

• Short on discipline but long on dash and daring.

• Colonel Leonard Wood.

US Invasion

• Mid-June US forces land near Santiago. Little opposition.

• Key battles El Caney and San Juan Hill.

• Rough riders charge up San Juan Hill..

• 10th Cavalry

• Gatling gun

Curtains For Spain In America

• Spanish fleet entirely destroyed and Santiago surrenders.

• Americans quickly invade and liberate Puerto Rico before armistice. Why?

• Armistice August 12, 1898. War only 4 months.

• Victory was not foreordained.

• Malaria and Yellow fever

Treaty of Paris, 1898

• Cuba freed from Spanish (US does not claim sovereignty as pledged at the beginning of the war). • America reserves the right to intervene if

country goes off track. Also gets naval bases.

• US gets Guam, seized at the start of the war (Pacific Island)

• US gets Puerto Rico, the last remnant of Spain’s New World Empire.

• US purchases Philippines for 20 Mill. • Spain refused to give as a spoil of war. Why?

Buying the Philippines

• McKinley agonized over whether to buy.

• Arguments for buying: • Did not want Spain or another power to reassert

control.

• Having freed Cuba, would be morally cowardly to turn Philippines back over to Spain.

• Many Americans wanted to Protestantize the Catholic Filipinos

• Business interests saw it as a potential source of profits.

• Could ―free‖ them after they had learned about democracy and were on their feet economically.

Buying the Philippines

• Arguments against buying Philippines:

• Would turn US into a colonial power

• would entangle US in the Far East.

• Contrary to spirit of US to subjugate another people. And, these were people very different from us.

America’s Course Of Empire

• Paris treaty sparked one of most impassioned debates in US history. Reasons:

• Not sparsely populated area capable of settlement by Americans and eventual state-hood.

• Distant land with foreign people speaking a foreign language.

Anti-Imperialists

• Anti-Imperialist League.

• Twain, Carnage, Gompers.

• Arguments:

• Filipinos wanted freedom and to annex them would be contrary to spirit of Dec. of Indep.

• Despotism abroad would breed it at home

• Annexation would suck US into politics of the far east

The Imperialist Taylor

Imperialist Arguments

• Patriotism. We fought and died for it, giving it back would dishonor US soldiers.

• Trade profits in Far East and use of natural resources of the Islands.

• Filipinos not yet able to govern themselves.

• US would help out its little brown brothers and teach them how to be an independent democratic state until ready to govern themselves.

Is He To Be a Despot?

• Treaty barely passes when Bryan unexpectedly throws his support behind it.

Puerto Rico

• Forker Act of 1900 gave PR limited sovereignty.

• In 1917 PR given US citizenship.

• American improves education, sanitation and transportation.

• Three factions in PR.

• Issue: does the Constitution follow the flag?

• Insular Cases.

Cuba

US honors Teller Amendment in 1902

• But, Platt Amendment placed restrictions.

• Not allowed to make treaties with others that will restrict its sovereignty.

• Not allowed to go into debt beyond their means.

• US allowed to intervene in Cuba to restore order.

• Cubans agree to provide bases to US.

• Guantanamo

Consequences of War

• US gets more respect in international circles as world power. See War of 1812.

• Helps US pride.

• Brings north and south closer together;

• Americans believe that American power is stronger than it is.

• Mahan is vindicated; more resources poured into Navy.

• US stuck with Philippines and far-east entanglement

America as a Pacific Power

Little Brown Brothers” In The Philippines

• Philippines became a US headache.

• The Filipinos wanted a deal similar to Cubans

• 1899 the Filipino’s revolt

• War of atrocities on both sides.

• US loses more soldiers and spends more money fighting against Filipinos than it had in the SA war.

Philippine Rebellion

• Filipino army is quickly defeated

• Turns into guerrilla jungle warfare,

• vicious and difficult for Americans to fight.

• Anti-imperialist in US redouble their protests.

• War finally ends in 1901 when US captures Aguinaldo, but still sporadic guerilla terrorism.

Rebuilding Philippines

• McKinley appoints a commission.

• William Howard Taft.

• Millions of US dollars poured in to Philippines to help build the country.

• Roads, sanitation, education, public health

• Philippines finally get their freedom in 1946 after WWII .

• Thousands of Filipinos emigrate to the US.

China

• Japan defeats China in 1895.

• China weak but filled with huge markets and lush natural resources,

• Imperialist powers in Europe and Japan want to exploit China.

• begin to carve up into spheres of influence • lease-holds expropriated

from China’s weakened government.

• Americans become alarmed at what is going on. • Concerns

Open Door Policy

• Sec. of State, John Hay announces Open Door Policy China.

• What is this policy?

• How does Europe react to it?

• How does Hay get it adopted?

• How well does it work?

Boxer Rebellion

• In 1900 super-patriotic group of nationalists known as ―boxers‖ rebelled with the mission to ―kill foreign devils.‖ • Over two hundred missionaries and other

whites killed

• foreign diplomats were besieged in the capital

• A multinational force of 18,000, including 2500 Americans sent to put down the rebellion.

• Succeed quickly and relatively easily. • US participation is a marked departure

from traditional policy of not becoming entangled in foreign disputes.

Open Door Corollary

• Europeans vindictive and exact harsh reparations • What does US do with its share?

• How does China react?

• How does this affect US-China relationship?

• Hay is afraid the Europeans, with troops on Chinese soil, wont pull them back out and will carve up China into colonies.

• Hay expands open door policy. How?

• Europeans pull out. Why?

KICKING TEDDY UPSTAIRS

• Teddy Roosevelt a

national hero and star.

• Easily elected Governor of NY.

• NY political machine hated him. • Why?

• Scheme to nominate him as VP.

• TR doesn’t want the job but got stuck with it. How? Why?

Election of 1900

• McKinley is renominated easily. He is very popular. Why?

• Won a war,

• Won territory for the US

• Reestablished the Gold Standard on firm footing

• Ushered in economic prosperity.

• Republican Platform?

• Gold Standard, expansionism and prosperity.

Election of 1900

• Democrats nominate Bryan again

• Bryan strategy to make the campaign one about Imperialism didn’t work well

• McKinley wins by nearly 1 Mill. votes and 292-155 in the electoral vote.

• Is this a mandate for Imperialism?

Election of 1900

TR: Brandisher Of The Big Stick

• Six months into his second term, McKinley is assassinated.

• TR suddenly president to the horror of the conservative, eastern, moneyed arm of the party.

• Roosevelt a reformer, but McKinley elected on the idea of standing pat.

• TR tries to calm fears. How?

Columbia Blocks The Canal

• TR was an internationalist. He believed America needed to be engaged in overseas matters.

• The Spanish-American War showed need for a canal somewhere in Central America. • Acquisition of Pacific territories.

• Trade to California and East

• TR determined to get Canal Built.

• Three Problems

Barriers to Building

• Legal issues: Clayton-Bulwer Treaty.

• Technological issues:

• French had failed in Panama building sea-level canal. Mud slides, Yellow Fever.

• Where to Build?

• Senate ultimately chose Panama over Nicaragua

Columbia Balks

• Panama is a province of Columbia.

• America negotiates treaty with Columbian ambassador. • Treaty is very

favorable to the US.

• Columbian Senate rejects and demands more money.

• TR furious. Why?

Uncle Sam Creates Panama

• Panamanians revolted many times

• Upset by the potential loss of the Canal

• French agents of old Canal Company were also displeased.

• French agents foment a rebellion and raises a token rebel force.

• Panamanians ―revolt‖ 11/3/1903

• US warship prevents Columbia from responding

• TR quickly recognizes new Panamanian gov. and gets treaty for canal

Building the Canal

• Canal started in 1904 and finished in 1914.

• Huge engineering feat. .

• George Washington Goethals

• Disease is as big a problem as engineering.

• William C. Gorgas

• Canal costs 400 Mill.

• Canal a symbol of what Americans could do with daring and use of technology.

Panama Canal

TR in Panama (Construction begins in

1904)

Roosevelt Corollary

• Why are European countries unhappy with many Latin American Nations?

• What does Germany threaten?

• Why does TR oppose this?.

• Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine.

• 1905, US invades Dominican Republic.

• Pros and Cons of policy?

The Roosevelt Corollary to the

Monroe Doctrine: 1905 Chronic wrongdoing… may in America, as elsewhere, ultimately require intervention by some civilized nation, and in the Western Hemisphere the adherence of the United States to the Monroe Doctrine may force the United States, however reluctantly, in flagrant cases of such wrongdoing or impotence, to the exercise of an international police power .

Roosevelt On The World Stage

• 1904 War between Japan and Russia.

• Japan running out of men and money.

• Japan secretly approaches TR and asks him to negotiate a peace treaty.

• He brings the parties to US and rams through a treaty

• TR gets Nobel Peace Prize, but both Japan and Russian grow hostile to the US.

• Japan starts to emerge as a rival to US interests in the far east.

Japanese Laborers In California

• Many Japanese moved to California to farm in the lush valleys.—70,000

• Californians were nervous about ―Yellow Peril.‖

• SF school board ordinance

• Japanese government protested.

• TR summoned school board to White House.

• TR got Japanese to secretly agree to limit emigration to US

• School board rescinded their segregation policy.

Great White Fleet

• TR sends the entire navy battle fleet on a tour of foreign ports, including Japan

• Reception in Japan.

• Root-Takahira agreement of 1908.