emissions of air pollutants from power plants in … of air pollutants from power plants in china...

Emissions of air pollutants from power plants in China

Shuxiao Wang, Jiming Hao

Tsinghua University

October 9, 2012

Outline

2

Historical evolution of China’s power sector

Emission projection up to 2030

Issues and questions to be addressed

Power sector is the largest coal user in China

Source: China Statistical Yearbook, 2011

In 2010, power plants burned 1527 Mt coal, accounting for 50% of total coal consumption in China.

3

020000400006000080000

100000120000140000160000

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009年份

原煤

消耗

量/万

吨

Power sector is the largest emitter of SO2 and NOx

Wang et al., Atmospheric Environment, 2011, 45: 6347-6358

In 2005, China’s power plants emitted 55% of SO2 and 38% of NOx.

4

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

SO2 NOx PM2.5

Em

issi

ons o

f air

pol

luta

nts,

kt

Open BiomassBurningTransportation

Domestic sources

Industrial Process

Industrial Combustion

Power Plants

1996ChinaSO2:1200-2100mg/m3

NOx:650-1000mg/m3

PM: 200mg/m3

2002BeijingSO2:100-150mg/m3

PM:50mg/m3

2003ChinaSO2: 400-1200mg/m3

NOx:450-1000mg/m3

PM: 50mg/m3

2007BeijingSO2:50mg/m3

NOx:150-250mg/m3

SO2:10mg/m3

2011ChinaSO2:200mg/m3

NOx:100-200mg/m3

PM: 30mg/m3

5

Evolution of emission standard for power sector

Emission standard of air pollutants for thermal power plants

Application of FGD in China’s power plantsIn

stal

latio

n ca

paci

ty, G

W

1000

800

600

400

200

0 Rat

io o

f FG

D in

stal

latio

n, %

Capacity of coal-fired power plants (China) Capacity of FGD installation (China)

Capacity of power plants (US)FGD capacity (US )FGD ratio (China)FGD ratio (US)

6Wang and Hao. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2012

Application of NOx control technology

The capacity of operating flue gas deNOx units, mainly SCR, was over 140 GW by the end of 2010, accounting for 18% of the total coal-fired power units.

7

020406080

100120140160

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Inst

alla

tion

of D

eNO

x te

chno

logy

, GW

SNCR SCR

After late 1990’s, power plants with capacity >=300 MW installed advanced LNBs;

All power plants built after Jan. 1st 2004 installed advanced LNBs.

Wang and Hao. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 2012

Emission from China’s power plants: 2005-2010

8

0.002.004.006.008.00

10.0012.0014.00

SO2 NOX PM10 PM2.5

Air

pol

luta

nts

emis

sion

s, M

t 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

0.00.20.40.60.81.0

SO2 NOX PM10 PM2.5

Evo

lutio

n of

em

issi

on fa

ctor

s, %

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 GAINS

Outline

9




Assumptions on future emission scenarios

Energy scenario Energy scenario definition Pollution control scenario

definition

Business as usual(BAU)

Current legislation and compliance (till the end of 2010) are assumed. CO2 intensity will be 40%-45% lower in 2020 than that of 2005.

Current legislation and compliance (till the end of 2010) are assumed.

Alternative policy(PC)

New energy-saving policies are enforced, including life style changes, structural adjustment and energy efficiency improvement.

New air pollution control policies are released and implemented, representing the “best guess” of future environmental policies.

10

Driving forces of China’s power generation

Item 2010BAU PC

2020 2030 2020 2030

GDP (2005 price)/109 CHY 31165 65741 117718 65741 117718

Population/billion 1.340 1.440 1.474 1.440 1.474

Urbanization rate/% 49.7 58.0 63.0 58.0 63.0

Power generation/TWh 4205 6690 8506 5598 7457

Thermal efficiency of coal-fired power/% 35.7 38.0 40.0 38.8 41.7

Crude steel yield/Mt 627 710 680 610 570

Cement yield/Mt 1880 2001 2050 1751 1751

Urban residential building area percapita/m2

23.0 29.0 33.0 27.0 29.0

Rural residential building area percapita/m2

34.1 39.0 42.0 37.0 39.0

Share of new and renewable energy/% a 7.5 8.3 8.9 11.9 15.8

a Including hydro power, solar energy, wind energy, ocean energy, and nuclear energy 11

Evolution of power generation technologies

12

Change of fuel consumption by power sector

13

Application of control technologies

SO2 control for coal-fired units

PM control for coal-fired units

14

NOx control for coal-fired units

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

Shar

e of

con

trol

tech

nolo

gies

LNB+SCR LNB+SNCR LNB No Control

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

2005 2010 2020BAU2030BAU 2020PC 2030PC

Shar

e of

con

trol

tech

nolo

gies

No Control FGD

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

100%

2005 2010 2020BAU 2030BAU 2020PC 2030PC

Shar

e of

con

trol

tech

nolo

gies

FFESPWETCYC

GAINS gives higher SO2 emissions in the base year. Projection by CLE-GAINS is higher, mainly because of its higher

forecast of coal consumption compared with PC-TU.

SO2

Future emissions of China’s power sector

15.8315.83

2.85

7.02

20.33

57.45

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

SO2E

MIS

SIO

N, M

t

BAU-TUPC-TUCLE-GAINSNFC-GAINS

15

NOX


4.94

13.74

6.51

2.32

4.94

10.95

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

14.00

16.00

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

NO

xEM

ISSI

ON

, Mt

NFC-GAINSBAU-TUPC-TUCLE-GAINS

GAINS gives lower NOx emissions in the base year. Projection by CLE-GAINS is similar to BAU-TU. NOx emissions can

be further reduced by 60% under PC-TU.16

PM2.5


GAINS gives higher PM emissions in year 2010. Projection by CLE-GAINS is much higher than because it assumes

the PM emission factors will not change in the future.

2.83

0.690.41

2.43

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

3.00

2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030

PM2.

5EM

ISSI

ON

, Mt

NFC-GAINSBAU-TUPC-TUCLE-GAINS

17

Hg


Air pollution control measures (SCR) reduce Hg emissions by 75t ACT (accelerated control) strategy might reduce Hg emissions to 29%

of 2008 levels18

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

2008 2020 2030

Mer

cury

em

issi

on fr

om C

FPPs

in C

hina

(t)

Reference-BAUReference-EECReference-ACTAlternative-BAUAlternative-EECAlternative-ACT

Wang et al., Energy & Fuel, 2012

Outline

19




Issues and questions

Possibility to consider the regional difference or national circumstances?Difference among the emission inventories in 2005Might be necessary to reflect the recent emission changes

(2005-2010) in some countries such as ChinaCarefully define “current legislation”Future activity levels of power sector

01000020000300004000050000600007000080000

2005 2010 2020 2030

Coa

l con

sum

ptio

n, p

j

IEA BAU-TU PC-TU

Issues and questions

Consider not only the emission reduction but also the cost of control technologies

Long-term research needs: cost-benefit analysis of various emission scenarios

020406080

100120140

2020 2030

Incr

ease

of c

ost,

billi

on

CN

Y

Power genration technologiesAir pollution control technologies

Cost for reduction of GHGs and air pollutants

negative cost technologies

GHGs and air pollutants reduction at unit cost/income in 2030positive cost technologies

23

Cost difference between BAU and PC

24

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

2020 2030

Incr

ease

of c

ost,

billi

on C

NY

Power genration technologiesAir pollution control technologies

Total cost by technology

25

Future work: cost-benefit analysis

Cost of NOx control of power plants in China during 2011-2015

104 CHY

Benefit of NOx control of power plants in China during 2011-2015

83.8 billion CHY 37 billion CHY

26

Future work: projection for other sources

Develop emission scenarios for other larger point sources,

including cement industry, iron & steel industry, etc.

27

0.00

0.50

1.00

1.50

2.00

2.50

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011

Cem

ent p

rodu

ctio

n, b

illio

n to

ns shaft kilnPortland

Application of low NOx burners

Introduced low NOx burners (LNB) since early 1990’s; Power plants with capacity over 300 MW built after late 1990’s installed

advanced LNBs; All units built after Jan. 1st 2004 installed advanced LNBs.

第1时段, 75. 3%

第1时段, 71. 3%

第2时段, 94. 5%

第2时段, 91. 8%

第3时段, 100. 0%

第3时段, 100. 0%

0. 0% 10. 0% 20. 0% 30. 0% 40. 0% 50. 0% 60. 0% 70. 0% 80. 0% 90. 0% 100. 0%

台数比例

容量比例

28

Application of PM control technology

In 2010, 96% of power units installed ESP and 4% installed fabric filter.

29

Comparison between China and United States

Both the coal consumption of unit power generation and SO2 emission factor are lower than that of the United States. But NOx emission factor is still high.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

SO2 NOx PME

mis

sion

fact

or, g

/kW

h

ChinaUnited States

300310320330340350360370380390400

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

coal

con

sum

ptio

n of

pow

er

gene

ratio

n,g/

kWh

30

Emission reduction of various control measures

SCR – Selective Catalytic Reduction; SNCR - Selective Non-Catalytic Reduction; LNB –Low NOX combustion technologies; LSC – Life style change; STA – Structure adjustment.

31

emissions of air pollutants from power plants in … of air pollutants from power plants in china...

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