EmotionClass PPT, P.1

Introduction to Emotion

by Deja Miyasato and Bryan AquinoPeriod 1

OBJECTIVES:

1. Identify the three components of emotion.2. Contrast the James-Lange, Cannon-Bard,

and two-factor theories.

38-1 pg 514-515

3 Components of Emotion

1. physiological arousalex. heart pounding

2. expressive behaviorsex. a quickened pace

3. conscious experience (thoughts) ex. Is this a kidnapping?(feelings) ex. a sense of fear, then joy

Theories of Emotion

JAMES-LANGE THEORY

the feeling of fear following the body’s response-William James and Carl Lange

ex: When your car skids on a wet road, you stomp on the brakes to regain control. After, when you finally regained control of your car, you get a rush of emotions such as fear and worry, as you realize what just happened

● “We feel sorry because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble.”

CANNON-BARD THEORY

an arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion-Walter Cannon and Philip Bard

ex. heart begins pounding as you experience fear

● thought that body’s responses were not distinct enough to evoke different emotions● changes in heart rate, perspiration and body temperature were too slow to trigger an

immediate emotion● emotion-triggering stimulus is routed to brain’s cortex, which causes awareness of

emotion and body arousal through the SNS● concluded that physiological arousal and emotional experience occur simultaneously

TWO-FACTOR THEORY

Schachter-Singer’s theory that to experience emotion one must be both physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal-Stanley Schachter and Jerome Singer

ex. pounding heart (arousal) + “I’m afraid” (cognitive label = fear (emotion)

● emotions have two ingredients: physical arousal and a cognitive label● they believed in the previous two theories● have to consciously interpret the arousal after an emotional experience

Works Cited

Myers, David G., Richard O. Straub, and Thomas Ludwig. “Introduction to Emotion Objective 38-1.” Psychology. 8th ed. New York: Worth, 2007. N. pag. Print.

“Makin Ma Way Downtown.” Gif. 8 February 8 2015. Web. <http://cdn.gifbay.com/2014/03/makin_ma_way_downtown-120764.gif>

38-3Arousal and Performance

Objective: Discuss the relationship between arousal and performance: your performance is dependent on you level of arousal

Arousal:

● Many situations, arousal is adaptive

● Too little arousal (example: sleepiness) can be disruptive as extremely high levels

● Level of arousal for optimal performance varies for different tasks

● Anxiety is linked to sexual arousal

● Electric shock can increase sexual arousal in men

Sexual Arousal:

Arousal in School:

● Teaching anxious students how to relax before an exam often enables them to perform better

Example: Students who feel great anxiety during exams perform more poorly than those equally able but more confident

3.8-4: Physiological Similarities Among Similar EmotionsObjective:Name 3 emotions that have similar physiological arousal

The Emotions

Fear

ANGERSexual Arousal

FACTS ABOUT IT:

● Same Physiological response in fear, anger, and sexual arousal

● All include elated excitement ● May look and feel different but still are the

same

References

Relations among emotion, appraisal, and emotional action readiness.Frijda, Nico H.; Kuipers, Peter; ter Schure, ElisabethJournal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol 57(2), Aug 1989, 212-228.http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.57.2.212

Ludwig, Thomas E., and David G. Myers. "38." PsychInquiry for David G. Myers Psychology, Eight Edition in Modules. New York, NY: Worth Pub., 2007. 516-17. Print.

Physiological Differences Among Specific Emotions

Objective 38-5 Describe some physiological and brain pattern indicators of specific emotions

● finger temperatures and hormone secretions that accompany fear and rage do sometimes differ

● far and joy prompt similar increased heart rate however they stimulate different facial muscles (fear=brow tense) ((joy=muscle in check and under eye pull into smile)

Emotions and brain circuts● observers watching fearful faces show

more amygdala activity than people watching angry faces

● stimulate one area part of amygdala and cat recoils in fear vs. other part of amygdala that causes cat to react angrily

Emotions and brain cortex● negative emotions and

personalities=right prefrontal cortex activity

● positive moods and personalities=left frontal lobe activity

Why does left frontal lobe=happy?

● left frontal lobe is rich in dopamine receptors

James-Lange● evidence comes from severed spinal cord

patients-those who lost sensation in legs reported little emotion change-those who could feel nothing below neck reported decrease in emotional intensity-those with high spinal cord injury(above neck) reported more intense emotions

Polygraph● measures physical responses like

changes in breathing and heart rate● not accurate due to people’s differing

amounts of control and their personal responses to things

Summary QuestionWhich cortex is connected to positive emotions? Which cortex is connected to negative emotions?

EmotionsBy Chad Q and Rachel F

Objective 38-7Distinguish the two alternative pathways that sensory stimuli may travel when triggering an emotional response

Fight or flight responseRobert Zanjonc was a Polish-born American social psychology. He worked on a wide range of social and cognitive processes. According to his studies, we feel some kind of emotion before we think.

Emotions skip the brain.

We have an eye-to-amygdala short cut.

Passing the cortex andgoing straight to the amygdala activates very fast emotion response before our thinking gets in the way of reacting.

Experiences make us think before we actRichard Lazarus, a psychologist, recognizes that our brain processes and reacts to large amounts of information without having conscious awareness.

Although sometimes emotions need some kind of thinking appraisal of the situation.

Emotions (guilt, happiness, love, depression, and hatred) come from our interpretations and expectations. Very emotional people can be extreme because of their interpretations of the situation. They over exaggerate on small incidents. If we think more positively then we’ll feel better and

Two routes to emotion

Objective 39-1Describe some of the factors that affect our ability to decipher non verbal cues

Nonverbal communicationEveryone communicates nonverbally.

Through our facial expressions, body movements and posture, gestures, eye contact, touch, space, and voice.

Jane Richards and James Gross

Facial ExpressionsOur faces are able to show emotions without having to say a word.

Facial expressions are universal. (Facial expressions of happiness, sadness, anger, surprise, fear, and disgust are alike across cultures)

Body Movements and Posture

You judge a person by the way they walk, sit, stand up, or hold their head.Body movement shows how you carry yourself and much more information.(includes posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements)

GesturesThese are everyday movements. We use our hands to point, wave, and beckon. Many times we use our hands without thinking. Hand gestures can mean many different things in different cultures.

The shaka was adopted in the 1960’s. Although in Russia, this means to offer a drink. And in China, it represents the number 6.

A thumbs up is the equivalent to a middle finger throughout the middle east.

Eye Contact● The visual sense is dominant for most

people.● This is the most important nonverbal

communication. Looking at someone can convey interest, affection, hostility or attraction.

● This is also important in holding a conversation and evaluating the person’s response.

TouchCommunication also comes from touch.

These touches show different messages: A weak handshake, timid tap on the shoulder, warm bear hug, reassuring slap on the back, patronizing pat on the head, or controlling grip on your arm.

SpaceFeeling uncomfortable because someone is standing in your personal bubble. Depending on culture, the situation, and how close you are in a relationship shows your need for physical space.

This communicated signals of intimacy, affection, aggression, or dominance.

Voice/HearingOur tone affects the way words are interpreted. We can detect sarcasm, anger, affection, and confidence in the way someone speaks because of their tone.

● Myers, David G. Psychology, Eighth Edition in Modules. N.p.: n.p., n.d. 756.Google Books. Macmillan, 2007. Web. 07 Feb. 2015. <https://books.google.com/books?id=zZfHkor2AJ8C&pg=PA523&lpg=PA523&dq=Responses+to+complex+emotions+(such+as+guilt,+happiness,+and+love),+require+interpretation+and+are+routed+along+the+slower+route+to+the+cortex+for+analysis.&source=bl&ots=E7DT18Re5J&sig=v8Q5pTTglHvBj15oXsiLm0kOD00&hl=en&sa=X&ei=g0nVVMrRG4rVoATc_oK4Ag&ved=0CCYQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=Responses to complex emotions (such as guilt, happiness, and love), require interpretation and are routed along the slower route to the cortex for analysis.&f=false>.

● Schwertly, Scott. "Don't Give a Thumbs-Up in Russia and Other Hand Gesture Facts | Ethos3 - A Presentation Design Agency." Ethos3 A Presentation Design Agency. N.p., 14 July 2014. Web. 09 Feb. 2015. <http://www.ethos3.com/2014/07/dont-give-a-thumbs-up-in-russia-and-other-hand-gesture-facts/>.

● Segal, Jeanne, Melinda Smith, Greg Boose, and Jaelline Jaffe. "Nonverbal Communication." : Improving Your Nonverbal Skills and Reading Body Language. N.p., Dec. 2014. Web. 01 Feb. 2015. <http://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships/nonverbal-communication.htm>.

● "Social Psychology Network." Robert Zajonc. Ed. Scott Plous. N.p., 24 July 2005. Web. 07 Feb. 2015. <http://zajonc.socialpsychology.org/>.

Citations

Emotion: Obj. 39-4, 39-5

- Caitlin Frias & Jordan Wong

39-4: Culture & Emotional Expression

1. Meaning of gestures varies with expression● (1938) Otto Klineberg observed Chinese people clapping over disappointment or

worry● “thumbs up” & “A-OK” signs would be insults in other cultures.

2. Facial expressions have the same meaning in different cultures● People from different cultures can identify emotions of people from different

cultures● Contain nonverbal accents that provide clues to culture.● 182 studies show enhanced accuracy when people judge emotions from their own

culture● Charles Darwin speculated that facial expressions were used to survive before

language (convey threats, greetings & submission)● We interpret faces in context (judge a fearful face in a painful situations as pained.

39-4 Culture and Emotional Expression

Different cultural gestures

● Different cultures have different hand signs and gestures

● Facial expressions and categorizing expressions across cultures are similar

Facial expressions

● Facial expressions are universal● Darwin thought that our ancestors used faces to convey

threats, greetings, etc

Eastern vs Western

❖ Eastern Cultures more collective try to hide negative emotions but show more sympathy, respect, and shame

❖ Western Cultures more individualistic people focus more on themselves and express themselves more.

Identify the emotions:

39-5: Effects of Facial Expression

1. William James believed that we control emotions by going “through the outward movements”.

2. Expressions amplify & regulate emotion.3. Charles Darwin wrote in his book, The Expression of the Emotions

in Man and Animals, “the free expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it… He who gives way to violent gestures will increase his rage.”

4. Facial Feedback Hypothesis● Facial movement can influence emotional experience ● Expressions amplify emotions by using muscles associated with certain states● Charles Darwin was among the first to suggest● William James wrote in The Principles of Psychology, “Refuse to express a passion,

and it dies”.

39-5 continued● “manipulating eyebrows experiment”● “If assuming emotional expressions and postures triggers a feeling, then would

imitating others’ expressions help us feel what they are feeling?” YESSSSS!!! (leads to greater empathy with that person’s feelings

5. Behavior Feedback● Moving throughout the body as we would when expecting a particular emotion

causes us to feel that emotion.

Works Cited

Works Cited

Myers, David G. "Objective 39-4, 39-5." Psychology Eighth Edition in Modules. New York: Worth, 2007.

528-31. Print.

R., Buck. "Nonverbal Behavior and the Theory of Emotion: The Facial Feedback Hypothesis." National

Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 08 Feb. 2015.

40.1-Some basic emotions are …

● Joy● Interest-excitement● Surprise● Sadness● Anger

● Disgust● Contempt● Fear● Shame ● Guilt

40.1-The two dimensions are …

● Positive vs negative valence● Low vs high arousal

o Ex: Successful olympic gymnastics and high performing students taking exams label arousal as energizing - positive valence

o Ex: Stage fright has a negative valence

40.2-Learning Fear

-People can be afraid of almost anything.Ex.- The fear of fortune, death, each other and the truth.-In acquiring fears a process known as fear conditioning in the brain’s amygdala plays a critical role.

40.2(continued)

Learn fears from observations and experience.Ex.-Infants learn from their falls and near-falls and become afraid of heights. Ex.-If a person saw someone on fire and they are in pain the person will fear being on fire.

40-3: The Biology of FearObjective: Discuss the biological

components of fear

PARTS OF BRAIN:

-Amygdala: pairs the situation with fear/emotion-Anterior Cingulate Cortex: processes the emotion -Hippocampus: Remembers the fear

Where does it come from?

Evolutionary:-Survival-Genetic Predisposition

-Controls Temperament -Controls Amygdala’s response

Phobias

-Definition: Having intense fear of a situation or object-Causes intense physical and psychological pain.Examples: Arachnophobia (Spiders), Ophidiophobia (Snakes), Acrophobia (heights)

Bibliography

Cherry, Kendra. "Ten of the Most Common Phobias People Suffer From." 10 Common Phobias. Web. 9 Feb. 2015.

<http://psychology.about.com/od/phobias/p/commonphobias.htm>.

Myers, David G. "The Biology of Fear." Psychology. 8th ed. New York: Worth, 2004. Print.

Myers, David G. "The Biology of Fear." Psychology. 8th ed. New York: Worth, 2004. Print.

"Phobias." Definition. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/phobias/basics/definition/con-

20023478>.

AngerKyle Motonaga

Definition of Anger & Catharsis

Anger: an emotional reaction characterized by extreme displeasure, rage, indignation, or hostility.

Catharsis: An emotional release.

The Catharsis Hypothesis

The Catharsis hypothesis maintains that releasing aggressive energy through action or fantasy relieves aggressive urges. ● This is sometimes true if their retaliation

seems justifiable. ● Catharsis can be temporarily calming.

ex. Punching walls.Local ex. Punching walls and then taking a

walk on the streets with your shirt off screaming “You Faka!”.

How expressing anger can magnify anger

Ebbe Ebbesen interviewed 100 engineers who just got laid off from an aerospace company.Ebbesen asked questions like “What instances can you think of where the company has not been fair with you.”Those who vented their anger experienced more hostility.Hitting a punching bag made the workers exhibit more cruelty and were more aggressive when given a chance for revenge.When angry outbursts actually do calm us, they may be habit forming.

Tips for handling anger

1. Wait to let off steam2. Release your anger by rehearsing your reasons for your anger.3. Forgiveness releases anger & can calm the body.4. Communicate your irritations clearly and assertively.

ex. “I get irritated when you leave your dirty dishes for me to clean up.”

Local ex. “Eh brah, I no appreciate when you leave da dirty dishes for me to wash, especially on lau lau night. Boi you undastand?

Bibliography

Myers, David G. "The Biology of Fear." Psychology. 8th ed. New York: Worth, 2004. Print.

“Anger” Definition Saturday. February. 7. 2014.

<http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Anger+%28psychology%29>

“Catharsis” Definition Saturday. February. 7. 2014.

<http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/catharsis-in-psychology-theory-examples-definition.html>

HappinessKristen Perreira//Alex Tovar//Clay Mitchell

40-5 Describe how the feel good, do good phenomena works and discuss the importance of research on subjective well being.

● Feel good, Do good phenomenon- People’s tendency to be helpful when already in a good mood

● Subjective Well-Being- Self perceived happiness or satisfaction with life. Ratio of positive to negative feelings

40-6 Discuss some of the daily and long term variations in the duration of emotions

● positive emotion rises over the early part of most days & dissipates during the days last several hours

● we overestimate the long term impact of bad news and underestimate our capacity to adapt

● we tend to rebound after a bad mood to an even better mood than regular

● HIV positive people were less emotionally distraught than expected after 5 years

40-7 Summarize the findings on the relationship between affluence and happiness

● studies find increasing affluence does not increase happiness● a little more money may will help you be a little more happy● those who strive for money tend to have a lower well-being● those who value love more than money have higher satisfaction● research has shown in 1957- 35% were very happy; now- 32%

were very happy

http://youtube.com/v/oHv6vTKD6lg

Module 40-8 & 9 By: Kainoa Sevigny & Erika Trathen

Q: How does adaptation and relative deprivation affect our

appraisals of our achievements?

Module 40-8

● Adaptation-Level Phenomenon○ Our tendency to

form judgements relative to a neutral level defined by our prior experience

Vocabulary

● Relative Adaptationo The perception that

one is worse off relative than those with whom one compares oneself

➢ Satisfaction and dissatisfaction have short lived lives.○ Happy with it one day and by the next week

you are bored of it and move on to something else.■ Ex. When you listen to a song too much

➢ We always compare ourselves to others○ One person gets paid more than another

■ Ex. Baseball players

Q: How can we influence our own levels of happiness?

Module 40-9

● Culture● Experiences

● Genes● Health and Wellness

● Relationships● Social Acceptance

What Affects Happiness?

● Happiness is not set● Happiness can rise or fall● We have control over

factors

Works Cited

Meyers, David. “Psychology.” New York: Worth Publishers, 2007. Print.Srivastava, Dr. Anjuli. “How Happiness

Affects Health.” ABC News.

March 27, 2013. Web.