Major Causes of the New Imperialism

NATIONALISM

European nations compete for colonies and trade.

ECONOMIC COMPETITION

Desire for raw materials fuels the global market established by the Industrial

Revolution.

MISSIONARY SPIRIT

Europeans feel obligated to Christianize the “uncivilized” peoples of Africa and

Asia.

Major Effects of the New Imperialism

COLONIZATION

Europeans control land in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

COLONIAL ECONOMIES

Europeans control trade in the colonies and dependent cash crop

economies.

CHRISTIANIZATION

Christianity is spread to Africa, Asia, and India.

THE NEW IMPERIALISM

The Industrial Revolution increased European desire to procure raw materials.Europeans began to explore and conquer Africa, Asia and the Americas

Terms

•Colony – a territory controlled by an outside nation•Mother Country – The nation controlling the colony•Imperialism – When a stronger nation controls a weaker nation (usually to obtain wealth)

British Empire

Terms

•Protectorate – a form of control where local rule was left in place but expected to accept the advice of European advisors on trade or other important issues

•Sphere of Influence – A form of control in which an outside power claims exclusive investment and trading privileges

Reasons European nationsset up colonies

•Colonies were also markets for goods produced in European factories. The mother country would drain the colony of natural resources make finished products and sell them back to the colony.Why?

Economic Reasons

ANSWER

To increase the mother country’s national wealth

Reasons European nationsset up colonies

•This entire process is called mercantilism.The national economic goal is to export

more than import so the mother country will have a favorable balance of trade

Economic Reasons

Reasons European nationsset up colonies

•The mother country realized that it was a matter of national security and interest to protect their trade routes and colonies. Without political control over the territories they could not protect their economic interest.

Political Reasons National Strength

Reasons European nationsset up colonies

•Europeans felt it was their duty to spread their religion (Christianity) and other “benefits” of Western Civilization. This thought that their religion and culture was superior to native peoples is called ethnocentrism

Religious ReasonsJustification

for Expansion

“When you first came you had the Bible and we had the land,

Now we have the Bible and you have the land”

European Advantages

•Superior military technology•Diseases impacted local populations

Native peoples tried to resist

but could not stop European imperialism

NEW IMPERIALISM

Causes of New Imperialism

Economic Causes• Need for natural resources• Desire to expand markets

Political/ Military Causes• Bases needed to protect trades routes•Nationalism

Social Causes• To spread Christianity and Western culture•Social Darwinism

Technological Causes

• Advances in weapons/overseas travel

The Great Land Grab in Africa

•On the eve of the European scramble for territory, Africa was filled with people of diverse cultures speaking hundreds of languages and enjoying individual religious, economic, political and social traditions.

What was the

“Scramble for

Africa?”

Berlin Conference & Partition of Africa

•To avoid conflict with one another in Africa, European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to carve up the continent amongst themselves. No Africans were invited.

Berlin Conference & Partition of Africa

•Berlin Conference guidelines:• Any sovereign power which wanted to claim any

territory should inform the other powers “in order to...make good any claim of their own.”

• Any such annexation should be validated by effective occupation.

• Treaties with African rulers were to be considered a valid title to sovereignty.

Impact:•By 1900, the only areas of Africa remaining independent were Liberia and Ethiopia.

African Resistance

•The Zulu came into conflict with the British army as they expanded their control over southern Africa and invaded the Zulu homeland.•Despite early victories, the Zulu were eventually defeated by the technology and vast resources at the command of the British troops. •Africans all over the continent fiercely resisted European domination, but in the end only Ethiopia and Liberia remained independent.

Cecil Rhodes•Cecil Rhodes was instrumental in assuring British dominance of southern Africa

• founded the De Beers Mining Company (diamonds)

• became prime minister of the Cape Colony (now South Africa) in 1890 and used his influence to strengthen British control over the region

•master plan: “Cape to Cairo” railroad line that

would link British colonial interests in Africa between Egypt and the Cape Colony in southern Africa

Boer War•The Boers (descendents of Dutch settlers) provided heavy armed resistance to Rhodes’ master plan. After a failed attempt to invade the Boer Republic of Transvaal, Rhodes was removed from office.

•Great Britain decided to annex the Boer republics, and with Boer resistance came the Boer War (1899-1902). By all accounts the fighting was vicious, with the Boers employing guerilla tactics and the British eventually using 450,000 troops to achieve victory.

Effects of Imperialism on Africa: Tribalism

•Because European nations carved Africa up with no regard for traditional tribal boundaries, Africa still suffers from tribalism.

•Modern African nations often contain several different tribes that harbor ill feelings towards one another. Therefore, inter-tribal conflict is a common in Africa often leading to civil wars and power struggles within national governments.

A distinct social class, the samurai served powerful chiefs called shoguns, who ruled Japan from the 12th century until 1867. The samurai lived by a rigid code of conduct called Bushido, or “the way of the warrior,” which encompassed ideals of loyalty and sacrifice.

Emperor - No Power

Daimyo - Landowners

Samurai - Defenders

Peasants, Artisans, Merchants

Shogun - Actual Ruler

Japan is still feudal – there is

almost no contact with the outside world, shoguns still

have the power.

Europe and the US want to trade with Japan…bring the

ships!

Matthew Perry brings ships with a letter

demanding Japan opens its Ports – the Treaty of

Kanagawa. Japan opens two ports for US to take on supplies and others

soon follow. Extraterritorial rights to

foreigners apply.

Meiji Era- Japan decided to reform. Emperor Mutsuhito took land from daimyo and began sending people to

study Western ways. He also retrained army, began public

education, and begins industrialization. Because of this industrialization, Japan

needs resources and becomes imperialistic.

Japan as a Global Power• Sino-Japanese War

• Japan and China fought over Korea• Japan wins and gains ports in China and Korea

• Russo-Japanese War• Conflict in Korea led to war between the Russians

and Japanese• Modernized Japanese army and navy crush

Russian army• Dependence on World Markets

• It’s an island…

Imperialism in China

1644 - 1800

Qin had kept China isolated and refused to adopt western ways. Subsequently, China fell behind Europe militarily and economically. The Industrial Revolution pushed European nations to expand in search of markets for European goods

•Chinese merchants introduced tea to the British in 1666 and it quickly became a highly valued import. High quality Chinese silk and porcelain were also highly prized.  •The British early attempts to export goods to China were a failure. The Chinese allowed  limited trade only in Canton. British attempts to increase trade were consistently rebuffed. 

TEA AND SILK PRODUCTION

•The Chinese wanted nothing that the west had to offer - gold and silver fled  to China in a growing imbalance of trade. This lasted until 1825, when the British found a way to reverse it.

1800

British traded opium, grown in India, to China in exchange for tea. As the Chinese became addicted to the drug, demand increased and much silver went out of China disrupting the economy. The Chinese government outlawed opium to stop further decline

East India Company opium warehouse

17th century engraving of man in Eastern dresscollecting juice from the buds of poppy plants

FOR PLEASURE…

FOR PAIN…

Advertisement from 1903 medical journal

Heroin: the cure for asthma?

AYER'S CHERRY PECTORAL"Cures Colds, Coughs and allDiseases of the Throat and Lungs"

1839

Chinese warships clashed with British merchants. The superior British military easily defeated the Chinese. This event showed China’s weakness and vulnerability

The First Chinese Opium War

1842

Treaty of Nanjing – China is forced to accept it and later “unequal treaties”. They are forced to give up rights to western powers and outside forces carve up China into spheres of influence.

Doc 4

THE NANJING TREATY HUMILIATED IMPERIAL CHINA AND TRIGGERED A TREMENDOUS INCREASE OF OPIUM IMPORTS

Doc 5,6

RESPONSES

RESPONSES 1850-1864

Taiping Rebellion – peasants angry at poverty and the corruption of the Qing officials, rose up in revolt. Millions die and China is weakened.

1900

Boxer Rebellion –“Righteous Harmonious Fists”assaulted foreign communities

in a reaction to outside interference. Western and Japanese troops crushed the Boxers.

United  States Marines fighting the Boxer rebels

China was once again forced to make concessions but they also westernized. As they industrialized the economy expanded. A new business and urban working class emerged demanding more rights and increasing the spirit of nationalism

1911

Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen) is named president of the new Chinese republic by supporting an increase in nationalism, democracy and livlihood - “Three Principles of the People”

The 2,000 year old monarchy had come to an end

POLITICAL CARTOONS

British in India

British in India

By 1600 The British East Indian Company

(BEIC) established Trading rights in India

British in India

•By 1850The Mughal Empire was in decline and

the BEIC expanded control to 3/5 of India. India was too weak and fragmented to stop outside interference. The BEIC’s main goal was to make money and it became involved in governing India to protect and increase profits. I had it sown army of Indian soldiers called sepoys.

British in India1857•Tension between the BEIC and the sepoys increased as they tried to make sepoys follow rules that were against religious beliefs•Sepoy Rebellion called for Hindus and Muslims to unite against the British•The British crush the revolt

Mutineers of the Sepoy Rising being executed by the British at Peshawar, India,

1857.

British in India

•1858The British government puts India

under its control taking it away from the BEIC

British in India

• Good Effects• New roads and railroads• Telegraph and Postal system• Irrigation systems• New laws mean justice for all

classes• British schools offer education• Customs that threaten human

rights are ended

•Bad Effects• Indian resources go to GB• British-made goods replace

local goods• Farms grow cash crops

rather than food crops; Indians go hungry

• Top jobs go to the British• Indians are treated as

inferior• Great Britain tries to replace

Indian culture with western ways

Imperialism in the Middle East

• 1400s• Byzantine Empire declines (Eastern part of the

Roman Empire)• By 1453

• Ottomans invade and capture Constantinople and renamed it Istanbul

• By 1500• The Ottomans had built the largest and most

powerful empire in the Middle East and Europe across 3 continents

OTTOMAN EMPIRE

How? Advanced Military Technology!

THE OTTOMANS…WHO ARE THEY?

Influenced by the Byzantine culture they conquered (Persia, Roman) and mixed it with Muslim culture. Islam was the dominant cultural force.

1700European commercial and military technology had surpassed the Ottomans.

Industrialization led Europeans nations to search for alternative trade routes to Asia and cutting the Ottomans out of global trade.

European Industrial based economies become stronger than the Ottoman economy.

The Commercial Revolution in Europe was a strong factor in Ottoman decline.

1800The Ottoman Empire ruled a large area that included many different groups.

1829-1908

•Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria gained their independence.•The other nations of Europe viewed the Ottoman Empire as the “Sick Man of Europe”•Russia, Austria-Hungary, Britain and France all entered into alliances and wars that were designed to gain territory from the Ottoman Empire

Imperialism in Latin America

Imperialism in Latin America

By the mid to late 1800's many Latin American colonial possessions had won their freedom.

Monroe Doctrine issued in the 1820's kept most European nations out of Latin America. (but not the US!!!)

Early 1900's Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine claimed that the United States had international police power in the Western Hemisphere. The US would interfere in Latin America to protect American interests

EX - Panama Canal

Short Term Effects of Imperialism

• Large numbers of Asians and Africans came under foreign rule

• Local economies became dependent on industrialized powers

• Individuals and groups resisted imperialism• Western culture spread• Famines occurred where cash crops were

grown

Long Term Effects of Imperialism

• Western culture influenced much of the world• Transportation, medical care, and education

improved• Resistance to imperial rule evolved into nationalist

movements• Competitions for empires created and increased

conflict between imperial powers• These conflicts sometimes led to war

• Industrialized nations controlled new global economy