emission measurements tampered mopeds filemotivation for the investigation on emissions of mopeds...
TRANSCRIPT
Emission measurements tampered mopeds
Henk Baarbé
Contents
Motivation for the investigation on emissions of mopeds
Measurement programme
Results
Conclusions
Recommendations
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Motivation for the investigation on emissions of mopeds
New European legislation on emission limits and anti-tampering is
being prepared
No recent measurements on the effects of tampering on emissions
Complaint of higher fuel use after restoring speed limiter
Research question (partly):What is the effect of tampering on emissions and fuel consumption?
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Measurement programme: tested mopeds
New 2-stroke and 4-stroke moped purchased and driven 200km
4-stroke model is tested as a 25km/h and a 45km/h version, the
only difference is the type of speed limiters:
Other ignition unit (other max. engine speed)
Other variomatic limiter (other min. transmission ratio)
Mopeds are in top 3 of most sold makes in the Netherlands
Different configurations, including tampering
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Measurement programme: tested configurations
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Model Configuration Max. speed[km/h]
4-stroke: 25 km/h version Standard 27
Without variomatic limiter 36
4-stroke: 45 km/h version Standard 40
Without variomatic limiter 55
Tuned 60
2-stroke: 45 km/h version Standard 45
Without variomatic limiter 63
Replacement exhaust (without catalyst) 60
Tuned 75
Measurement programme: 3 cycles used
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1. R47 = official test cycle 2. 10 minutes at constant maximum configuration speed
3. 10 minutes at constant maximum allowed speed (25km/h or 45km/h)
Components measured: carbon monoxide (CO*), hydrocarbons (HC*), nitrogen oxides (NOx*), particulate matter (PM), particle number (PN) and CO2
*Limits in g/km set for these components
Emissions and fuel consumption decrease at faster moped configurations
45 km/h version is performing better than the 25 km/h version
PM and NOx low
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4-stroke results: 1. R47
Emissions lower compared to the R47
45 km/h version is performing better than the 25 km/h version
Fuel consumption decreases at faster moped configurations
Contrary to the R47 emissions of faster configurations are higher than standard configuration
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4-stroke results: 2. constant maximum configuration speed
Emissions ± the same compared to maximum configuration speed (except for the faster 25km/h version)
45 km/h version is performing better than the 25 km/h version
Fuel consumption is significantly lower at faster configurations than standard (3,5 and 1,8 times)
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4-stroke results: 3. constant maximum allowed speed
Good repeatability
Emissions increase at faster configurations, especially with replacement exhaust
Fuel consumption decreases if the variomatic limiter is removed, for the tuned version fuel consumption increases.
Low NOx emissionsHigh PM/PN emissions
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2-stroke results: 1. R47
Emissions and fuel consumption are ± the same as the R47, only the HC emissions during the first three tests are much lower
Contrary to the R47, CO emissions of the version without variomatic are lower than the standard version
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2-stroke results: 2. constant maximum configuration speed
Emissions at maximum allowed speed are lower in every aspect compared to the maximum configuration speed.
Fuel consumption is 1,6 times lower at the configuration without variomatic limiter compared to the standard version.
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2-stroke results: 3. constant maximum allowed speed
Conclusions: What is the effect of tampering on emissions and fuel consumption?
Tampering had effects on emissions and fuel consumption of mopeds, but not necessarily adverse effects.
The effect of tampering on emissions was different for the 2- and 4-stroke moped and also the driving cycle influenced the emissions.
For the 4-stroke moped the 45 km/h version performed better than the 25 km/h version, because of difference in restriction measures like the variomatic limiter and the ignition unit
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Conclusions: What is the effect of tampering on emissions and fuel consumption?
After removal of the variomatic limiter (mild tampering) at all cycles:The fuel consumption decreased for all mopedsEmission decreased and increased dependent on cycle and configuration
After removal of the variomatic limiter (mild tampering) at maximum allowed speed cycle:
The fuel consumption decreased for all mopedsEmission decreased for the 2-stroke moped
For the 2-stroke moped vigorous tampering mostly had a negative effect on emissions and fuel consumption increased
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Recommendations
Use more efficient and sophisticated measures for speed limitation of mopedsOnly allow the sale of Euro 2 compliant replacement exhaustsOther?
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Questions?
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