emily mchenry biology 478 april 25, 2012 collective decision making: synchronous movement of...
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Emily McHenry
Biology 478
April 25, 2012
COLLECTIVE DECISION MAKING:
SYNCHRONOUS MOVEMENT OF
INDIVIDUALS IN GROUPS
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WHAT IS COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ua2quxUDyRk&feature=related
(Start at 3:37)
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Collective animal behavior:
the coordinated behavior of large groups of similar animals and the emergent properties of these groups (Couzin 2012).
WHAT IS COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR?
worldhum.com
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Flocks of birds
Swarms of insects
Schools of fi sh
Herds of mammals
EXAMPLES OF COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
aquariumprosmn.com
esa.orgdigital-photography-school.com
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Increased foraging effi ciency (Bazazi 2012)
Energy effi ciency (Tamm 1980)
Aerodynamic and hydrodynamic benefits
Predation avoidance
Relies on selfish herd effect; increased group size results in lower
chances of any one individual becoming a victim
WHY DO ANIMALS MOVE SYNCHRONOUSLY?
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There are 3 Distinct patterns of predation avoidance
Vacuolization: where expansion results in a cavity
forming around the predator
Flash expansion: where individuals rapidly move away from the predator as it
strikes
Split effect where the group fragments
Most common reason for aggregations, but not always beneficial! http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XzZhSl_00pI&feature=related
PREDATION AVOIDANCE
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Most research has
been done in two ways:
1. Filming groups and then
frame-by-frame analyzing
2. Swarm simulating software
STUDYING COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR
princeton.edu
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SWARM SIMULATIONS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GUkjC-69vaw
Swarms are created following 3
fundamental rules:
Separation: steer to avoid crowding or
collisions
Alignment: steer toward the average
heading of groupmates
Cohesion: steer to move toward the average
position of local groupmates
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Previously thought to be telepathic
Utilizing senses
Eyesight, pressure, hearing, etc.
Monitoring position of neighbors
Behavioral zones
Repulsion
Attraction
Alignment based on relative position
HOW DO ANIMALS MOVE SYNCHRONOUSLY?
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Flocking Birds/Schooling Fish
Democracy
Quorum responses (Sumpter 2009)
Insects
No leader, forced march (Simpson 2006)
Mammals
Unknown
DECISION MAKING IN THE GROUP
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QUESTIONS?
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Potts, Wayne K. 1984. "The chorus-line hypothesis of coordination in avian flocks." Nature 24: 344-345.
Simpson, Stephen J, Gregory A. Sword, Patrick D. Lorch, and Iain D. Couzin. "Cannibal Crickets on a Forced March
for Protein and Salt." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103.11
(2006): 4152-4156.
Bazazi, S. et al. (2012) Vortex formation and foraging in polyphonic spadefoot toad tadpoles. Behavioral Ecology
and Sociobiology. March 2012.
Tamm, Staff an. "Bird Orientation: Single Homing Pigeons Compared with Small Flocks."
Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology . 7.4 (1980): 319-322.
Tien, J Rubenstein, D. “Dynamics of fi sh shoals: Identifying key decision rules.” Evolutionary
Ecology Research, No. 6. (2004), pp. 555-565
Ward, A.J.W, D.J.T Sumpter, I.D Couzin, P.J.B Hart, and J Krause. "Quorum Decision-Making
Facilitates Information Transfer in Fish Shoals." Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America . 105.19 (2008): 6948-6953.
Sumpter, D.J.T, and S.C Pratt. "Quorum Responses and Consensus Decision Making."
Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences . 364.1518 (2009): 743-
753.
Couzin, I D, and J Krause. "Self-organization and Collective Behavior in Vertebrates." Advances in the Study of
Behavior. 32 (2003): 1-75.
Couzin, I. D., J. Krause, R. James, G. D. Ruxton, and N. R. Franks. 2002. Collective memory and spatial sorting in
animal groups. Journal of Theoretical Biology 218: 1-11.
Caraco, T., S. Martindale, and H. R. Pulliam. 1980. Flocking: advantages and disadvantages. Nature 285: 400-401.
WORKS CITED