emil diurkemis sociologia

1. emil diurkemi: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis wlebi

2. sociologiis sagani da misi adgili sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa sistemaSi.

3. “sociologizmi” rogorc sazogadoebis Teoria.

4. sociologiuri meTodis wesebi

5. sazogadoebrivi solidaroba da Sromis danawileba

6. ,,sociologizmis” principebis gamoyeneba TviTmkvlelobis mizezTa sakvlevad

7. moralis filosofiur-sociologiuri koncefcia

8. religiis filosofiur-sociologiuri koncefcia

9. diurkemis adgili sociologiis istoriaSi.

emil diurkemi: cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis wlebi

emil diurkemi daibada safrangeTSi, q. epinaleSi 1858 wlis 15 aprils. warmoSobiT

ekuTvnis rabinebis Zvel gvars da Tavadac emzadeboda rabinobisaTvis, magram

siymawvileSi uari ganacxada am gzaze. aqedan dawyebuli misi dauokebeli

interesei religiisadmi ufro akademiuri xasiaTisaa, vidre Teologiuri. mas ar

akmayofilebs religiuri ganaTleba da arc saero, sadac gansakuTrebuli

yuradReba eTmoboda literaturul da esTetikur disciplinebs. Mmas axasiaTebs

midrekileba mecnieruli meTodebisa da sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

xelmZRvanelobis zneobrivi principebisadmi. Mman uari ganacxada filosofiis

sferoSi tradiciul mecnierul karieraze da amis nacvlad cdilobda mieRo

mecnieruli ganaTleba, raTa Seetana Tavisi wvlili sazogadoebis zneobriv

xelmZRvanelobaSi. diurkems ainteresebda mecnieruli sociologia, magram maSin

iseTi Ddisciplina rogoricaa sociologia ar arsebobda da amitom 1882_1887

wlebSi is aswavlis filosofias parizis axlos, rig provinciul skolebSi.

misi interesi mecnierebisadmi gaizarda germaniaSi mgzavrobis Semdeg, sadac is

gaecno vilhelm vundtis mier Seqmnil mecnierul fsiqologias. SemdgomSi is

aqveynebs Sromebs, romlebSic nawilobriv eyrdnoboda germaniaSi miRebul

gamocdilebas. Ees publikaciebi daexmara mas mieRo adgili bordos universitetis

filosofiis ganyofilebaze 1887wels. Aaq diurkemma waikiTxa socialur

mecnierebebSi pirveli kursi safrangeTis universitetebSi. es iyo gansakuTrebiT

STambeWdavi movlena, radgan sul aTiode wlis ukan studentur auditoriaSi

disertaciis dacvisas o.kontis saxelix gaxsenebam uzarmazari skandali gamoiwvia.

Ddurkhemis mTavari movaleoba iyo pedagogikis kursis Sedgena skolis

maswavleblebisaTvis, mTavari problema ki exeba zneobriv aRzrdas. diurkemis

mTavari mizania zneobrivi principebis Segoneba maswavleblebisaTvis, romlebic,

misi azriT, amas Semdgom ganavrcobdnen mowafeebze, amiT ki durkhemi cdilobda

winaaRmdegoba gaewia zneobrivi gadagvarebisaTvis, rasac is atyobda frangul

sazogadoebas.

Semdgomi wlebi diurkemisaTvis SedarebiT warmatebulia. 1893 wels man gamoaqveyna

Tavisi sadoqtoro disertacia ,,Sromis sazogadoebrivi danawileba” da aseve

disertacia monteskieze (laTinurad, xolo mis mTavar meTodologiur naSroms

,,sociologiis meTodis wesebi”(1895) moyva sociologiuri meTodebis empiriuli

gamoyeneba ,,TviTmkvlelobebis” gamokvlevebSi(1897). 1896 wels diurkemi gaxda

bordos universitetis profesori. 1902wels man miiRo adgili sorbonis

universitetSi, 1906 wels gaxda pedagogikis profesori, 1913 wels es wodeba

Secvala pedagogikisa da sociologiis profesoris wodebiT. Ddiurkemis meore

mniSvnelovani naSromi ,,religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi” gamoqveynda

1912wels.

dRes diurkems miiCneven politikur konservatorad da misi gavlena

sociologiaze aseve konservatiulia. Mmagram Tavis droze is iTvleboda

liberalad, rac Cans mis aqtiur sajaro gamosvlebSi alfred dreifusis

dasacavad. Ddreifusi iyo ebraeli samxedro kapitani, romelic samxedro

sasamarTlom jaSuSobaSi daadanaSaula, rac sazogadoebam aRiqva, rogorc

antisemituri faqti.(sxva versiiT dreifusi daisaja gogonaze Zaladobisa da misi

mkvlelobis braldebiT. A(am Temaze didi xmauri iyo imdroindel evropul presaSi

S.k.). diurkemma Zalze ganicada dreifusis saqme, gansakuTrebiT misi antisemituri

xasiaTi. Mmagram es antisemitizmi diurkems ar daubralebia franguli

rasizmisaTvis. Mmas es miaCnda im zneobrivi senis tipiur magaliTad, rac

mTlianobaSi axasiaTebda frangul sazogadoebas. is ambobda, rom rodesac

sazogadoeba itanjeba, mas uCndeba moTxovna moZebnos vinme visac daadanaSaulebs

am avadmyofobis gamo, visac dasjis Tavisi ubedurebisaTvis: da isini, romelTa

winaaRmdeg ukve ganwyobilia sazogadoebrivi azri, bunebrivia, gamodgebian am

rolisaTvis. Eesaa is gankicxulni, romlebic sazRaurs ixdian. amaSi marwmunebs is,

Tu rogor aRiqva sazogadoebam dreifusis saqme 1894 wels. bulvarze sixarulis

talRebi agordnen. xalxi gamarjvebad aRiqvamda imas, rac unda yofiliyo

sazogadoebrivi glovis mizezi. Bbolos da bolos maT gaiges visTvis

daebralebinaT ekonomikuri siduxWire da zneobrivi ubedurebebi, romlebSic

cxovrobdnen. Yyvela ubedureba ebraelTagan modis. Bbrali oficialurad iyo

dasabuTebuli. Uukve mxolod aqedan Canda, rom cxovreba umjobesdeba da xalxmac

igrZno simSvide. amgvarad diurkemis interesi dreifusis saqmisadmi gamowveuli

iyo misi cxovrebiseuli intresiT mis sazogadoebaSi gavrcelebuli zneobriobisa

da zneobrivi krizisis gamo.

diurkemisaTvis dreifusis saqmisa da msgavsi krizisebis daZleva SesaZlebelia

sazogadoebaSi zneobrivi wesrigis damyarebiT. ramdenadac es ver moxerxdeboda

male da martivad diurkemma sazogadoebas SesTavaza calkeuli qmedebebi,

magaliTad, mkacri zomebis miReba imaT mimarT, vinc siZulvils Tess, aseve

mTavrobis mcdelobebi eCvenebina sazogadoebisaTvis, rom is SecdomaSia Seyvanili.

is arwmunebs adamianebs, rom saWiroa Tamamad da xmamaRla ganacxadon Tu ras

fiqroben, da gaerTiandnen raTa daamarcxon sazogadoebrivi ugnuroba.

diurkemis interesi socializmisadmi ganixileba, rogorc argumenti misi

konservatizmis winaaRmdeg, magram misi socializmi Zalian gansxvavdeba marqsisa

da marqsis mimdevrebis socializmisagan. Ffaqtobrivad diurkemi marqsizms

ganixilavda, rogorc ,,seWvo da MmoZvelebuli hipiTezebis krebuls”.

diurkemisaTvis socializmi aris mecnieruli moralis daxmarebiT sazogadoebis

zneobrivi aRorZinebisaken mimarTuli moZraoba da mas sulac ar aintresebda

socializmis moklevadiani politikuri meTodebi da ekonomikuri aspeqtebi. Mmas

ar miaCnda proletariati sazogadoebis mxsnelad da seriozulad

ewinaaRmdegeboda agitaciasa da Zaladobas. Ddiurkemiseuli socializmi Zalian

gansxvavdeba socializmze Cveni warmodgenebisagan: mas, martivad, warmodgenili

qonda sistema, sadac dainergeboda mecnieruli sociologiis aRmoCenili

zneobrivi principebi.

diurkems, Cven am wignSic SevniSnavT, Rrma gavlena qonda sociologiis

ganviTarebaze, magram misi gavlena amiT ar amoiwureboda.Ddidi zemoqmedeba sxva

sferoebze moaxdina ,,sociologiurma weliwdeulma” (L’annee sociologique),

romelic 1898 wels daarsda. Jurnalis irgvliv Seikra inteleqtualuri jgufi,

romlis centri Tavad diurkemi iyo. Jurnalma gavlena moaxdina iseT sferoebze,

rogorebicaa anTropologia, istoria, lingvistika da rac sainteresoa,

fsiqologia, romelsac is akritikebda.

diurkemi gardaicvala 1917 wlis 15 noembers. is iyo cnobili frangul

inteleqtualur wreebSi, magram unda gasuliyo kidev oci weli da talkot

parsonsis ,,socialuri qmedebis struqturasTan” erTad didi gavlena moexdina

amerikul sociologiaze.

sociologiis sagani da misi adgili sxva

sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa sistemaSi.

sociologiis damoukidebel mecnierebad Camoyalibebis aucilebel zogad

pirobaTa ricxvs, diurkemi miakuTvnebs gansakuTrebuli sagnis arsebobas,

romelsac mxolod mocemuli mecniereba Seiswavlis da kvlevis Sesabamis

meTodebs. sociologia unda swavlobdes socialur realobas, romelsac eqneba

mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi. socialuri realobis elementebia

socialuri faqtebi, romelTa erTobliobacaa sazogadoeba. swored es faqtebia

sociologiis sagani.

diurkemis gansazRvrebiT “socialur faqts warmoadgens moqmedebis yvela mkveTrad

an naklebad mkveTrad gansazRvruli wesi, romelsac unari aqvs iqonios individze

garegnuli dawola ise, rom amave dros inarCunebs Tavis sakuTar arsebobas,

romelic damoukidebelia misi individualuri gamovlinebebidan”. (1,gv.19). am

gansazRvrebis sazrisi isaa, rom misi azriT dabadebisas individi mzamzareulad

poulobs misgan damoukidebel funqcionirebad kanonebs da adaT - wesebs,

yofaqcevis wesebs, religiur rwmenebsa da Cveulebebs, enas, fulad sistemas.

azrTa, moqmedebaTa da grZnobaTa es wesebi arseboben damoukideblad, obieqturad.

socialur faqtorTa obieqturobis Sedegia maTi meorenairi - sxvagvari

daxasiaTebac, romelic individebze maT dawolaSi, am ukanasknelTa gansazRvruli

moqmedebisadmi iZulebaSi gamoixateba. amis axsnisas diurkemi werda, rom yoveli

adamiani Tavis Tavze ganicdis socialur iZulebas. magaliTad iuridiuli da

moraluri wesebi SeuZlebelia individma daarRvios ise, rom man ar igrZnos

sayovelTao gakicxvisa da armowonebis mTeli simZime, zustad asevea saqme

socialuri faqtebis sxva saxeebTan dakavSirebiT.

koleqtiuri cnobierebis - igive koleqtiuri warmodgenebis, romlebic moralis,

religiis, samarTlis arsebas Seadgenen - faqtebs, diurkemi garkveuli azriT

upirispirebs faqtebs, romlebic gagebulia rogorc sazogadoebrivi yofierebis

formebi, anu morfologiuri wesrigis faqtebs.

socialuri morfologia swavlobs sazogadoebis nawilTa agebulebas da formas,

mis “anatomiur struqturas”, romlis SemadgenlobaSic Sedian demografiuli da

ekologiuri faqtebi - koleqtiuri warmodgenebis “substrati”. morfologiur

faqtebs ganekuTvnebian sazogadoebis ZiriTadi elementebis raodenoba (ricxvi) da

xasiaTi, maTi SeerTebis wesebi, maT mier miRweuli darazmulobis da erTianobis

done (xarisxi), teritoriaze mosaxleobis ganawileba, mimosvlis saSualebebis

(gzebis) xasiaTi, sacxovreblis formebi da a.S..

morfologiuri faqtebi Seadgenen TiTqosda sazogadoebis raodenobriv aspeqts,

maSin rodesac koleqtiuri cnobierebis faqtebi - koleqtiuri warmodgenebi

warmoadgenen mis sulier, Tvisobriv aspeqts.

morfologiur da koleqtiur warmodgenebs diurkemma uwoda “Sinagani socialuri

garemo”. masSi Sedian farTobis mocemul erTeulze individTa ricxovnoba

(“materialuri simWidrove”) da “masebis” koncentraciis xarisxi (done) anu

“dinamikuri simWidrove” simtkice, romelic gamoixateba individTa socialuri

urTierTobis intensiurobaSi, maTi kontaqtebis sixSireSi da romlebic

gansazRvraven “saerTo cxovrebis xarisxs”.

diurkemis mier daSvebuli winaaRmdegobani am sakiTxebis gadaWrisas -misi

filosofiuri araTanmimdevrulobis naTel magaliTad miaCniaT. mag. socialuri

garemos ganmsazRvreli zegavlenis Sesaxeb bWobisas igi am cnebaSi Seitans

rogorc materialur, ise idealur faqtebsa da faqtorebs; xazgasmiT aRniSnavs

koleqtiuri cnobierebis unars awarmoos sxva socialuri faqtebi da Seqmnas TviT

sazogadoebac ki, ise, rom am (mecnierebas) cnobierebas igi aniWebs TviTmyofad,

avtonomiur xasiaTs yovelgvari SefardebiTobis gareSe. mis mier gamoyenebuli

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis “materialuri substratis” cneba srulebiTac ar

niSnavs, rom amiT igi uaxlovdeba sazogadoebis namdvil materialuri

safuZvlebis, misi bazisis gagebas. ekonomikur urTierTobaTa mniSvnelobis

damdablebam, maTi rogorc sarfianobis, interesis urTierTobaTa ganmartebam,

miiyvana igi mwarmoebluri SromiTi saqmianobis rolis gaugebrobasTan.

diurkemisTvis materia esaa mxolod fizikuri sxeulis sinonimi, amitom mas ar

SeuZlia sazogadoebaSi dainaxos sxva “materia” Tu ara is, romelic

ganxorcielebulia ekologiur, demografiul, teqnologiur faqtorebSi.

amasTan erTad ar SeiZleba ar avRniSnoT misi miswrafeba daafuZnos sociologia

ufro myar fundamentze, vidre is, romelzedac idga fsiqologia,anu socialur

fenomenTa mravalsaxeobis sociologiuri axsnisTvis amosavali punqtis Zieba.

socialuri faqtebis problemebis rogorc sociologiis sagnis diurkemiseuli

gagebis naklia maTi (faqtebis) gnoseologiuri bunebis kvlevis mniSvnelobis

ugulebelyofa da gaugebroba, rasac iseTi movlenebis Teoriuli analizisas,

rogoricaa religia mivyavarT principul Secdomebamde.

diurkemis koncefciaSi sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa sferoSi sociologias

centraluri adgili uWiravs. misi amocana ar aris mxolod socialur faqtTa

kvleva. sociologia yvela sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebebs aiaraRebs meTodiTa

da TeoriiT, romelTa bazazec unda moxdes gamokvlevebi sazogadoebrivi

cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoebSi. sazogadoebrivi mecnierebani gvevlinebian

rogorc sociologiis ganyofilebani da ganxrani, romlebic koleqtiur

warmodgenebs ikvleven maT konkretul sferoebSi - iuridiul, moralur,

religiur, ekonomikur sferoebSi da a.S. sxvadasxva disciplinaTa warmomadgenlebi

unda gaaerTianos socialur faqtTa xasiaTis Sesaxeb saerTo (zogadma)

Tvalsazrisma, maTi Sefasebebis saerTo zogadma kriteriumebma, kvlevis saerTo

zogadma meTodma. mxolod aseT pirobebSi gaTavisufldeba sociologia

abstraqtulobisa da metafizikurobisgan, xolo sazogadoebaTmcodneTa Sromebi ki

aRar iqnebian moklebulni erTmaneTTan kavSirs da SemecnebiT Rirebulebas.

diurkemma “sociologizaciis” Tavisi gegmebi gaavrcela Semecnebis Teoriaze da

logikaze, agreTve arafilosofiur mecnierebebze - istoriaze, eTnografiaze,

ekonomikaze da TviT filosofiac ki dauqvemdebara sociologiisa da misi

monacemebis safuZvelze gadamuSavebas.

filosofiis da sociologiis damokidebulebis problema diurkems

winaamRdegobrivad esaxeba, erTis mxriv igi moiTxovs filosofiisgan rogorc

metafizikisgan ganTavisuflebas da gamoyofas, xolo meores mxriv moiTxovs maT

Soris kavSiris axali saxeebis povnas. filosofiisgan ganTavisufleba

sociologias saSualebas miscems Seiswavlos sakuTari problemebi - socialuri

realoba rogorc aseTi. amasTanave mas mxedvelobaSi hqonda sociologiis

tradiciuli idealisturi metafizikisgan gamoyofa, romelic Sors idga

sinamdvilis gagebsigan.

socialuri gamokvlevebis ganviTarebis erT - erT saboloo rezultatad, diurkemi

miiCnevda, sociologiurad dafuZnebuli filosofiis Seqmnas, ramdenadac yvelaze

Zneli metafizikuri sakiTxebis (moralis, religiis, da a.S. bunebis Sesaxeb)

namdvilad mecnieruli gadawyveta SesaZlebelia mxolod sociologiuri

gamokvlevebis bazaze. misi azriT, amocanebi, romlebsac adre warmatebiT ver

xsnidnen obieqtur - idealisturi (Teologiuri) an subieqtur - idealisturi

(fsiqologisturi) poziciebidan, warmatebiT gadaiWreba da amoixsneba Tu Tavisi

arsebiT socialuri movlenebis axsnas safuZvlad daedeba empiriuli baza.

maSasadame sociologiurma Tvalsazrisma unda Secvalos filosofia,

gaanTavisuflos igi spekulaciuri xasiaTisgan. filosofiisa da sociologiis

damokidebulebis sakiTxis amgvari ayeneba ar gvxvdeba sociologiis arcerT

skolaSi da Seicavs mraval swor debulebas.

“sociologizmi” rogorc sazogadoebis Teoria

diurkemis Teoriul koncefciaSi SeimCneva ori mTavari tendencia. pirveli maTgani

- naturalizmi - amodis bunebis mixedviT sazogadoebisa da misi kanonzomierebis

gagebisgan da dakavSirebulia ganmanaTleblobis filosofiis tradiciebTan. meore

- e.w. socialuri realizmi - sazogadoebis rogorc gansakuTrebuli gvaris

realobis (sui generic) gageba; romelic gansxvavebulia realobis yvela sxva

saxeebisagan (fizikurisagan, qimiurisagan, biologiurisagan, fsiqologiurisagan) -

dakavSirebulia tradicionalistebis (bonaldis, de mestris), agreTve sen -

simonisa da kontis mier ganviTarebul sazogadoebis koncefciebTan.

socialuri realizmi - rogorc sazogadoebis Teoria aris diurkemis e.w.

sociologizmis nawili.

individualisturi koncefciebis sapirispirod “sociologizmi” Teoriul planSi

asabuTebda socialuri realobis specifikurobisa da avtonomiurobis princips,

ufro metic, amtkicebda individebze mis primatsa da upiratesobas. individTan

SedarebiT sazogadoeba ganixileboda rogorc SinaarsiT ufro mdidari realoba.

meTodologiurad “sociologizmisTvis” damaxasiaTebelia socialuri

movlenebisadmi obieqturi mecnieruli midgomis principi. socialuris sxva

socialuriT axsnis moTxovna da amasTan dakavSirebiT - biologiuri da

fsiqologiuri reduqcionizmis kritika.

“sociologizms” uSualo damokidebuleba hqonda filosofiis ZiriTadi sakiTxis

gadawyvetasTan. diurkemi aRiarebda cnobierebisa da materiis kavSirs, uTiTebda

“socialuri garemodan” sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. imisgan

rom socialuri cxovreba “nawilobriv ar aris damokidebuli organizmze,

srulebiTac ar gamomdinareobs, rom igi ar aris damokidebuli raime materialur

mizezebze da rom igi unda moTavsdes bunebis gareT, - werda igi - yvela is faqti,

romelTa axsnac SeuZlebelia vipovoT qsovilTa agebulebaSi, warmoiqmneba

socialuri garemos Tvisebebisgan” (2gv. 279). misi koncefciis arss Seadgens

miswrafeba CarTos “pirobebisa da mizezebis mqone” bunebrivi movlenebis sferoSi

moraluri da religiuri fenomenebi, magram amave dros SeinarCunos maTi specifika.

am ukanasknelisadmi miswrafebam ki migviyvana sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis imgvari

TvisebebiT aRWurvasTan, romlebmac igi TiTqmis damoukidebel fenomenad

gadaaqcies, romelic Tavis mxriv qmnis sazogadoebriv cxovrebas rogorc aseTs.

diurkemi mkveTrad mijnavs erTmaneTisgan individualur da koleqtiur

cnobierebas. “jgufi fiqrobs, grZnobs, moqmedebs savsebiT sxvagvarad, vidre amas

gaakeTebdnen misi wevrebi, isini rom erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebuli yofiliyvnen.

maSasadame, Tu amovalT am ukanasknelTagan, maSin Cven verafers gavigebT imisagan,

rac xdeba jgufSi” (1,91). koleqtiur anu saerTo (zogad) cnobierebas sociologma

uwoda sazogadoebis fsiqikuri tipi, romelsac aqvs ganviTarebis Tavisi wesi,

romelic ar daiyvaneba materialur safuZvelze, Tavisi Tvisebebi, arsebobis Tavisi

pirobebi, koleqtiuri cnobierebis dinamikuri aspeqtis, misi spontanuri,

araregulirebadi xasiaTis gamoxatvis mcdelobisas, diurkemma Semoitana

emocionalurad Seferili zogadi ideebisa da rwmenebis aRsaniSnavad “koleqtiuri

warmodgenebis” termini. rogorc TavianTi warmoSobisa, ise Tavisi Sinaarsis

mixedviTac isini arian sazogadoebrivni, koleqtiurni.

koleqtiuri anu saerTo (zogadi) cnobierebis genezisis ganxilvis dros diurkemi

eyrdnoboda bunebis ganviTarebis uwyvetlobisa da martivis rTulSi

“SemoqmedebiTi sinTezis” ideebs.

individTa urTierTobebs sazogadoebaSi igi ganmartavda rogorc asociaciaTa

urTierTobebs, ris Sedegadac warmoiSoba axali Tviseba (Tvisebrioba) -

socialuri cxovreba rogorc saqmianobis procesi.

moZRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac individTa urTierTobisa da asociaciis procesSi

urTierTqmedebisa da komunikaciis faqtebisgan warmoiqmneba axali Tvisobrioba -

socialuri cxovreba, diurkemis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa umravlesobis mier ewoda

“asocianisturi realizmis” saxeli.

sazogadoebis rogorc transcendenturad hipostazirebuli da substancialuri

mTelis gagebis uaryofisas da Tavisi moZRvrebis amgvari gagebis - ganmartebis

winaamRdeg gafrTxilebisas, diurkemi werda : “socialur rwmenebs an aqtebs unari

SeswevT iarsebon maTi individualuri gamoxatvis - gamoTqmebisagan

damoukideblad. cxadia, amiT, Cven ar gvsurs vTqvaT, rom sazogadoeba

SesaZlebelia individTa garaSe: amgvari cxadi uazrobis gamoTqmis eWvisgan

SeiZleboda ganvTavisuflebuliyaviT”. (3,436). diurkemi “sazogadoebis

damoukideblobis” qveS gulisxmobda mxolod da mxolod mis obieqturobas

individTan mimarTebaSi, da gansakuTrebul Tvisobriv specifikas, da ara

miRmurobas, zebunebriobas. “Cven sruliadac ar gvsurs koleqtiuri warmodgenebis

hipostazireba - werda diurkemi - Cven iseve nakleb vuSvebT substanciuri sulis

arsebobas sazogadoebaSi, rogorc calkeul individSi” (iqve,26) igi sazogadoebisa

da individTa damokidebulebas ganmartavda rogorc mTelisa da nawilis

damokidebulebas, mudam eyrdnoboda qimiuri mTelis rogorc misi Semadgeneli

elementebis sinTezis magaliTsa da nimuSs.

garda asocianisturisa, arsebobs sazogadoebisa diurkemiseuli gagebis kide erTi

ara nakleb mniSvnelovani aspeqti. religiis miwier, socialur fesvebze

miTiTebisas, diurkmma RmerTi sazogadoebad monaTla. RmerTisa da sazogadoebis

rogorc sinonimur cnebaTa gamoyenebisas, mas surda dromoWmuli religiuri

warmodgenebis nacvlad SemoeTavazebina axali, racionalurobisa da sarwmuno

kriteriumTa Sesatyvisi warmodgenebi. sazogadoebis siwmindis xazgasmiT, misi

goniTobis (gansulierebulobis), hiperspiritualisturobis TvisebebiT aRWurviT,

diurkems surda gamoeTqva individebze sazogadoebis moraluri upiratesobis idea.

diurkemis Tvalsazrisi sazogadoebis Sesaxeb viTardeboda. Tavis adrindel

TxzulebaSi igi xazs usvamda koleqtiur cnobierebasa da socialur garemos

Soris mWidro kavSirTurTierTobis arsebobas. imis mixedviT, Tu rogor icvleba

jgufis zoma, sidide, misi individualuri komponetebis simWidrove da mobiloba,

damokidebuleba individualur gonebasa da koleqtiur gonebas Soris, icvleba am

ukansaknelis mier sanqcirebuli zogadi rwmena - Sexedulebanic. mogvianebiT ki

diurkemi koleqtiur cnobierebas ukve mTeli sazogadoebis sasicocxlo kvanZad

Tvlis. sazogadoebas igi ukve acxadebs “yovelgvar ideaTa, rwmenaTa da grZnobaTa

kompoziciad, romlebic realobad iqcevian individTa meSveobiT”. am formulaSi

naTlad gamoxatulma istoriulma realizmma igi miiyvana imasTan, rom socialur

urTierTobebs , xolo idealebs uwodebda “sazogadoebis suls”, mis arsebas.

diurkemiseul pozitivistur sociologias ar axasiaTebs monizmi. sazogadoebasa

da mis cnobierebas diurkhaimi ganixilavda rogorc erTi rigis movlenebs, mis

koncefciaSi isini iyo aramxolod urTierTdakavSirebuli da

urTierTganpirobebuli, aramed axsnis dros SeeZloT SeecvalaT etimologiuri

Tanmimdevrulobac. xan koleqtiuri cnobiereba - warmodgenebi iyo sazogadoebis

produqti, xan piriqiT, sazogadoeba - koleqtiuri warmodgenebis produqti, rac

sruliadac ar agdebs diurkems uxerxulobaSi, aramed piriqiT, yovelive es mas

mecnierulobis niSnad miaCnda. swored amaSi mdgomareobda, rogorc diurkemis

mimdeverebi aRniSnaven “diurkemiseuli filosofiis centraluri punqti”.

sociologiuri meTodis wesebi

diurkemis mier damuSavebuli sociologiuri kvlevis meTodologia saSualebas

gvaZlevs CavTvaloT igi pozitivizmis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad.

sociologiis - Teoriul meTodologiur mimarTebaSi konstituirebis amocanis

wamoyenebisas, diurkemi cdilobda mWidrod daekavSirebina misi meTodologiuri

principebi sociologiis sagnis rogorc gansakuTrebuli gvaris faqtebis -

socialuris gagebasTan. amasTanave igi pozitivizmis tradiciebs agrZelebda im

azriT, rom sistematiurad ganixilavda amosaval empiriul monacemTa Sekrebis, maT

Soris empiriulad dadgenil mimarTebaTa axsnis da wamoyenebul hipoTezaTa

dasabuTebis wesebs. diurkemi iziarebda pozitivistTa naturalistur ganwyobas,

cdilobda aego sociologia bunebismecnierebaTa msgavsad am ukanasknelisTvis

damaxasiaTebeli induqciuri meTodiTa da obieqturi dakvirvebis principiT. am

sakiTxebSi diurkemis mTavari mowinaamRdege iyo fsiqologizmi, kerZod im

droisTvis tipiuri introspeqciis meTodi.

pirveli wesi, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos - diurkemis azriT

socialuri sinamdvilisadmi obieqturi midgoma, gamoixateba principSi:

”socialuri faqtebi saWiroa ganvixiloT rogorc nivTebi”.

socialuri movlenebis rogorc “nivTebis” ganmarteba niSnavda maTi subieqtisgan

damoukideblad arsebobis aRiarebas da maT kvlevas obieqturad, ise rogorc

ikvlevs Tavis sagans esaa Tu is bunebismetyveluri mecniereba. koleqtiuri

warmodgenebis, romelTa buneba idealuria, “hiperspiritualisturia”,

Seswavlisadmi meTodologiuri obieqtivizmis principebis gamoyenebisas, diurkemi

Seejaxa zogierT friad rTul sakiTxs. ramdenadac cnobierebis koleqtiur

mdgomareobas SeuZlebelia uSualod davakvirdeT, maT Sesaxeb - amtkicebda igi -

SeiZleba vimsjeloT mxolod gaSualebulad, qcevis sxvadasxva formebis Sesaxeb

obieqturi monacemebis safuZvelze, agreTve sazogadoebrivi institutebis formaSi

koleqtiuri cnobierebis gamoxatvis mixedviT. amgvarad, sociologias saqme aqvs

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis obieqtivaciasTan, obieqtur maCveneblebSi mis

gamoTqmasTan. magaliTad, diurkemi Tvlida, rom statistikis cifrebi gvexmarebian

avxsnaT sxva gziT mouxelTebeli yoveldRiuri cxovrebis “mimdinareoba”,

pirvelyofil xalxTa andazebi gvexarebian avxsnaT am xalxTa istoriulad

cvalebadi gemovnebani da a.S.

ramdenadac arapirdapiri meTodis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia fizikur mecnierebebSi,

amdenad igi SesaZlebelia sociologiaSic. magram mecnierebis mizani, diurkemis

Taaxmad ar daiyvaneba dakvirvebadi obieqturi maCveneblebis daxmarebiT

socialuri faqtebis aRwerasa da mowesrigebaze. isini gvexmarebian ufro Rrma

mizezobrivi kavSirebisa da kanonebis dadgenaSi. socialur samyaroSi kanonis

arseboba mowmobs am kanonis aRmomCeni da amxsneli sociologiis mecnierulobaze,

sxva mecnierebebTan mis naTesaobaze. “swored kanonebi qmnian sazogadoebis Sesaxeb

mecnierebis kvlevis sagans” – werda diurkemi da mWidrod ukavSirebda kanonis

cnebas determinizmis princips. [“sociologia SeiZleba mecnierebad iqces mxolod

im pirobebSi, Tu bunebismecnierebebSi myarad dadgenili determinizmis idea,

gavrceldeba socialur wesrigzec”]. diurkemi faqtsa da kanons ganixilavda

rogorc TanafardobiT kategoriebs, romlebic sinamdvilis kavSirTa sxvadasxva

doneebs asaxaven. faqti aris kanonis garegani gamovlineba; kanoni ki aris faqtis

saerTo (zogadi) Sinagani safuZveli

iswrafvoda ra empiriuli masalis Sekrebisas rac SeiZleba meti obieqturobis

miRwevas, diurkemi xazgasmiT aRniSnavda, rom kvlevis pirvel fazaSi sawyisi

(amosavali) monacemebis saxiT saWiroa amovarCioT mxolod iseTi, movlenebi,

romlebzec SesaZlebelia uSualo dakvirveba.

SegrZnebebisgan amosvlis, “grZnobadi monacemebidan Tavisi pirveladi

gansazRvrebebis elementTa sesxebis” moTxovnaSi, diurkemi xedavda

“winamecnieruli naxevrad cnebebisgan”, “nivTebis WeSmariti saxis dammaxinjebeli

moCvenebiTobebisgan, romlebic Cvens mier CaTvlilia TviT nivTebad”,

ganTavisuflebis garantias. agrZelebda ra f.bekonis cnebebis Camoyalibebis wesi

(xerxi), eCvenebina Tu raSi vlindeba maTi kavSiri mecnierul TeoriasTan.

sazogadoebrivi movlenebis obieqtur kanonzomierebaTa mopovebis miswrafebam

ganapiroba is maRali Sefaseba, romelsac diurkemi aZlevda statistikis

gamoyenebas sociologiaSi. qorwinebis, Sobadobis cvalebadobis, meryeobis,

TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvis da mraval sxvaTa statistikuri kanonzomierebani,

diurkems miaCnda imis saukeTeso dasabuTebad, rom am kanonzomierebaSi vlindeba

raRac koleqtiuri mdgomareoba.

erT - erT umniSvnelovanes problemad diurkemi Tvlida socialur faqtTa

mecnireuli axsnis SesaZleblobaTa Teoriul dasabuTebas, am problemis

gadawyvetisas erTmaneTisgan ganacalkeva da sociologiuri kvlevis praqtikaSi

gamoiyena analizis ori gvari: mizezobrivi da funqcionaluri.

sociologiuri axsna - diurkemis mixedviT - esaa mizezobrivi axsna, romlis arsic

socialuri movlenis socialuri garemoTi gansazRvrulobis analizSi

mdgomareobs. [socialuri movlenis socialur garemoze damokidebulebis analizSi

mdgomareobs]. am TvalsazrisiT diurkemma gaakritika sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis

axsnis yvela sxva mcdeloba - milis fsiqologiuri reduqcionizmi, kontis mier

sazogadoebrivi evoluciis rogorc adamianis Tavisi bunebis ganviTarebis

TanSobili miswrafebis Sedegis axsna, utilitaruli Teoriebi, kerZod spenseris

koncefcia.

funqciis cneba diurkhaimma isesxa biologiisgan, romelic aRniSnavda imas, rom

mocemul fiziologiur processa da organizmis rogorc mTelis ama Tu im

moTxovnilebas Soris arsebobs Sesatyvisobis damokidebuleba. am debulebis

sociologiuri terminebiT Targmnisas, diurkemi amtkicebda, rom socialuri

movlenis an institutis funqcia mdgomareobs institutsa da sazogadoebis

rogorc mTelis garkveul moTxovnilebas Soris Sesabamisobis mowesrigebaSi.

magaliTad, “vikiTxoT, rogoria Sromis danawilebis funqcia, - es niSnavs

vikvlioT, Tu romel moTxovnilebebs Seesatyviseba igi”.(3,37).

diurkemis mier funqciis rogorc movlenasa da sazogadoebis rogorc mTelis

gansazRvrul mdgomareobas Soris obieqturi kavSiris ganmarteba savsebiT

gamarTlebulia. amgvarad, funqcia damokidebulia ara mxolod mocemuli funqciis

Semsrulebeli movlenis obieqtur Taviseburebebze, aramed gamoxatavs

urTierTobis kavSiris ideasac. magram man bolomde ver miiyvana funqcionaluri

analizi, meTodis damuSavebis saqme, rameTu mTel rig SemTxvevebSi igi did

Teoriul siZneleebs ganicdida. magaliTad, man ver SeZlo wamoeyenebina da

daesabuTebina sazogadoebrivi movlenis gagebisa da Secnobis WeSmariti Teoriuli

kriteriumi, Tumca mravaljer miuTiTa ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi institutis da

misi funqciebis yoveldRiuri - Cveulebrivi ganmartebis Secdomebze.

diurkems miaCnda, rom milis mier damuSavebuli mizezTa dadgenis

wesebisgan, sociologiaSi gamosadegia mxolod erTi - Tanmxlebi cvlilebebis

meTodi, Tu dadgenilia rom movlenaTa ori saxe mudmivad imyofeba erTsa da imave

mimarTebaSi da mudam icvlebian garkveuli saxiT TiTqosda paralelurad, maSin

arsebobs safuZveli vivaraudoT, rom maT Soris arsebobs mizezobrivi kavSiri.

mizezobriv kavSirTa kvlevisTvis amosaval - sawyis safuZvlebs warmoadgenen

mudmivi korelaciebi gansazRvrul movlenebs Soris. magram diurkemi fiqrobda,

rom mizezobrivi damokidebulebis konstituciis dasadgenad movlenebs Soris

erTi mxolod kavSirebis mudmivoba arasakmarisi, vinaidan arseboben kavSirebi,

romlebic SeiZleba Zalianac myari da mudmivic ki iyos, magram mizezebad ver

CaiTvlebian. amgvari korelaciebi warmoiqmnebian imis Sedegad, rom erTmaneTTan

dakavSirebuli movlenebis orive saxe aris raRac zogadi (saerTo) mizezis Sedegi,

romelic TviT ar monawileobs am korelaciaSi.

diurkemi cdilobda gamoekvlia, Tu rogoraa SesaZlebeli mivaRwioT mizezis

ueWvel codnas, rogor SeiZleba davamtkicoT davasabuToT mizezobrivi

damokidebuleba. milis kvaldakval igi Tvlida, rom am mizniT sociologiaSi

eqsperimentis farTo gamoyeneba SeuZlebelia, da sazogadoebaSi mizezobriobis

dasasabuTeblad gvTavazobs SedarebiTi meTodis gamoyenebas. Tu, erT

sazogadoebaSi movlenebis kvlevisas SeuZlebelia mtkiced ganvsazRvroT an

davadginoT maTi mizezi, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi gamovyaviT sxva mravali

mizezebisgan da calke gamovikvlieT misi moqmedeba, maSin es SesaZlebelia

gavakeToT sxva sazogadoebaSi analogiuri movlenebis kvlevisas, romelSic moqmed

faqtorebs SeiZleba davakvirdeT Tundac nawilobriv izolirebulad.

SedarebiT gamokvlevebs diurkemi aniWebda ufro did mniSvnelobas, vidre konti.

igi asabuTebda, rom isini gvexmarebian gadavWraT sociologiis yvela ZiriTadi

Teoriuli amocanebi, radgan mxolod sxvadasxva sazogadoebebSi erTi da imave

movlenebis Sedarebisas, SeiZleba aRmovaCinoT maTSi saerTo da specifikuri,

romlebic gansazRvraven maT mravalsaxeobas da sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT

ganviTarebas. am mosazrebaTa gamo CarTo man kidec mizezobrivi analizi kvlevis

SedarebiTi meTodis CarCoebSi. mas Semdeg rac dadgenilia ori socialuri

movlenis urTierTdamokidebuleba - urTierTgansazRvruloba, saWiroa SedarebiTi

gamokvlevebis daxmarebiT gamovarkvioT maTi mniSvneloba, da gavrcelebuloba,

ganvsazRvroT qondaT Tu ara maT adgili sxvadasxva – gansxvavebul

sazogadoebriv pirobebSi Tu mxolod gansazRvrul sazogadoebaSi, Tu

gansxvavebul sazogadoebaTa gansazRvrul saerTo mdgomareobaSi. diurkemi

miuTiTebda sxvadasxva masStabis SedarebiTi gamokvlevebis aucileblobaze imisda

mixedviT Tu rogori xasiaTis iyo sakvlevi movlenebis bunebisa da problemebis

xasiaTi. rac ufro rTulia sazogadoebrivi movlena, miT ufro didi mniSvneloba

aqvs misi axsnisTvis sxvadasxva gansxvavebul sazogadoebaTa rac SeiZleba met

raodenobaSi misi formebisa da ganviTarebis kvlevas. e.i. rac ufro rTulia

movlena met sxvadasxva sazogadoebriv pirobebSi unda vikvlioT igi, raTa

SedarebiTi analizis safuZvelze davadginoT misi mizezi da arsi.

amitom sociologia aucileblobiT warmoadgens SedarebiT mecnierebas.

“SedarebiTi sociologia - werda diurkemi, - ar aris sociologiis calke toti;

esaa TviT sociologia, ramdenadac igi wyvets iyos wminda aRmwerlobiTi da

iswrafvis faqtebis axsnas” (2,126)

aRmwerlobiTobisgan Tavis daRwevis, sociologiuri axsnis Teoriisa da

meTodologiis SemuSavebisaken miswrafeba - “sociologizmis” yvelaze dadebiTi

momentebia – zustad iseve, rogorc misi meTodologiuri obieqtivizmi da

bunebismecnierebebze orientacia.

diurkemis struqturul - funqcionaluri analizi eyrdnoba sazogadoebis

organizmTan rogorc organoTa da funqciaTa yvelaze srulyofil sistemasTan

analogias. organizmTan analogiidan diurkemma gamoiyvana normaluri tipis

sazogadoebis cneba, normisa da paTologiis cnebebi, romlebic Semdeg gamoiyeneba

iseTi movlenebis interpretaciisTvis, rogoricaa damnaSaveoba, krizisi, da

sazogadoebrivi dezorganizaciis sxva formebi.

diurkemis mixedviT normaluria socialuri organizmis is moqmedebani, romlebic

gamomdniraeoben misi arsebobis pirobebisgan. damnaSaveoba da sxva socialuri

avadmyofobani, romlebasac ziani moaqvs sazogadoebisTvis da iwvevs zizRs,

normaluria im azriT, rom fesvebi gadgmuli aqvT gansazRvrul sazogadoebriv

pirobebSi da xels uwyoben sasargeblo da aucilebel sazogadoebriv

urTierTobebs.

garegani, uSualod aRqmadi obieqturi niSani, romelic saSualebas mogvcems

erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT (normaluri da paTologiuri) ori rigi - Tanrigi,

diurkemis azriT, mdgomareobs maTi sayovelTaoba - uzogadesobis an

gavrcelebulobis xarisxsa da doneSi. sayovelTaodmiRebuloba (gavrcelebuloba)

aris sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis maCvenebeli (iqve.gv.69). ganviTarebis garkveul

safexurze mdgomi socialuri tipisTvis normaluria socialuri faqti, Tu am

faqts adgili aqvs am saxis kuTvnil umetes sazogadoebebSi, romlebic aRebulni

arian maTi evoluciis Sesabamis fazaSi. (iqve.69).

normaluris rogorc sayovelTaod miRebulis da farTod gavrcelebulis gagebam

diurkemi miiyvana ara mxolod paradoqsalur daskvnebTan, aramed relativizmTan.

mag: damnaSaveoba, romelic gvxvdeba yvela an umetes sazogadoebebSi, mis mier

ganixileba rogorc normaluri movlena. piriqiT, iseTi tipiuri socialuri

movlenebi, rogorc XIX saukunis dasasruls TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvTa zrda,

ekonomikuri krizisis zogierTi tipi, mis mier kvalificirebuli iyo rogorc

paTologiuri. [SeniSvna: diurkemi zogjer uaxlovdeboda normis rogorc

sazogadoebis funqcionirebis optimaluri variantis sxva, ufro mecnierul

gagebas, zogjer ki normas aigivebs idealTan.]

diurkemi xvdeboda sazogadoebisa da istoriuli ganviTarebis gansazRvrul

Teoriaze dayrdnobis aucileblobas, sazogadoebis raRac idealuri, optimaluri

formis Sesaxeb bWobisas, romelTan mimarTebaSic unda ganxiluliyo gadaxradi

SemTxvevebi, paTologiuri faqtebi. magram am formis Teoriuli dasabuTeba man ver

SesZlo. amas ki gardauvlobiT miyavda ama Tu im sazogadoebrivi movlenis

Sefasebisas relativizmTan.

sxvadasxva sazogadoebrivi movlenebis SefasebaSi relativizmis Tavidan acileba

SeiZleboda Tu gadavidoda istoriuli progresis obieqturi kriteriumebis

safuZvelze da Tu subieqtur kriteriumebs ganixilavda sazogadoebis

Tanmimdevruli ganviTarebis zogad TeoriasTan SesatyvisobaSi. magram uaryo ra

evolucionistebis idea sworxazobrivi da calmxrivi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb,

diurkemma ver SeimuSava istoriis sakuTari Tanmimdevruli Teoriuli koncefcia.

gviandeli struqturuli funqcionalistebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic xSirad

icilebdnen Tavidan struqturul - funqcionaluri midgomisa da istoriuli

(mizezobrivi) analizis moTxovnaTa Sepirispirebas, diurkemi orive midgomas

marTlzomierad miiCnevda. magram sazogadoebis rogorc harmoniuli erTianobis

ganmarteba aZnelebda ganviTarebis mizezebisa da mamoZravebel ZalTa problema

principulad gadauWrelia. istoriuli meTodi, romelsac diurkemi gvTavazobda

gamogveyenebina gamokvlevebSi, niSnavda socialuri garemos rogorc cvlilebaTa

mTavari wyaros Seswavlis moTxovnas da ver xsnida istoriasTan mimarTebaSi TviT

am cnebis (socialuri garemos) sazriss.

sazogadoebis mimarT mizezobrivi da funqcionaluri analizis damuSaveba -

nayofieri da perspeqtiuli mimarTulebaa. mniSvnelovania is, rom diurkemi

gamovida socialuri determinizmis dasacavad im dros, rodesac

sazogadoebaTmcodneobaSi gaizarda mizezobriobis principis subieqtivisturi

suliskveTebiT ganmartebis tendencia. friad nayofieri iyo agreTve misi ganwyoba

da mimarTuleba SedarebiT analizze rogorc sociologiuri kvlevis aucilebel

moTxovnaze. namdvilad, istoriuli perspeqtivis gareSe, romelic saSualebas

gvaZlevs SevudaroT erTmaneTs socialuri movlenebi sxvadasaxva droul

parametrebSi, sociologiuri gamokvlevebi nawilobriv kargaven mecnierul

mniSvnelobas da sazriss. aRsaniSnavia, rom es moTxovnilebac daviwyebuli iyo

ufro gviandeli struqturuli funqcionalistebis mier.

mTlianobaSi SeiZleba gavakeToT daskvna, rom diurkems sociologiurma meTodma

im nawilSi, sadac bWoba exeba kvlevis ZiriTad postulatebs dRemde SeinarCuna

Tavisi mniSvneloba, am postulatebis realizacia ki SezRuduli da gaZnelebuli

iyo “sociologizmis” araadeqvaturi Teoriuli bazis Sedegad.

sazogadoebrivi solidaroba da Sromis danawileba

diurkemis Semoqmedebis centraluri problema - socialuri solidarobaa. am

problemis gadawyvetam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogori

kavSirebi aerTianeben adamianebs sazogadoebaSi. maSasadame, gansazRvros

socialuri solidarobis buneba da funqciebi Tanamedrove “ganviTarebul”

sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebiT primitiuli an tradiciuli sazogadoebisagan da

axsnas sazogadoebis erTi formidan meoreze istoriuli gadasvla.

diurkemma gaakritika adamianTa sazogadoebaSi gamaerTianebel faqtorTa yvelaze

mniSvnelovani koncefciebi. amgvar faqtorebs SeuZlebelia warmoadgendes

individualur interesTa Tavisufali TamaSi (spenseri) an saxelmwifo (konti,

tionisi). sazogadoebis mTelis Semqmnel da miuxedavad centridanuli

tendenciebisa misi mTlianobis xelSemwyob Zalas warmoadgens Sromis danawileba,

romlis qveSac mas profesionaluri specializacia esmis, sul ufro da ufro

asrulebs rols, “romelsac odesRac saerTo cnobiereba asrulebda; swored igi

akavebs ZiriTadad umaRlesi tipebis socialur agregatebs erTad”.(2,137).

diurkemi ayenebda Semdeg amocanebs: 1. Sromis danawilebis funqciebis kvleva, e.i.

gansazRvra imisa, Tu romel socialur moTxovnilebas Seesabameba igi. 2. axsna

mizezebisa da pirobebisa, romlebzec igia damokidebuli. 3. misi mTavari

“aranormaluri” formebis klasifikacia, ramdenadac, misi SexedulebiT, “aqac,

rogorc biologiaSi, paTologiuri gvexmareba Cven ukeT gavigoT fiziologiuri:.

(iqve,32)

Sromis danawileba - maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebis niSania. Sromis sul ufro

mzardi specializaciis Sedegad individebi iZulebulni arian erTmaneTs

gaucvalon saqmianobani – gauziaron erTmaneTs saqmianobani, Seasrulon

urTierTdamatebiTi - urTierTSemvsebi funqciebi, uneburad Seadgnen ra erTian

mTels. solidaroba ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi - warmoebiT rolTa danawilebis

bunebrivi Sedegia. rogori iyo saqmis viTareba araqaul sazogadoebebSi, sadac ar

arsebobda Sromis danawileba?

Tavidan icilebs ra XIX saukuneSi sociologiisTvis tipiur ideas sazogadoebis

ori tipis konstruirebis Sesaxeb, romelTa Sorisac arsebobs istoriuli

memkvidreobiToba, (aseTia kontis, spenseris, tionisis da sxva tipologiebi),

diurkemi agebs sazogadoebaTa dixotomias meqanisturi da organistuli

solidarobiT rogorc erTiani evoluciuri jaWvis or rgols.

arqaul sazogadoebebSi da ganuviTarebul sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul

solidarobas, igi meqanikurs uwodebs im kavSiris analogiurad, romelic arsebobs

araorganul nivTierebaTa molekulebs Soris (molekulebi yvelani erTnairia,

dakavSirebulni arian wminda meqanikurad). aseT sazogadoebebSi solidaroba

ganisazRvreba misi Semadgeneli individebis msgavsebiT, am individebis mier

Sesrulebuli sazogadoebrivi funqciebis erTgvarovnebiT, individualur niSan -

TvisebaTa ganuviTareblobiT. meqanikuri solidaroba SesaZlebelia koleqtivis

mier individualobis Caylapvis fasad.

solidarobis obieqtur maCvenebels, “xilul simbolos” diurkemi poulobs

samarTalSi. meqanikuri solidarobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia represiuli samarTali,

romelSic gamoixateba koleqtiuri cnobierebis Zala da romlis amocanaa -

mkacrad dasajos adaT - wesebis an kanonis damrRvevi individi.

diurkemi adgens funqcionalur damokidebulebas solidarobis (ama Tu im) erT an

meore saxisTvis damaxasiaTebel socialur kavSirTa Zalebsa , erTis mxriv da

koleqtiuri cnobierebis SefardebiT sidides (moculobas), misi intensiurobas, mis

did an mcire gansazRvrulobas Soris ,meores mxriv.

solidaroba mtkicea, Tu koleqtiuri cnobierebis moculoba emTxveva

individualur cnobierebaTa moculobas, Tu koleqtiuri cnobiereba ufro

intensiuria da ufro naTladaa gamoxatuli, maSin adgili ar aqvs individualur

gadaxrebs, koleqtiuri cnobiereba reglamentacias ukeTebs (gansazRvravs)

individis mTel cxovrebas, koleqtiuri avtoriteti absoluturia.

aseT SemTxvevebSi koleqtiuri cnobiereba Tavisi Sinaarsis mixedviT mTlianad

religiuria. aq diurkemi ayenebs debulebas imis Sesaxeb, rom iq, sadac Zlier

rwmenas - dajerebulobas - Sexedulebas iziarebs adamianTa jgufi, igi

garduvalobiT iZens religiur xasiaTs. religiuri rwmenisa da grZnobebis

ZiriTadi niSani da Tviseba isaa, rom “isini saerToa erTad mcxovreb individTa

garkveuli raodenobisaTvis da is, rom, maT aqvT sakmaod maRali saSualo

intensiuroba. [2,134]. ase gaaigiva diurkemma socialuri da religiuri:”yvelaferi,

rac socialuria, religiuria, orive sityva sinonimuria.”(iqve).

magram religia, konstatirebas ukeTebs diurkemi, moicavs sul ufro Semcirebad

nawils sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisa. Sromis danawileba, romelSic vlindeba TviT

yvelaze mravalgvar funqciaTa sul ufro didi raodenoba, - mTavari da uSualo

faqtoria, romelic asustebs erTian koleqtiur cnobierebas. ramdenadac

adamianebi sazogadoebaSi iwyeben kerZo socialuri funqciebis Sesrulebas,

amdenad masSi xdeba sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis Sesusteba, romelic

funqcionalurad diferencirdeba - nawevrdeba, raTa Seesatyvisebodes Sromis sul

ufro mzard danawilebas da ufro rTul sazogadoebriv organizacias.

ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba, romelSic yoveli individi asrulebs romelime erT

specialur funqcias sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawilebis Sesabamisad, gvagonebs

organizms, misi sxvadasxva organoebiT, amitom diurkemi solidarobis axal saxes,

romelic masSi warmoiSoba, organuls uwodebs. Sromis danawileba ganapirobebs

Tavisi profesionaluri rolis Sesabamisad individualur, pirovnul unarTa da

talantTa ganmaviTarebel individTa gansxvavebas. yoveli individi - axla

pirovnebaa. Segneba imisa, rom TiToeuli damokidebulia meoreze - sxvaze, rom

yvela dakavSirebulia Sromis danawilebiT Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobebis erTiani sistemiT, iwvevs erTi meoreze damokidebulebis,

solidarobis, sazogadoebasTan Tavisi kavSiris grZnobas. “radgan Sromis

danawileba solidarobis wyaroa, maSin igi amasTan erTad xdeba moraluri

wesrigis safuZvelic”. (iqve.gv.324).

organul solidarobas Seesatyviseba e.w. restetiuli (aRdgeniTi) samarTali,

romlis funqciac “nivTTa adrindeli wesrigis aRdgenaSi, darRveul

urTierTobaTa maT normalur formaSi moyvanaSi”. (iqve.53) mdgomareobs.

koleqtiuri cnobiereba organuli solidarobis dros iRebs axal formebs da

icvlis Tavis Sinaarss. igi mcirdeba moculobaSi xdeba ra mxolod mcire

nawilaki ganviTarebul sazogadoebebisa, misi intensiuroba da gansazRvrulobis,

garkveulobis xarisxic aseve mcirdeba. Sromis danawilebis ganviTarebis zomis

Sesatyvisad koleqtiuri cnobiereba sul ufro susti da ganusazRvreli -

gaurkveveli xdeba. (iqve.gv.122).

Sinaarsis mixedviT koleqtiuri cnobiereba sul ufro gardaiqmneba saero,

racionalistur, pirovnebaze orientirebul cnobierebad. amave dros diurkemi

amtkicebda, rom saerTo cnobierebas ar emuqreba “savsebiT gaqrobis” saSiSroeba.

(iqve.136). viTardeba axali religia, romlis obieqtic xdeba individi. “individis

RirsebasTan mimarTebaSi Cven ukve gvaqvs Cveni kulti, romelsac rogorc

yovelgvar kults, ukve aqvs Tavisi crurwmena (sueveria). esaa, Tu gnebavT, saerTo

rwmena”. (iqve.gv.137). (SeniSvna) diurkemiseuli tipologia avlens sazogadoebis

martivad da rTulad dayofis spenseriseuli gagebis Rrma gavlenas, sadac

spenseri pirvels axasiaTebs rogorc homogenurs, xolo meores rogorc

Tavisuflad dakavSirebulsa da heterogenuls).

diurkemma xazi gausva da gamoyo Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi Sromis danawilebisas

solidarobis aspeqti, xolo ukana planze gadaswia Sromisa da kapitalis

antagonizmis problema, Sromis “iZulebiTi xasiaTis,” sazogadoebis moraluri da

ekonomikuri krizisis problemebi. gaaanaliza ra es problemebi Tavisi wignis

“Sromis danawilebis” dasasruls, igi maT arsebiTad ganixilavs rogorc ZiriTad

klasTa Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis arasakmarisi daregulirebis rezultats,

rogorc arajansaR elements sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi, romelic mTlianobaSi

ganixileboda rogorc solidaruli, romelmac SeinarCuna winamorbedi

epoqebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTianoba, mTlianoba. Sromis danawileba diurkemis

Tanaxmad _ esaa sworad is meqanizmi, romelmac Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi,

dahkarga saerTo, koleqtiuri religiuri cnobierebis macementirebeli –

SemaduRebeli Zala, qmnis sasurvel sazogadoebriv kavSirs, klasobriv

solidarobas, romelic kompensacias ukeTebs yvela im naklovanebebs, romlebic

dakavSirebulia viwro specializaciasTan. maSasadame, solidarobis cneba gaxda is

RerZi, romlis garSemoc igeba Sromis danawilebis mTeli analizi, misi funqciebis

gamorkveva da gansazRvreba.

diurkemis mTavari Tezisi imis Sesaxeb, rom Sromis danawileba bunebrivad badebs

solidarobas, gamomdinareobda ara ama Tu im socialur-ekonomikuri sistemis ama

Tu im klasTan mimarTebaSi Sromis danawilebis funqciebis gansazRvrebidan,

aramed mxolod da mxolod koleqtiuri an zogadi _ saerTo cnobierebasTan

mimarTebidan.

solidarobas diurkemi ganixilavda rogorc umaRles moralur princips, umaRles

Rirebulebas, romelic warmoadgens TiTqosda universalur Rirebulebas, romelic

aRiarebulia sazogadoebis yvela wevris mier. ramdenadac sazogadoebrivi

wesrigis, harmoniis, solidarobis moTxovnileba “yvelas mier iTvleba

moralurad” _ amdenad moraluria TviT Sromis danawilebac. ase emsaxureboda

diurkemis koncefcia “sazogadoebis arseboba-SenarCunebis pirobebis gansazRvrasa”

da gamorkvevas _ im mTavar amocanas, romelsac igi ayenebda sociologiuri

mecnierebis winaSe. rasakvirvelia sazogadoebrivi solidarobis umaRles

Rirebulebad aRiarebis sayovelTaoba mxolod postulirebulia da ara

dasabuTebuli.

Sromis danawilebis mizezad diurkemi Tvlida mosaxleobis simWidrovis zrdas,

romelic ganapirobebda socialuri cxovrebis intensiurobas. “fizikuri

simWidrovis” zrda, agreTve sazogadoebis “moculobis” mateba, misi azriT,

mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli “moraluri an dinamikuri simWidrovis”

gafarToebasTan, e.i. socialuri urTierTqmedebis donesTan, romelsac saboloo

jamSi mivyavarT Sromis danawilebasTan.

magram rogori wesiT? mosaxleobis zrdasTan erTad farTovdeba arsebobisaTvis

brZolac. (“arsebobisaTvis brZolis terminis Semotana rogorc socialuri

cvlilebis meqanizmisa iyo biologizmisaTvis gadaxdili xarki”). am pirobebSi

Sromis danawileba _ erTaderTi saSualebaa mocemuli sazogadoebis axali tipis

Seqmnisa, sazogadoebisTvis progresuli mimarTulebiT ganviTarebisaken

SesaZleblobis micemisa.

arsebobs arsebobisTvis brZolis Semsubuqebis sxva gzebic _ iseTebi, rogoricaa

migraciebi, sustebis ganadgureba, samoqalaqo omi, danaSaulebebi, magram isini

gulisxmoben individTa RirebulebiTi orientaciebis Secvlas, RirebulebaTa

gadafasebas. arsebobisTvis brZolaSi sazogadoebis daRupvis sawinaaRmdego _

gadamrCeni es wesebi exebian RirebulebaTa zogad sistemas sazogadoebrivi

sikeTiT saTaveSi. mxolod profesionalizacia da funqciebis specializacia,

diurkhaimis azriT, inarCuneben da aZliereben RirebulebebiT orientacias rogorc

sazogadoebis, ise misi wevrebis dacvasa da SenarCunebaze.

diurkemma Semdeg gaarTula Tavisi analizi, mimarTa ra mizezTa da pirobaTa

simravlis Sesaxeb sakiTxs. garda aucilebeli faqtorebisa, igi eZebda meorad

faqtorebs an SemzRudav pirobebs, romlebic xan aCqareben, xan aneleben mocemuli

socialuri movlenis ganviTarebas. isini SesaZlebels xdian Sromis danawilebas,

Tumca TviTon ar warmoadgenen mis mizezebs.

aseT specifikur faqtorTa Soris man daasaxela “saerTo cnobierebis

progresirebadi ganusazRvreloba” mecnierebis sekularizacia da ganviTareba,

ufrosi asakis pirTa, tradiciebisa da Cveulebebis, avtoritetis Semcireba, da

samarTlis, moralis da sazogadod civilizaciis racionalurobis zrda da

gaZliereba, individebze sazogadoebis dawolis saerTo Semcireba da Sesusteba da

avtonomiuri individualuri pirovnebis warmoSoba.

diurkemis daskvna isaa, rom mizez-Sedegobrivi urTierTobebi ar arian martivi da

calxazobrivi, aramed Seicaven cvladTa simravles, rom socialuri faqtebis

mizezobrivma axsnam mTlianad ar unda ugulvebelyos socialuri cxovrebis

RirebulebiTi aspeqti, Tumca mTlianad arc masze SeuZlia dayrdnoba. im faqtma,

rom diurkemi daJinebiT icavda socialuris socialuriT axsnis postulats, ar

misca mas saSualeba gasuliyo faqtorTa Soris urTierTzemoqmedebis

konstataciis CarCoebisgan da daedgina movlenaTa WeSmariti mizezobrivi

damokidebuleba. es ukanaskneli SeiZleboda dadgeniliyo mxolod ufro Rrma

analizis sferoSi, ramdenadac mxolod sazogadoebisadmi rogorc erTiani

sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri formaciis sxvadasxva mxareebis urTierTqmedebisadmi

midgoma gvaZlevs saSualebas davadginoT damokidebuleba maT Soris rogorc

ganmsazRvrel mizezTa da warmoqmnil SedegTa Soris.

diurkemi ki amodioda im filosofiuri principidan, rom erTi donis movlenebi ar

warmoiqmnebian meore donis movlenebisgan. misi es principuli ganwyoba –

Tvalsazrisi principulad gamoricxavda socialuri movlenebis axsnisas sxva,

ufro maRali rangis movlenebisadmi mimarTvis SesaZleblobas; ufro

fundamentaluri, e.i. sazogadoebis ekonomikuri urTierTobebisadmi mimarTvis

SesaZleblobas, amitomac ver SesZlo diurkemma Sromis danawilebis sakuTriv

mizezobrivi axsna. igi Seexo mxolod sxvadasxva faqtorTa urTierTqmedebas

socialuri sferos sazRvrebSi, ver amaRlda ra im donemde, romelzedac

SesaZlebelia mxolod Sromis danawilebis WeSmariti mizezebis daZebna. uwinares

yovlisa es ukanaskneli saWiro iyo eZebna klasobrivi sazogadoebis ekonomikuri

cxovrebis pirobebSi, misi warmoebiTi urTierTobebis konkretul xasiaTSi,

romlebic gansazRvraven kidec Sromis danawilebis process. diurkemi ki uaryofda

ekonomikur kavSirTa simyaresa da simtkices, sazogadoebis Seqmnis maTeul unars,

misi xasiaTis gansazRvrebis da arsebobis xangrZlivobis uzrunvelmyofel

unarebs. amitomac man gamoikvlia Sromis danawileba ara ekonomikuri, aramed

moraluri TvalsazrisiT, Tvlida ra Sromis danawilebas, romelsac igi aigivebda

specializaciis zrdasTan _ sazogadoebriv, e.i. sazogadoebis Semqmnel ZiriTad

faqtorad.

Sromis danawilebis “aranormaluri” formebi. pirovneba da sazogadoeba. diurkemi

iyo sazogadoebis rogorc ekonomikur, ise sulier cxovrebaSi, mzardi krizisuli

movlenebis mowme. Sromasa da kapitals Soris winaaRmdegobaTa zrdas, warmoebis

anarqias igi uwodebda Sromis danawilebis “aranormalur” formebs, romlebis

gamowveuli iyo sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis friad swrafi tempebiT. “Sromis

danawilebis” mesame nawilSi, romelic am “aranormalur” formebs eZRvneba,

diurkemma gamoyo kapitalizmis Semdegi “avadmyofobani”: anomia, socialuri

uTanasworoba da Sromis danawilebis araadeqvaturi organizacia, anomiis axsnas

e.i. iseTi sazogadoebrivi viTarebisa, romlis drosac ar arsebobs individTa

qcevis naTeli moraluri regulireba, diurkemi eZebda socialur funqciebs soris

arsebuli urTierTobebis maregulirebeli wesebis daumuSaveblobaSi, funqciebis,

romlebic miusadagebelni arian erTmaneTisadmi(gv.284). es gansakuTrebiT naTlad

vlindeba Sromisa da kapitalis antagonizmSi, ekonomikuri an savaWro krizisis

dros. sabazro ekonomikis zrdasTan erTad warmoeba xdeba ukontrolo da

araregulirebadi. mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba

damokidebuleba mewarmesa da muSas Soris. erTis mxriv izrdeba – farTovdeba am

ukanasknelTa moTxovnilebebi; meores mxriv _ manqanebi sul ufro da ufro

cvlian adamianebs. “muSa daqiravebulia... moSorebulia – mocilebulia Tavis

ojaxs”.(iqve gv.297). “radgan es gardaqmnebi moxda saocari siCqariT, amitom

mebrZol interesebs ar hqondaT jer kidev dro gawonasworebuliyvnen”.(iqve). mZime

mrewvelobis zrda angrevs mcire sawarmoTa erTianobas, qmnis ra or did klass _

kapitalsa da Sromas, romlebic imyofebian (diurkemi ar uaryofda amas)

antagonistur urTierTobaSi.

sazogadoebis normaluri mdgomareoba, diurkemis mixedviT, unda xasiaTdebodes

ganviTarebul ekonomikur urTierTobaTa normatiuli regulirebiT. mocemul

SemTxvevSi man gaaigiva normaluri optimalurTan, saukeTesosTan.

kapitalizmis avadmyofobani, aRwerili diurkemis mier, _ iseTebi, rogoricaa

araregulirebuli, arafriT SezRuduli konkurencia, klasobrivi konfliqti,

Sromis rutinizacia da samuSao Zalis degradacia _ mis mier xasiaTdeba rogorc

avadmyofobani warmoebisa da Sromis danawilebis Zalian swrafi zrdisa, rogorc

bunebrivi evoluciis droebiTi, meorexarisxovani, gareSe produqti.

Sromis danawilebis “aranormalur formad” diurkemi Tvlida agreTve

uTanasworobas, romelic Tavis TavSi atarebs organuli solidarobisagan

gadaxras. Yyovelgvari “garegnuli uTanasworoba” Seqmnili, magaliTad qonebis

memkvidreobiT miRebis Sedegad, emuqreba organul solidarobas, amitom es

ukanaskneli SesaZlebelia mxolod uTanasworobis aRmofxvrisa da “talantTa

bunebrivi ganawilebis” (iqve gv.301) safuZvelze samarTlianobis miRwevis pirobebSi.

SesaZleblobaTa Tanasworobas _ amtkicebda igi _ xels uSlis klasobrivi

sistema, romelic arTmevs farTo masebs SesaZleblobas daikavos maT unarTa

Sesatyvisi socialuri mdgomareoba. amas ki mivyavarT samsaxuris arasamarTlebriv

– usamarTlo gacvlasTan. “Tu sazogadoebis romelime klasi, raTa iarsebos,

iZulebulia, radac ar unda daujdes SesTavazos Tavisi samsaxuri meores, maSin

rodesac am meore klass SeuZlia maT gareSec gavides iolad, misi kuTvnili

resursebis wyalobiT, romlebic ar gamomdinareoben romelime socialuri

upiratesobidan [(diurkems mxedvelobaSi hqonda unarTa upiratesoba!) avt.], maSin

meore klasi usamarTlod uwesebs pirvelT kanonebs” (iqve, gv.308).

diurkems swamda is, rom samarTlianobis ideali sul ufro mtkicdeboda da

ganmtkicdeboda sazogadoebriv azrSi, rom samarTlianobis saqme sul ufro da

ufro xdeba kapitalisturi sazogadoebis amocana.

Sromis danawilebis “aranormalur” formaTa gadalaxva diurkems esaxeboda

konfliqtTa mSvidobiani gadaWris gziT, misaReb zomebamde brZolisa da

konkurenciis Semcirebis, klasTa urTierTobebis mkacri maregulirebeli wesebis

dadgenis, “garegani pirobebis” Tanasworobisa da samarTlianobis Semotanis gziT.

e.i. socialuri SesaZleblobebis Tanasworobisa da yvelasadmi damsaxurebis

mixedviT migebis dawesebis gziTa da meSveobiT.

diurkems ver warmoedgina sazogadoeba, romelSic savsebiT aRmofxvrili iqneboda,

kerZo sakuTreba da yovelgvari uTanasworoba. isini, Tvlida igi, iarsebeben,

Tumca Seicvleba maT Soris urTierToba. materialuri dovlaTis ganawilebisadmi

midgoma daregulirdeba individTa bunebrivi unarebiT, maTi niWierebiT.

Sromis danawilebis “aranormaluri” formebidan, ukanaskneli warmoiSoba maSin,

rodesac moqmedebaTa koordinaciis uqonlobis gamo arasakmarisia muSis

profesiuli aqtivoba.

diurkemis mixedviT sazogadoebrivi organizaciis solidaroba gaizrdeba, Tu

Sroma ufro organizebuli da intensiuri gaxdeba. magram es varaudi uaryofil

iqna kapitalisturi warmoebis ganviTarebiT XX saukuneSi. verc Sromis

mecnierulma organizaciam, verc intensifikaciis vercerTma gzam ver migviyvana

antagonisturi sazogadoebis klasobriv solidarobasTan. TviT Sromis

danawilebis diurkemiseuli gageba ufro sxvaa, vidre marqsistuli. klasobrivi

konfliqtis wyaro saWiro iyo gveZebna ara Sromis danawilebis rogorc

profesionaluri funqciebis specializaciis analizis gziT, aramed sazogadoebis

klasebs Soris Sromis ganawilebaSi warmoebis saSualebisadmi maTi

damokidebulebis Sesatyvisad, rogorc amas fiqrobda marqsi. memkvidreobiT miiReba

Tu xelaxla SeiZineba warmoebis saSualebebze sakuTreba _ amas meorexarisxovani

mniSvneloba aqvs; mTavari mdgomareobs imaSi, rom sakuTrebiTi urTierTobani

gansazRvraven kapitalisturi sazogadoebis yvela sxva urTierTobebs da Zevs

Sromisa da kapitalis anagonizmis safuZvelSi.

kapitalizmis mankierebaTa gadalaxvis diurkemiseuli gzebi utopiuri iyo, Tumca

igi sul ufro nakleb imedebs amyarebda solidarobis bunebriv ganviTarebaze

TviT Sromis danawilebis faqtis safuZvelze da sul ufro iSviaTad ayenebda

sakiTxs kapitalizmis wylulTa gankurnebis Taobaze, Tavdapirvelad wamoayena

kapitalizmis sistemis sazRvrebSi sazogadoebis reorganizaciis amocana, xolo

SemdegSi yuradReba gaamaxvila moralur aRzrdis Sesabamisi Rirebulebebisa da

idealebis suliskveTebiT.

kapitalizmis winaaRmdegobaTa analizi Zevs agreTve sazogadoebisa da pirovnebis

urTierTobis ufro farTo sociologiuri problemis diurkemiseuli gadawyvetis

safuZvelSi. misi Tvalsazrisi mdgomareobda imis mtkicebaSi, rom sazogadoeba ver

SesZlebs ganviTarebas da ayvavebas, Tu iCagreba adamianuri pirovneba, Tu adamiani,

romelic asrulebs viwro profesiul funqcias, dayvanilia manqanis donemde. ufro

metic, pirovneba gardauvlobiT degradirdeba, Tu saSiSroeba emuqreba

sazogadoebis ekonomikur da sazogadoebriv funqciebs. mocemul SemTxvevaSi

diurkemma Tavidan aicila XIX-is tipiuri dixotomia, romelic gamoixateboda

pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis Sesaxeb sakiTxis imgvari wesiT

dayenebaSi, rom aucileblobiT aRiarebuli iyo erT-erTi mxaris prioriteti.

pirovneba da sazogadoeba, Tvlida diurkemi, imyofebian urTierTdamokidebulis

mdgomareobaSi, yoveli mxare dainteresebulia meore mxaris ganviTarebiTa da

ayvavebiT. pirovnebis bedniereba da keTildReoba, fiqrobda diurkemi,

damokidebulia sazogadoebis mdgomareobaze; is ufro didia, rac ,,ufro

mowesrigebulia sazogadoebrivi cxovreba da maSasadame, rac ufro

garantirebulia individTa uflebebi da Tavisufleba.”(17, gv5).

diurkemi mogvevlina warmoebis specializaciisa da diferenciaciisgan gamomdinare

gardauvali moraluri borotebis mamxileblis rolSi. rodesac muSa yoveldRe

,,imeorebs monotonuri regularobiT erTsa da imave moZraobebs, arc ainteresebs

misi da arc ainteresebs isini” (2. gv. 297), igi gadaiqceva inertul Tvalad

(borblad), romelic moZraobaSi modis garegani ZaliT. diurkemis azriT, adamianis

gadaqceva manqanis danamatad SeuZlebelia SevamsubuqoT an SevarbiloT muSisadmi

saerTo ganaTlebis micemiT, maTSi xelovnebisadmi, literaturisadmi interesis

ganviTarebiT, imitom rom kulturisadmi ziareba kidev ufro autanels xdis

specializaciis viwro sazRvrebs.

rogor aRmovfxvraT dapirispireba-winaaRmdegoba Sromis danawilebasa, muSis

funqciebis mzard specializaciasa da misi pirovnebis ganviTarebis

moTxovnilebebs Soris? diurkemis Tanaxmad, Sromis danawilebas TavisTavad ar

mosdevs uaryofiTi Sedegebi. isini warmoiqmnebian mxolod gansakuTrebul da

aranormalur pirobebSi. amitom saWiroa imis miRweva, rom Sromis danawileba

,,iyves Tavis TavTan, radgan mas veraferi amaxinjebs garedan.” (2. gv.299). es

SesaZlebelia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, Tu muSis mier miznis, sxvebTan

solidarobis, Tavisi Sromis aucileblobis gacnobiereba avsebs am Sromas

gansakuTrebuli SinaarsiT, aqcevs mas ara mxolod asatans, aramed sasurvelsac.

muSaTa solidaruli, SeTanxmebuli saqmianobis umniSvnelovanesi pirobaa maT mier

Sesrulebuli funqciebis Sesatyvisoba maT unarebTan da midrekilebebTan.

rodesac irRveva Tanxmoba individis unarebsa da misTvis ganwesebul saqmianobis

saxeobas Soris, warmoiqmneba sazogadoebis avadmyofuri mdgomareoba.

gvixsnis ra ase ,,gulubryvilod” sazogadoebrivi krizisebis warmoSobas,

diurkemi amasTan erTad miuTiTebs imaze, ,,rom gansxvavebani, romlebmac gayves

Tavdapirvelad sazogadoeba klasebad, gaqres an Semcirdes”. (iqve gv.301).

sazogadoebis diferenciacia unda eyrdnobodes ara socialur privilegiebs,

aramed im upiratesobebs, romlebic ganpirobebulia TiToeulis individualuri

unarebiT.

amgvarad Tanasworoba, samarTlianoba da Tavisufleba - diurkemis warmodgeniT _

organizaciis umaRlesi tipis sazogadoebrivi wyobis agebulebis safuZvelia,

organizaciis umaRlesi tipisa, romelsac miuaxlovda Tanamedrove samrewvelo

sazogadoeba.

sazogadoeba igeba-konstruirdeba moraluri kavSirebiT, idealisadmi Segnebuli-

gacnobierebuli miswrafebiT, moraluri urTierTobebiT, romlebic SeiZleba da

unda regulirdebodes Segnebulad. aseTia diurkemis reformizmis safuZveli.

mtkicebisas, rom ,,samarTlianobis saqme gaxdeba sul ufro sruli organizebuli

tipis ganviTarebis kvalobaze da zomis mixedviT.” (iqve, gv.305). e.i. ganviTarebul

kapitalistur sazogadoebas, diurkemma apologeturad miawera am socialisturi

sazogadoebis niSan-Tvisebebi. sazogadoebrivi procesebis Segnebuli,

gacnobierebuli marTvis SesaZlebloba mis mier ganixileboda, rogorc realuri

ram. aqedanaa swored misi praqtikuli rekomendaciebi ,,moviciloT usargeblo

Tanamdebobebi, gavanawiloT Sroma imgvarad, raTa yoveli adamiani dakavebuli iyos

sakmarisad, maSasadame gavafarTovoT TiToeuli mSromelis funqcionaluri

saqmianoba. . . maSin TavisTavad ganmtkicdeba da damyardeba wesrigi..” (iqve, gv.312).

individisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis problemis gadawyveta, diurkemis mier,

gamoirCeoda imiT, rom igi ar aidialebda warsuls, individualurobis

ganviTarebis wyaroebs da SesaZleblobebs ganixilavda Sromis danawilebis

progresirebad ganviTarebaSi. Tu organizirebulobis sawyis etapze individis

Tavisufleba ,,mxolod moCvenebiTia da misi pirovneba nasesxebia,

gadmoRebulia”(iqve, gv.326), maSin mis ufro maRal safexurze pirovneba iRebs

SesaZleblobas, aviTarebs ra Tavis unarebs, gaxdes harmoniuli da mTliani.

pirovnebis ganviTareba ,,siRrmeSi”, romelic dakavSirebulia viwro

specializaciasTan, arafriT araa naklebi mniSvnelobis amocana, vidre ganviTareba

,,sifarTeSi”, romelic diletantizms esazRvreba. sxva adamianebTan asociaciis

wyalobiT adamiani iZens imas, rasac kargavs viwro specializaciis gamo. ver

amCnevda ra Sromis eqsploatatorul xasiaTs, romelic badebs individis

gaucxovebas, akavSirebs ra specializirebuli muSakis gancdil siZneleebs

mxolod droebiT arasasurvel, xeliSemSlel pirobebTan, diurkems swamda, rom

Zmobisa da solidarobis zogadi idealebi, yvela mSromelis saerTo miznis

gacnobiereba aunazRaurebda maT gardauval danakargebs.

diurkemis mizani iyo burJuaziuli sazogadoebis srulyofa da ara misi Zireuli

gardaqmna. amitom, miuxedavad calkeuli detalebisa, igi ver wavida kontisagan

Sors. gaamaxvila ra yuradReba moralur problemebze, sazogadoebrivi

urTierTobebis samarTlebrivi da moraluri reglamentebis srulyofaze.

diurkemis socialurma utopiam SeiTavsa Joresis reformistuli socializmis

niSan-Tvisebebi, agreTve dapirispirebul socilur interesTa regulirebis

prudoniseuli ideebi, romelTa drosac, maT ekonomikuri safuZveli xeluxlebeli

rCeba.

,,sociologizmis” principebis gamoyeneba TviTmkvlelobis

mizezTa sakvlevad

TviTmkvlelobis problemam, romlis kvlevasac diurkemma miuZRvna specialuri

monografia, miipyro misi yuradReba mraval mizezTa gamo. es iyo ,,faqtTa naTlad

moxazuli jgufi”(3, gv.3), romlis gansazRvrebac advilad SeiZleboda. nacvlad

imisa, raTa ,,miveceT metafizikur ganazrebebs socialuri movlenebis sababiT”

(iqve), sociologs SeuZlia “ aRmoaCinos kanonebi, romlebic yovelgvar

dialeqtikur argumentaciebze ukeTesad asabuTeben sociologiis, rogorc

mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZleblobas” (iqve, gv.4). es erTi, meorec, diurkemi

ganixilavda Tavis muSaobas, rogorc empiriuli masalisadmi sociologiuri

meTodis mTavari principis gamoyenebas: socialuri faqtis, rogorc ,,nivTis

Seswavla. e.i. gansakuTrebuli, individisadmi garegani realobis, sazogadoebrivis

arsebobis aRiareba, romelic gansazRvravs ra mis moqmedebas, ar aris

damokidebuli am individis nebaze.

eyrdnoba ra am Teoriul wanamZRvrebs, diurkemi uaryofs TviTmkvlelobis axsnas

individualuri, fsiqologiuri motivebiT da amxsneli faqtorebis saxiT asabuTebs

socialuri mizezebis arsebobas. ,,TviTmkvleloba ZiriTadad damokidebulia ara

individTa Sinagan Tvisebebze, aramed garegan mizezebze, romlebic marTaven

adamianebs” (iqve, gv. 266).

sazogadoebrivi krizisis niSnebis gamovlenisas, diurkhaimi aRniSnavs, rom

TviTmkvleloba warmoadgens ,,erT-erT im formas, romelSic gadaicema Cveni

koleqtiuri avadmyofoba da isini dagvexmarebian Cven mivaRwioT mis arsebas” (iqve,

gv.5). socialuri avadmyofobis mizezTa gansazRvra, misi gadalaxvis saSualebebis

rekomendacia eCveneboda mas sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis prestiJis

ganmtkicebis yvelaze saukeTeso wesad. ,,yvelaze individualuri moqmedebis”

sociologiur axsnas, SeuZlia naTeli mohfinos im Zalebs, romlebic aerTianeben

adamianebs, ramdenadac TviTmkvleloba, socialuri kavSirebis darRvevis yvelaze

cxadi magaliTia.

diurkemiseuli axsnis arseba iyo ,,sociologizmi “, romlis prizmaSic

ganixileboda yvela sxva faqtorebi, maT Soris TviTmkvlelobisaken

individualuri midrekilebac, winaswari ganwyobac. miuTiTa is, rom

TviTmkvlelobis fsiqologiuri motivebi, xSirad gveCveneba ra maT mizezebad,

sinamdvileSi warmoadgenen mxolod individualur, Tanac zogadi pirobebis

damaxinjebul asaxvas. diurkemma mimarTa socialuri garemos, rogorc mTavari

mizezis Seswavlas, romlis gavleniTac icvleba TviTmkvlelobaTa prioriteti.

diurkemi mTlianad ar uaryofda individualur faqtorTa rols, calkeul

TviTmkvlelTa fsiqikur mdgomareobas, maT specifikur cxovrebiseul garemoebebs,

magram xazs usvamda am faqtorTa meorexarisxovan mniSvnelobas, maT

damokidebulebas zogad mizezebze, sazogadoebis mdgomareobaze.

diurkemis koncefciis Tanaxmad TviTmkvlelobis procenti (TviTmkvlelobis

raodenobis damokidebuleba mosaxleobis raodenobasTan) warmoadgens ramdenime

socialuri cvladis funqcias: religiur, ojaxur, politikur, erovnul da sxva

jgufebSi urTierTobis funqcias. amodis ra amisagan, diurkemma gamoiyena

dasabuTebis xerxi eliminaciis gziT (gamorCevis gziT): sistematurad ganixilavda

iseT arasocialur faqtebs, rogoricaa individTa ,,fsiqologiuri winaswari

ganwyoba” (fsiqopaturi mdgomareoba, rasobrivi da memkvidreobiTi faqtorebi),

fizikuri garemos Tvisebebi (klimati, wlis droebi, dRis droebi) da mibaZvis

procesebi. amis kvalad igi ganixilavda socialuri mizezebisa da wesebis

moqmedebas, ra wesebiTac isini moqmedeben, agreTve urTierTobebs, romelSic

moipoveba socialuri da arasocialuri faqtorebi.

oficialuri statistikis monacemebis analizisas diurkemma aRmoaCina mTeli rigi

kerZo kanonzomierebani: TviTmkvlelobaTa procenti zafxulSi ufro maRalia,

vidre zamTarSi; mamakacebi ufro xSirad iklaven Tavs, vidre qalebi; moxucebi

ufro xSirad, vidre axalgazrdebi; jariskacebi ufro xSirad, vidre

samoqalaqoebi; protestantebi ufro xSirad, vidre kaTolikebi; martoxelebi,

qvrivebi an gayrilebi ufro xSirad, vidre qorwinebaSi myofni; TviTmkvlelobaTa

ricxvi qalaqebSi ufro maRalia, vidre soflebSi da a.S. ,,vtovebT ra gverdze

individs, rogorc individs, mis motivaciebsa da ideebs, saWiroa SeviswavloT

socialuri garemos is gansxvavebuli mdgomareobani (religiuri rwmenebi, ojaxi,

politikuri cxovreba, profesionaluri jgufebi da amis msgavsni), romelTa

gavleniTac icvleba TviTmkvlelobaTa procenti” (iqve, gv.178). socialuri

faqtorebis kvlevisas, diurkemi cdilobda ganesazRvra Tu rogori elementi an

maTi, rogori aspeqti axdenda gavlenas TviTmkvlelobis sxvadasxva tipebze,

gansakuTrebiT egoistur TviTmkvlelobaze. miuxedavad siZneleebisa mainc

iZebneba misi is aspeqti, romelic yvelaze ufro mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli

socialur faqtorTan. mag. statistikiT dadgenili faqtis axsnisas, rom

TviTmkvlelobaTa done zafxulSi ufro maRalia, vidre zamTarSi, diurkemma

aCvena, rom ara haeris temperatura, aramed dRis xangrZlivoba warmoadgens am

faqtoris im aspeqts, romelic dakavSirebulia socialur faqtorTan. dRis

xangrZlivoba, misi azriT, xels uwyobs ufro intensiur monawileobas socialur

cxovrebaSi, es ki Tavis mxriv zemoqmedebs im individis izolaciis individualur

grZnobaze, romelic socialur cxovrebaSi ar monawileobs. zustad aseve gasagebi

xdeba biologiuri, mag. sqesobrivi gansxvavebis gavlena, rodesac gaanalizebulia

mamakacTa da dedakacTa Sesatyvisi socialuri poziciebi, socialur da

ekonomikur cxovrebaSi maTi monawileobis wesebi, maTi socialuri aqtivobis

cvalebadi ciklebi da maTi msgavsni. amtkicebda ra, rom ,,TviTmkvlelobaTa

gansxvavebuli tipebi SeiZleba gamomdinareoben sxvadasxva ganmsazRvrel

mizezTagan” (1, gv.169) da miuTiTa ra TviTmkvlelobis morfologiuri

klasifikaciis Sedgenis siZneleebze, romlebic gaiTvaliswinebdnen yvela maT

damaxasiaTebel tipobriv Taviseburebebs. diurkemma gadawyvita Seedgina

etiologiuri klasifikacia, romelic TviTmkvlelobis mizezTa Sesabamisi

iqneboda.

diurkemma gamoyo TviTmkvlelobis oTxi saxe: egoisturi, altruisturi, anomiuri

da fatalisturi. pirveli iqmneba im mizezebiT, romlebic ganapirobeben individis

Camocilebas sazogadoebisagan, romelic wyvets masze (individze) zemoqmedebas

regulirebadi wesiT. socialur kavSirTa gawyveta, koleqtiuri mxardaWeris

ararseboba, gancalkevebulobis mdgomareoba badeben martoobis, sicarielis

grZnobas, arsebobis tragizmis SegrZnebas. amgvari TviTmkvlelobis erT-erTi

mizezi SeiZleba gaxdes ukiduresi individualizmi, magram misi warmomqmneli

niadagi mainc ,,avadmyofi sazogadoeba”, ,,koleqtiuri ugrZnoboba”, ,,socialuri

sevda, kaeSania” (3, gv.274). sazogadoebrivi dezorganizacia, sazogadoebriv mizanTa

dakargva asusteben socialur kavSirebs, romlebic aerTeben individs

sazogadoebasTan, maSasadame sicocxlesTan. es saerTo mdgomareoba Tavis mxriv

aisaxeba sazogadoebrivi jgufebis, religiuri, ojaxuri, politikuri jgufebis

dezintegraciaSi, romlebic uSualo zegavlenas axdenen individze.

TviTmkvlelobis meore saxea, altruistuli. igi gvxvdeba maSin, rodesac piradi

interesebi savsebiT STanTqmulia socialuriT. rodesac jgufis integracia

imdenad maRalia, rom individi wyvets arsebobas, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeuli.

am saxes diurkemi akuTvnebs Zvel adaT-wesebs; moxucTa da avadmyofTa

TviTmkvleloba, qmrebis sikvdilis Semdeg colTa Tavdawva, monaTa TviTmkvleloba

batonis sikvdilis Semdeg da a.S. amgvari saxis TviTmkvlelobani arsebobdnen

ZiriTadad arqaul sazogadoebebSi.

TviTmkvlelobis mesame saxea, anomiuri. igi upiratesad gvxvdeba didi

sazogadoebrivi Zvrebis, ekonomikuri krizisebis dros, rodesac individi kargavs

socialur gardaqmnebTan Seguebis,axal socialur moTxovnebTan Seguebis unars da

kargavs kavSirs sazogadoebasTan. sazogadoebrivi anomiis mdgomareoba, romlis

qveSac diurkemi gulisxmobda moqmedebis, yofa-qcevis naTeli wesebisa da normebis

ararsebobas, rodesac RirebulebaTa Zveli ierarqia ingreva, xolo axali jer

kidev ar aris Seqmnili, ar Camoyalibebula, qmnis, badebs calkeul individTa

moralur aramdgradobas, umtkicobas. rodesac iryeva da dezorganizebuli xdeba

sazogadoebrivi struqtura, erTni individebisagan swrafad maRldebian, meoreni

kargaven Tavis adgilsa da mdgomareobas sazogadoebaSi. rodesac irRveva

sazogadoebrivi wonasworoba, TviTmkvlelobaTa ricxvi izrdeba. anomiuri

TviTmkvleloba, romelic yvelaze xSirad gvxvdeba savaWro da saqmian wreebSi,

diurkemis mier xasiaTdeba, agreTve savaWro da samrewvelo samyaros

warmomadgenelTa individualur TvisebaTa mxrivac, mogebisadmi maTi aulagmavi

miswrafebis mxrivac, romelic, Tu ar Sexvda mkacri reglamentacia, uzomod

izrdeba da arRvevs ra moralur-fsiqikur wonasworobas. amgvarad,

sazogadoebrivi reglamentaciis Sesusteba da ararseboba, mouwesrigebeli,

araregulirebuli adamianuri sazogadoeba unarmoklebulia moaxdinos saWiro

zemoqmedeba adamianze, maSin samwuxaro Sedegi gardauvalia.

anomiuri TviTmkvlelobis sapirispiroa fatalisturi, romelic warmoiSoba

jgufis mier individis gaZlierebuli kontrolis Sedegad, ,,reglamentaciis

siWarbis” Sedegad, romelic autaneli xdeba individisaTvis. ,,mas sCadian

adamianebi, romelTa momavalic umowyalod amogmanuli, Caketilia, romelTa

vnebebic mkacrad SezRudulia discipliniT” (iqve, gv.373).

amgvarad TviTmkvleloba, diurkemis azriT, warmoadgens gansazRvrul da Segnebul

aqts, romelic Cadenilia individis mier socialuri disciplinis simkacris gamo.

normaluri socialuri yofis sazomia - ,,normaluri socialuri subieqti” (iqve,

gv.331), disciplinirebuli da koleqtiuri moraluri avtoritetis maRiarebli.

cnebebi: ,,egoizmi – altruizmi” da ,,anomia – fatalizmi” aRniSnaven diurkemis

koncefciaSi im koleqtiur Zalebs an midrekilebebs, romlebic ubiZgeben adamians

TviTmkvlelobisaken. diurkemi am ,,Zalebs” uwodebs dinebebs. maTi intensiurobebis

gazomva SesaZlebelia TviTmkvlelobaTa procentis mixedviT. ,,sociologizmis”

Teoretikosis azriT, koleqtiur Zalebs an midrekilebebs SeuZliaT axsnan

mxolod TviTmkvlelobisadmi individualuri midrekilebebi da winaswari ganwyoba

da ara piriqiT. TviTmkvlelobis fsiqologiuri motivebi warmoadgenen socialuri

garemos zogadi pirobebis individualur, Tanac xSirad damaxinjebul asaxvas.

TviTmkvlelobis diurkemiseuli analizis yvelaze faseuli niSania am movlenis

socialuri arsebis axsna, rogorc burJuaziuli sazogadoebis krizisuli

mdgomareobis qmnilebisa. diurkemis ideebi safuZvlad daedo ,,gadaxradi qcevis”

sociologiur gamokvlevebs. kerZod, misi midgoma farTod gamoiyena da ganaviTara

robert mertonma. magram, naTlad aRwera ra moraluri gaxrwnis, moralur -

fsiqologiuri dezorganizaciisa da burJuaziuli sazogadoebis dacemis

mdgomareoba, diurkemma ver aRmoaCina am krizisis WeSmariti mizezebi. xedavda ra

maT ara kapitalistur urTierTobaTa arsebaSi, aramed socialur cvlilebaTa

friad swraf tempebSi, romelsac ver eweva moraluri cnobiereba da amdenad

CamorCeba.

utopiuri iyo krizisidan gamosvlis ideac sawarmoo korporaciebis Seqmnis gziT,

romlebic mowodebulni iyvnen ganemtkicebinaT sazogadoebis moraluri wesrigi.

aseve SeiZleba mivuTiToT TviTmkvlelobis tipologiis abstraqtul,

formalistur xasiaTze. am socialuri movlenis arseba maxinjdeboda imiT, rom

erT jgufSi moxvdnen sxvadasxvagvari qcevebi, romlebic asaxaven sxvadasxva

sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formaciaTa socialur normebs.

dauTmo ra ZiriTadi yuradReba socialur faqtors, diurkemi SemoisazRvra

mxolod mis fsiqologiur faqtorebTan kavSirze miTiTebiT. azri imis Sesaxeb,

rom individis gadawyvetileba gaSualebulia kulturuli moTxovnilebebiTa da

normebiT, adamianuri cxovrebisadmi ama Tu im ganwyobiT, misi RirebulebebiT,

aseve damuSavebuli ki ara, aramed mxolod gamoTqmulia diurkemis mier.

diurkemis mimdevrebis mier am naklTa gacnobierebam gamoiwvia maT mier zogierTi

misi debulebis gadasinjva. miswrafeba sociologiur TeoriaSi Tanmimdevrulad da

srulad CarTon fsiqologiuri faqtorebi, rac iqna kidec gakeTebuli. mag. moris

halbvaksis mier mis SromaSi ,,TviTmkvlelobis mizezebi”. gviani periodis mTelma

rigma gamokvlevebma reabilitacia gaukeTes fsiqologiuri faqtorebis rols,

aCvenes ra socialur cvladTa gavlena im fsiqologiur determinantebze,

romlebic uSualod ganapirobeben individualur gadawyvetilebebs.

miuxedavad imisa, rom diurkemis koncefcia saWiroebda obieqtur-subieqturi

faqtorebis Tanafardobis detalur analizs, igi mainc iZleoda biZgs saerTo

sakiTxis – individualuri fsiqologiis socialuri ganpirobebulobis –

dasamuSaveblad.

diurkemma gza misca raodenobriv analizs sociologiaSi da dasaxa gzebi misi

kerZo meTodikisa da teqnikis ganviTarebisa, iseTisa, rogoricaa magaliTad,

urTierTzemoqmedebaSi monawile faqtorebis Tanmimdevruli CarTvis meTodi,

romlis arsebac mdgomareobs maxasiaTebelTa simravles Soris urTierTmoqmedebis

kompleqsis kvlevasa da interpretaciaSi. diurkems ar SeeZlo gamoeyenebina

dRevandeli TvalsazrisiT mecnieruli analizis elementaruli instrumentebi:

korelaciis koeficienti, statistikuri urTierTobis cneba, analitikur

proceduraTa formalizacia da a.S. miuxedavad amisa, misma Sromam mniSvnelovani

roli iTamaSa TviTmkvlelobisadmi sociologiuri midgomis CamoyalibebaSi,

fsiqologiuri midgomis sapirispirod, romelic popularuli iyo mis droSi da

dRemde upirispirdeba sociologiur midgomas. Tumca mravali kerZo daskvnebi

uaryofili iqna an dazustebuli, mainc am Sromis ZiriTadma ideam SeinarCuna

Tavisi mniSvneloba dRemde.

sazogadoebaSi TviTmkvlelobaTa zrdis mizezebi namdvilad saWiroa veZeboT

krizisul socialur situaciebSi. amave dros aucilebelia mxedvelobaSi gvqondes

ara mxolod sazogadoebrivi dezorganizaciis, moraluri gaudabnoeba,

dacarielebis mdgomareoba da socialuri kavSirebis Sesusteba, aramed pirvel

rigSi iseTi socialuri procesebi, romlebsac badebs kapitalizmi, rogoricaa

mSromeli masebis umuSevrobis, siRaribisa da tanjvis gza.

moralis filosofiur-sociologiuri koncefcia

ramdenadac sazogadoebad diurkemi Tvlida individTa moralur erTianobas,

amdenad moralis bunebis, warmoSobisa da funqciebis ganmartebaSi igi mxars

uWerda ,,sociologizmis” konceptualur sqemas. gamoyavs ra morali socialuri

pirobebidan, socialuri garemodan, socialuri struqturidan, oRond am cnebebis

Tavisufali specifikuri gagebiT.

Tavdapirvelad diurkemi morals ganixilavda, rogorc yofaqcevis obieqtur wesTa

sistemas,romelTa ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba iyo maTi iZulebiToba, romlisadmi

daumorCileblobac individs ar SeeZlo. moralis mTavar niSnad diurkemi Tvlida

movaleobas, romlis aRsrulebac adamianis moqmedebas moralur moqmedebad aqcevs.

SemdegSi diurkemma yuradReba miaqcia moralis nebayoflobiT aspeqts, mis iseT

Taviseburebebs, rogoricaa sasurveloba, mimzidveloba da individis pirad

dainteresebas moraluri RirebulebebiT – Tavisi bunebiT sazogadoebrivi

RirebulebiT, obieqturi saTnoebebiT.

moraluri fenomenebis rogorc genezisis, ise funqcionirebis sociologiuri

axsnis mcdelobisas, diurkemma xelaxla gaiziara moraluris socialuri

determinaciis wesebi. ,,Sromis danawilebaSi” igi asabuTebda moralur

SexedulebaTa istoriuli ganviTarebis princips morfologiur an struqturul

faqtorebTan damokidebulebaSi. mogvianebiT man xazi gausva sulieri aRmavlobis

,,gamxnevebis, aRfrTovanebis momentebs”, ,,qmnadobisa da ganaxlebis” periodebis

mniSvnelobas, romlebic mexsierebaSi rCebian ideebis, idealebisa da

Rirebulebebis saxiT. es ukanasknelni kvlav da kvlav iwarmoebian da Zleben

dResaswaulebis, saojaxo religiuri da saero ceremoniebis organizaciis gziT,

istoriuli xelovnebis, dramatuli warmodgenebis wyalobiT, rodesac adamianebs

SeuZliaT eziaron koleqtiur moralur cxovrebas.

yvela SemTxvevaSi diurkemi amtkicebda moralis socialur arsebas. ,,moralis

RvTaebrivi, wminda xasiaTisadmi” xazgasma, man axsna imiT, rom rogorc religias,

ise moralsac Tavis sawyisad da obieqtad aqvT sazogadoeba, romelic aRemateba

individs Tavisi ZaliTac da avtoritetiTac. sazogadoeba moiTxovs pirad

uangarobas da TviTSewirvas – eseni ki moralis savaldebulo komponentebia. kanti

axdens RmerTis postulirebas, romlis gareSec misi hipoTeza moralis Sesaxeb

gaugebaria; Cven vaxdenT sazogadoebis postulirebas, romelic specifikurad

gansxvavebulia individebisagan, ramdenadac sxvagvarad morals ar aqvs mizani,

xolo movaleobas ara aqvs safuZveli.

moralis mis warmomqmnel sazogadoebriv pirobebTan dakavSirebisas, diurkemi

SesaZleblad ar Tvlida revoluciuri xasiaTis sazogadoebrivi idealis

wamoyenebasa da dasabuTebas, romelic moiTxovda socialuri struqturis Zireul

msxvrevas. im SemTxvevaSi rodesac morali ,,CamorCeba sazogadoebis realur

pirobebs”, Tvlida igi, saWiroa mxolod misi miyvana Secvlil struqturasTan

SesabamisobaSi da meti araferi.

stabiluri sazogadoebrivi struqturiT moralis gansazRvrulobis ideam diurkemi

moralur relativizmTan miiyvana. Tu moralis yvela forma erTnairad

ganpirobebulni arian arsebuli struqturiT, maSin isini yvelani erTnairad

marTlzomierad sworia da ar arsebobs obieqturi kriteriumi romelime maTganis

upiratesobis dasadgenad da asaRiareblad.

sazogadoebrivi krizisis, romelsac moraluri buneba aqvs, safuZvelSi Zevs

saerTo cnobierebis xasiaTisa da Sinaarsis cvlileba, cvalebadoba. Rirebulebisa

da normebis swraf cvlas Tan sdevs sazogadoebaSi yofili disciplinisa da

wesrigis dakargva. individualizmis morali jer kidev ar ganmtkicebula

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis mTavari sazogadoebrivi Rirebulebisa da Sinaarsis

saxiT. Tanamedrove sazogadoebis organuli solidaroba ar gamoricxavs

yofaqcevis wesTa deficits, rasac mivyavarT anomiis, moraluri vakuumis,

unormobis mdgomareobasTan. amis ZaliT, Tanamedrove sazogadoeba Cavardnilia

moralur uwesrigobasa da qaosSi. ganicdis socialur aRreulobas da janys. am

krizisidan gamosavalia moraluri regulaciis gaZliereba.

,,koleqtiuri gonebis” funqciis Semsrulebel da koleqtiuri interesebis damcvel

mTavar organos diurkemis koncefciaSi warmoadgens saxelmwifo, romelic

,,fiqrobs da moqmedebs” mTeli danarCeni sazogadoebisaTvis. igi saxelmwifos

rols ganmartavda burJuaziuli liberalizmis suliskveTebiT, magram winaswar

ganWvrita individis interesebis sazianod saxelmwifos funqciebis metismeti

gaZlierebis, hipertrofiis SesaZlebloba. metismeti saxelmwifoebrivi

kontrolisagan individis dacvas unda moemsaxuros ,,meoradi” anu Sualeduri

socialuri jgufebi (religiuri, sawarmoo, da sxva). amis Sesatyvisad diurkemma

wamoayena individebis, rogorc Seabamisi socialuri jgufebis warmomadgenelTa

qcevis maregulirebeli gansakuTrebuli partikularuli moraluri kodeqsebis

idea da daaasabuTa am kodeqsTa istoriuli Seswavlis aucilebloba. ganaviTara

sxvadasxva profesiul jgufebSi miRebuli moralur moTxovnaTa fardobiTobis

idea. amave dros igi moiTxovda sazogadoebrivi mniSvnelobis mixedviT moralur

wesTa mkacri ierarqiis dadgenas. ojaxurma, profesiulma da samoqalaqo moralma

Seadgines, warmoqmnes ierarqiuli struqtura, romlis mwvervalze moTavsdnen

saxelmwifoSi ganxorcielebuli zogadadamianuri Rirebulebebi da idealebi.

diurkemma aRadgina kontis idea saxelmwifos, rogorc zogadobis yvela wevris

interesTa sayovelTao daokebisa da moraluri regulaciis organos Sesaxeb, am

interesTa socialuri, klasobrivi Sinaarsisagan damoukideblad.

moralur normaTa upirobo ierarqiis koncefcias hqonda formaluri xasiaTi da

mimarTuli iyo sazogadoebrivi stabilurobis SenarCunebasa da mxardaWeraze.

diurkemis azriT, adamianis moralur qcevas axasiaTebs sami mTavari niSani:

disciplinis grZnoba, jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba da avtonomia. igi imdenad did

mniSvnelobas aniWebda moralur disciplinasa da kontrols, rom arsebiTad,

tolobis niSans svamda disciplinasa da morals Soris. mxolod adamians ZaluZs

Segnebulad icavdes disciplinas, romlis wyalobiTac xdeba SesaZlebeli

Tavisufleba. iseTi Tviseba, niSani, rogoricaa ,,jgufuri mikuTvnebuloba”

xorcSesxmulia moralis socialuri arseba, xolo ,,avtonomiurobaSi” ki -

sazogadoebrivi ganawesisadmi Segnebuli da nebayoflobiTi miyolis idea.

moralis sazogadoebrivi funqciebis ganmarteba diurkemma uSualod daukavSira

aRzrdis Teorias. aRzrdis mizania socialuri arsebis Camoyalibeba, bavSvSi misi

pirovnebis im Tvisebebisa da unarebis ganviTareba, romlebic sWirdeba

sazogadoebas. aRzrdis saqme isaa, rom bavSvi, romelic Tavisi ganviTarebis sawyis

stadiaze egoisturi da arasocialuri arsebaa, yvelaze efeqturi saSualebebiT

gardaqmnas sxvad, iseT arsebad, romelsac SeeZleba moraluri da socialuri

cxovreba.

Tanamedroveobis moralur problemaTa ganmarteba diurkemTan eyrdnoba mis

anTropologiur Teorias, adamianuri bunebis ormagobis koncefcias,EX koncefcias.

adamianis biologiuri buneba (unarebi, biologiuri unarebi, impulsebi, vnebebi)

winaaRmdegobaSia mis socialur bunebasTan, romelic aRzrdis gziT iqmneba

(normebi, Rirebulebebi, idealebi). es ganapirobebs mudam Seuwyvetel Sinagan

mRelvarebas (SfoTs), daZabulobisa da SiSis grZnobas. sazogadoebis mxolod

makontrolirebeli moqmedeba akavebs adamianis biologiur bunebas, mis vnebebsa da

apetits, mohyavs isini gansazRvrul CarCoebSi. rodesac sazogadoeba asustebs

Tavis kontrols individze, warmoiqmneba anomia, sazogadoebisa da individis

dezintegraciis mdgomareoba. am sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaSi ar arsebobs

individualuri qcevis mtkice moraluri regulacia, iqmneba Taviseburi saxis

moraluri vakuumi, rodesac Zveli normebi da Rirebulebebi ukve aRar asruleben

Tavis rols, axlebi jer kidev ver ganmtkicebulan da damkvidrebulan. es

mdgomareoba upirispirdeba moralur wesrigs, regulacias, kontrols, romlebic

axasiaTebs sazogadoebis normalur, ,,janmrTel” mdgomareobas.

,,Sromis danawilebaSi” diurkemma anomia ganixila socialuri struqturis

mxridan,axsna ra igi sazogadoebis zrdis, ganviTarebis bazaze sazogadoebriv

funqciaTa SeuTanxmeblobiT. ,,TviTmkvlelobaSi” igi anomias ganixilavda, rogorc

moralur kriziss, romlis drosac sazogadoebrivi Zvrebis niadagze irRveva

individualur moTxovnilebaTa da vnebaTa normatiuli regulaciis sistema, rasac

mivyavarT pirovnebis mier wonasworobis dakargvasTan, mis mier jgufisadmi

kuTvnilebis grZnobis, disciplinisa da solidarobis dakargvasTan.

diurkems utopiurad sjeroda, rom SesaZlebelia individualuri da

sazogadoebrivi moTxovnilebebis Segnebuli regulireba da maTi Sekaveba realuri

sazogadoebrivi SesaZleblobebiT nakarnaxevi SezRudvebis CarCoebSi, ise, rom am

dros kapitalisturi urTierTobani SenarCunebuli iqneboda. amas xeli unda

SeeSala daZabulobis, sulieri krizisis, imedgacruebisa da sevdis, naRvelis

grZnobaTa da rogorc Sedegi devianturi (normidan gadaxrili) qcevis

warmoSobisaTvis.

moralis socialuri arsebis damuSavebisas diurkemma gamoTqva mravali swori

azri. dadebiTi iyo moralis genezisisaTvis socialuri pirobebis gadamwyvetobis

aRiareba, sazogadoebisaTvis moraluri wesebis funqcionaluri Sedegebis analizi,

erTis mxriv maTi sociokulturuli cvalebadobis da meores mxriv, sayovelTaobis

aRiareba.

moralisadmi, rogorc socialuri faqtisadmi midgoma mimarTuli iyo im TeoriaTa

intuitivizmis winaaRmdeg, romlebmac gamocxadebaze dayrdnobiT daasabuTes

moralis zebunebrivi xasiaTi. diurkemma uaryo agreTve emotivizmi, romelsac

moraluri msjelobani gamohyavda grZnobebisagan da uaryofda maT mcdarobas an

WeSmaritebas.

principulad moralis sociologiuri ganmarteba Zalian nayofieria, magram

diurkemis koncefcia iyo friad abstraqtuli da calmxrivi. misi argumentebi

sazogadoebis, rogorc moraluri miznis erTaderTi Sesaferisisa da Rirseulis

sasargeblod, dausabuTebeli da sustia. saeWvoa, magaliTad SeiZlebodes

pirovnebis moraluri Rirebulebis, misi harmoniuli ganviTarebis uaryofa da

Tumca diurkemi aRiarebda da aqtiurad icavda individis uflebasa da Rirsebas,

mainc misi Teoria ar aZlevda mas saSualebas dialeqtikurad ganexila pirovnebisa

da sazogadoebis urTierToba konkretul istoriul pirobebSi. sazogadoebis

individze upiratesobis principi susti iyo. abstraqtuli araistoriuli

koleqtivizmi imdenadve gaumarTlebelia, rogorc diurkemisve gakritikebuli

abstraqtuli individualizmi, pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis urTierT-

damokidebuleba, moraluri TvalsazrisiT ganxiluli SeuZlebelia dayvanili

iqnes subordinaciis mimarTeba-- damokidebulebaze. maT Soris dialeqtikuri

religiis filosofiur - sociologiuri koncefcia

religiis koncefciam daasrula diurkemis ideis ganviTareba koleqtiuri

cnobierebis, rogorc ,,fsiqikuri cxovrebis umaRlesi formis”, ,,cnobierebis

cnobierebis” Sesaxeb. pozitivizmisaTvis tradiciulma midgomam religiis mimarT,

rogorc mniSvnelovani socialuri institutisadmi, romelic uzrunvelyofs

sazogadoebis integracias. diurkemTan amerikeli da ingliseli anTropologebis,

kerZod jeim freizerisa da robert smitis Sromebis gavleniT SeiZina religiis

sociologiuri axsnis gzebisa da saSualebebis Ziebis forma. diurkemma mimarTa

eTnografiul masalas, imitom, rom adreuli evolucionizmis suliskveTebiT

Tvlida, rom ,,religiuri azrovnebisa da cxovrebis yvela arsebiTi elementi

SeiZleba napovni iqnas ukidures SemTxvevaSi yvelaze primitiuli religiebis

CanasaxebSi”. totemizmis, rogorc religiis yvelaze primitiuli formis kvlevisas,

igi imedovnebda, gaego religiis arseba da funqcia Tanamedrove ,,rTul”

sazogadoebaSi, romelsac ,,erTi da igive pirveladi sazogadoebis” (1, gv.33) martiv

kombinaciad Tvlida.

religiis gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb sakiTxis midgomisas misi pirvelyofili formebis

Seswavlis bazaze, diurkemi amtkicebda, rom zebunebrivis idea, RmerTis idea ar

aris religiis aucilebeli atributi. yoveli religiuri rwmenisaTvis

damaxasiaTebel niSnad, romelic maT yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe axasiaTebT,

frangi sociologis azriT, aris religiis mier gaSuqebuli yvela saganTa or

dapirispirebul klasad: saerod (yoveldRiuri, amqveyniuri, vulgaruli,

uwminduri, arawminda) da sasuliero, wmindad dayofa.

sasuliero, wminda flobs, pirveli, akrZalviTobas, amqveyniuri movlenebisagan

gancalkevebulobas; meore aris miswrafebaTa, siyvarulisa da pativiscemis

obieqti. amgvarad, wminda erTdroulad aris, rogorc iZulebis (akrZalvis), ise

pativiscemis (avtoritetis) wyaro. es diurkemis azriT miuTiTebs wmindas

sazogadoebriv xasiaTze. ramdenadac mxolod sazogadoeba flobs aseTive

Tvisebebs; igi erTdroulad avtoritetis, siyvarulis, Tayvaniscemis wyarocaa da

iZulebis wyaroc. wminda, sasuliero ganasaxierebs koleqtiur Zalebs,

individualur cnobierebaSi nergavs zogadis ideas, akavSirebs maT raRaca

iseTTan, rac maT aRemateba, maTzea aRmatebuli.

saero dakavSirebulia adamianis yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan, mis yoveldRiur

individualur saqmianobasTan, kerZo interesebTan da ,,egoistur vnebebTan”.

amgvarad, wminda da saeros dixotomia gamomdinareobs diurkemTan socialurisa da

individualuris dixotomiisagan. diurkemma ase ganmarta religia: ,,esaa rwmenaTa

da adaT-wesTa mTlianobiTi sistema, romelic exeba wminda (sasuliero) e.i.

akrZalul, nivTebs, rwmenaTa da adaT-wesTa, romlebic aerTianeben erT moralur

Temad, wodebuls eklesiad, yvela imaT, vinc maT misdevs, aRiarebs.” eklesiis qveS

mas esmis iseTi organizacia, romelic awesrigebs jgufis koleqtiur religiur

cxovrebas. TviT pirvelyofil adamianebsac ki hqondaT ,,eklesia” e.i. hyavdaT iseTi

adamianebi, romlebic zrunavdnen religiuri adaT-wesebis droul da swor

Sesrulebaze. amqveyniuri, ,,vulgaruli” saqmianobis ZiriTadi magaliTia, SromiTi

saqmianoba - mwuxarebis, simwris da dardis wyaro, xolo sasuliero saqmianobisa -

koleqtiuri religiuri ceremoniebi da ritualebi, mxiarulebisa da sulis

amaRlebuli mdgomareobis wyaro. diurkemma araerTxel ganacxada, rom religiis

miseuli gansazRvreba Sorsaa saerTod miRebulisagan. misi mTavari niSania -

wminda (sasuliero) obieqtebze mimarTuli adaT-wesebis Sesruleba-dacva, romelTa

manipulirebis Sedegad izrdeba jgufis solidaruli Zala, mtkicdeba saerTo

(sazogadoebrivi) cnobiereba, romelic exmareba individTa suls da aZlevs maT

cxovrebaSi ase aucilebel darwmuneblobas, rwmenas.

rogorc ,,sociologizmis” Teoritikosi, diurkemi Tvlida, rom arc fizikur, arc

biologiur mizezebs ar SeuZliaT axsnan religia, misi warmoSoba da arseba.

amitom man uaryo animizmi, romelsac religia gamohyavda ukvdavi sulis Sesaxeb

warmodgenisagan (eduard teilori) da egreTwodebuli naturizmi, romelsac

religia gamohyavda fizikuri, bunebrivi Zalebisadmi iZulebiTi Tayvaniscemisagan

(a. kuni, vilhelm Svarci, maqs miuleri da sxv). es Teoriebi dakvirvebad realobas

zed adeben ,,ararealur samyaros, romelic mTlianad fantastikuri saxeebisganaa

Semdgari”. mkvlevaris amocana ki isaa, rom ipovos is obieqturad arsebuli

realoba, romelic warmoadgens religiur rwmenaTa da adaT-wesTa mizezs, obieqtsa

da mizans. es realoba - sazogadoebaa.

religiis sociologiuri koncefciis ganviTarebisas, diurkemma gamoTqva misi azri

socialuri realobasa da religias Soris urTierTobaTa, damokidebulebaTa

sxvadasxva tipebis Taobaze. igi religias socialur movlenad Tvlida, ukidures

SemTxvevaSi sami azriT mainc: pirveli, rogorc socialurad determinirebul

movlenas; meore, rogorc socialuri realobis Sesaxeb warmodgenebis koleqtiur

cnobierebaSi ganxorcielebas (amgvari analizi dafuZnebulia sazogadoebasTan

religiuri warmodgenebis gaigivebaze; koduri warmodgenebis ontologizaciaze);

mesame, rogorc movlenas, romelsac aqvs funqcionaluri socialuri Sedegebi (rac

niSnavda, diurkemis koncefiis konteqstSi religiis analizs, rogorc movlenisa,

romelic akmayofilebda gansazRvrul socialur moTxovnilebebs).

religiis warmoSobis TvalsazrisiT ganxilvisas diurkemma misi wyaroebi,

sawyisebi dainaxa socialuri garemos gansakuTrebulobaSi, TaviseburebaSi.

,,Sromis danawilebaSi”, sadac jer kidev naTlad gamoiyofoda mizezobrivi axsna

sociologiuri analizis sxva saxeebisagan, diurkemma wamoayena debuleba, rom

religia SeuZlebelia iyos primitiul sazogadoebaTa safuZveli, Tumca

gamsWvalavs ki mas. igi ar SeiZleba iyos socialur struqturaTa mizezi, aramed

,,piriqiT, es ukanaknelni gvixsnian religiur warmodgenaTa siZlieresa da bunebas”

(2, gv.142). pirvelyofili sazogadoebis struqturaze, im socialur organizaciaze

miTiTeba, romlis asaxvasac da gamoTqmasac warmoadgens totemizmi, rogorc

religiuri sistema, iyo socialuris socialurisagan gamoyvanis moTxovnis

konkretizacia. mtkiceba, rom ,,religia aris socialuri garemos produqti”,

gulisxmobda sazogadoebasa da religias Soris mizezobrivi damokidebulebis

arsebobas, sazogadoebis kauzaluri prioritetis aRiarebas. mocemul SemTxvevaSi

socialuris qveS mas esmis socialur faqtTa morfologiuri Taviseburebani:

sazogadoebis agebuleba da misi wevrebis socialuri urTierTobis intensiuroba.

religiurobis WeSmariti wyaro aRmoCnda ,,erTad Sekrebili jgufi”.

urTierToba diurkemis mier mudam ganixileboda, rogorc pozitiuri faqti,

rogorc sikeTe, romelsac xalxisaTvis sixaruli da sulieri aRfrTovaneba

moaqvs. amgvari urTierToba, misi azriT, SeiZleba mxolod gareekonomikuri

urTierToba iyos, romelic Sromis procesis gareT sruldeba. diurkemma daxata

avstraliel tomTa cxovrebis or periods Soris arsebuli kontrastis naTeli

suraTi: arsebobisaTvis brZolis damqancveli mZime Sromis periodsa da

koleqtiuri sadResaswaulo zeimebis periods Soris, rodesac mTeli tomi Sromis

procesis dasrulebis Semdeg ikribeba erTad, erTgvarovani, mosawyeni da Rataki

arseboba icvleba ukiduresi egzaltaciis, aRgznebisa da aRmasvlis mdgomareobiT,

rodesac adamianebi TiTqosda moculni arian raRaca mZlavri ZaliT, romelic

aiZulebs maT ifiqron da igrZnon sxvagvarad, vidre Cveulebriv dRes. ase iqmneba

warmodgena or Tvisebrivad dapirispirebul samyaros Sesaxeb: yoveldRiur da

wminda, sulier samyaroTa Sesaxeb, romlebic badebs koleqtiurobis didi

gardamqmneli Zalis Sesaxeb rwmenas.

ufro naklebi sicxadiTaa damuSavebuli diurkhaimis mier religiuri

warmodgenebisa da sakulto moqmedebebis socialuri garemos meore

morfologiuri Taviseburebis, klanebisa da dasaxlebebis teritoriul

ganlagebaze kauzaluri damokidebulebis idea. igi amtkicebda, rom avstralielTa

warmodgenebSi mrisxane Zalebi ,,lokalizebulia garkveul oficialur

konteqstSi” da amitom ,,imyofebian da partikularizdebian (nawevrdebian)

garemomcveli garemos saxeebSi. garemosi, romelic maT gars artyiaT, romelSic

isini imyofebian”. sxvadasxva wodebani, dasaxelebani erTi da imave mZlavri Zalisa:

,,mana”, ,,vakan”, ,,orenda”, romlebic gvxvdeba sxvadasxva klanebSi, aisaxeba maTi

teritoriuli avtonomiiT. erTiani RmerTis ideis dabadeba warmoadgens tomTa

Soris urTierTgacvlisa da urTierTobis Sedegs.

magram ,,religiuri cxovrebis elementarul formebSi” didi adgili uWiravs

religiis, rogorc im sazogadoebrivi Zalebis gamoTqmis gansakuTrebuli formis

ganxilvas, romlebic iqvemdebareben individebs. amosavali punqtia, sazogadoebisa

da koleqtiur warmodgenaTa igiveobis Sesaxeb azri, mtkiceba, rom ,,sazogadoeba

aris adamianur cnobierebaT sinTezi”.debuleba, sazogadoebis, rogorc koleqtiur

cnobierebasTan mimarTebaSi pirveladis Sesaxeb icvleba ideiT imis Sesaxeb, rom

religiuri warmodgenebi qmnian sazogadoebas. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis

religiurTan gaigivebisas, diurkemi amtkicebda, rom morwmuneTa RmerTi, mxolod

,,sazogadoebis figuraluri gamoTqmaa”, xolo RvTaebrivi principi, ,,sxva araferi

Tu ara sazogadoeba, hipostazirebuli da gardaqmnili.” amgvarad, religia TviT

sazogadoebaa, ufro swored, sazogadoebis im aspeqtTa fokusia, romlebic

aRbeWdilni arian RvTaebriobis TvisebebiT, amitom religiis gavlena kulturaze,

pirovnebaze, agreTve adamianuri azrovnebis ZiriTad kanonzomierebebze TiTqmis

usazRvroa. sazogadoeba religiuri kultisa da dogmatebis avtoric da saganicaa.

igi qmnis religias da iwvevs religiur Tayvaniscemas, igi erTdroulad RmerTicaa

da morwmunec.

religiis diurkemiseuli analizis mniSvnelovan, Tanac friad originalur moments

warmoadgens sakiTxis dayeneba religiis, rogorc simboluri sistemis, niSanTa

sistemis Sesaxeb, romelSic sociologiurma analizma is realoba unda dainaxos,

romelic mas bazisad emsaxureba, e.i. sazogadoeba. amis Suqze religia

ganixileboda rogorc simboloTa erToblioba, sistema, romlis safuZvelzec

xorcieldeba misi mTavari funqciebi, rogorc kulturis winaprisa da

translatorisa.

pirvelyofili totemis, rogorc im niSnis, simbolos analizisas, romlis

daxmarebiTac ganisazRvreboda pirvelyofili adamianis jgufuri mikuTvnebuloba,

diurkemma ganixila materialuri kulturis xxva sagnebic, rogorc niSnebi,

romelTa mixedviTac SeiZleba SeviWraT garkveuli istoriuli epoqis koleqtiuri

cnobierebis mdgomareobaSi. igi mivida daskvnasTan, rom socialuri cxovreba

,,SesaZlebelia mxolod farTo, vrceli simbolizmis wyalobiT”.

CaTvala ra, rom religiis mTavari komponentia ara misi dogmaturi nawili, aramed

religiuri saqmianoba, romelic wes-CveulebaTa koleqtiur SesrulebaSi

gamoiTqmeba. diurkemma gaakeTa daskvna religiis dadebiTi sazogadoebrivi

funqciis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, kulti mimarTulia adamianTa qcevaSi RvTaebrivisa

da saeros dualizmis ganxorcielebaze. Sesabamisad yvela religiuri wes-

Cveulebani iyofian or saxeobad: negatiurad da pozitiurad. pirvelTa mizania,

mkveTrad gamijnos RvTaebrivi da saero, daicvas RvTaebrivi saero wabilwvisagan,

miuaxlovos adamiani RvTaebrivs TviTaRkveTis, pirad sikeTeze uaris Tqmis,

TviTdamdablebis, TviTSewirvis an ukiduresi asketizmis fasad. pozitiuri kultis

amocanaa, RvTaebrivi samyarosadmi morwmuneTa ziareba. sakulto praqtikaSi

diurkemma gamoyo Semdegi ZiriTadi socialuri funqciebi: diciplinaruli anu

maiZulebeli da makontrolirebeli; kvlav warmoebiTi, romlis meSveobiTac

xorcieldeba axali Taobisadmi socialuri memkvidreobis gadacema; da bolos,

eiforiuli, romelic socialuri keTildReobis, samxiarulo grZnobebis SeqmnaSi

mdgomareobs . religiis sociologiuri analizis aramTavari, meorexarisxovani

produqti iyo adamianuri cnobierebis Sinaaris, ZiriTadi logikuri unarebis

warmoSobis analizi: zogadi cnebebis (konceptebis) Seqmnisa da klasifikaciis

unarTa analizi. erTic da meorec man axsna, rogorc socialuri, religiuri

cxovrebis Sedegi, rogorc ,,religiuri azris” produqtebi, romlebic savsea

socialuri SinaarsiT. uaryo ra empirizmi da apriorizmi, romelTac ar SeuZliaT

axsnan kategoriaTa sayovelTao xasiaTi, diurkemma gamoiyena struqturuli

midgoma da daamtkica, rom zogad cnebaTa SinaarsSi Sedian sazogadoebrivi

yofierebis sxvadasxva mxareebi. magaliTad, drois idea TiTqos warmoiSoba

regularul RvTaebriv wes-Cveulebebze da ceremoniebze dakvirvebebisagan. maTi

ganmeorebadoba mzisa da mTavris ciklTa regularobasTan erTad qmnis

periodulobis, xangrZlivobis, droulobis cnebebs, zustad aseve sivrcis

kategoria gaCnda TiTqos erTi da imave civilizaciis adamianTa mier sivrcis

erTnairi Sefasebisa da diferenciaciis Sedegad. kategoriaTa obieqturoba

diurkemma axsna maTi koleqtiurobiT, sayovelTao mniSvnelobiT, sayovelTao

aRiarebiTa da gamoyenebiT.

im safuZvelze dayrdnobiT, rom religia TiTqos gamoxatavs WeSmaritad arsebul

urTierTobebs. diurkemi, religiisa da mecnierebis urTierTdamokidebulebebis

kvlevisas, mecnierebas religiis gagrZelebad da srulyofad Tvlis.

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis formebis gnoseologiur analizze uaris Tqmam igi

miiyvana maTi specifikis gaugebrobasTan, maTi naTesaobisa da memkvidreobis

mtkicebasTan. religia maradiul warmonaqmnad gamocxadda, ramdenadac mudam

iarsebebs adamianisa da sazogadoebis damokidebulebis ideologiur formaSi

Semosvis aucilebloba. religias eboZa, mieniWa friad farTod da formalurad

gagebuli ideologiis niSan-Tvisebebi.

gamoacxada ra religia RmerTis gareSe, aiyvana ra sazogadoeba RvTaebriv taxtze,

rogorc Cans diurkemma gaacnobiera, rom adamianuri individis problema,

individisa, romelsac igi mudam ganixilavda, rogorc sazogadoebis problemebze

damokidebuls, Teoriulad gadauWreli rCeba. individis koncefciis sazogadoebis

koncefciasTan organuli dakavSireba SesaZlebelia mxolod sazogadoebriv-

sawarmoo saqmianobis safuZvelmdebeli rolis aRiarebis safuZvelze, erTad

akavSirebs adamians mis bunebasTan da sazogadoebriv garemosTan, da xdis mas

istoriis Semoqmedad. uaryo ra ekonomikis gadamwyveti roli, diurkemi problemas

miudga meore mxridan, meore bolodan. debulebidan, rom tradiciuli religiis

sfero sul ufro da ufro viwrovdeba, diurkemi gadavida mtkicebaze, rom

koleqtiuri cnobiereba mis Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi iZens axal Sinaarss da

formas, xorcieldeba ra ,,adamianurobis religiaSi”, romlis racionaluri

gamoTqmaa - individualizmis morali. sazogadoebis ganviTarebis zomis

Sesabamisad pirovnebisadmi pativiscema xdeba TiTqosda sazogadoebrivi dogma;

koleqtiuri sazogadoebrivi Zalebi gamoxatulebas pouloben individis kultSi.

adamianisadmi, rogorc RvTaebriobis individualuri ganxorcielebisadmi

damokidebulebas, diurkemis azriT, SeuZlia axsnas Tayvaniscemis obieqtis

moulodneli Secvla. magram damajerebeli Teoriuli argumentebis moyvana ver

SesZlo. man ver SesZlo daesabuTebina, rom abstraqtuli humanizmis idea,

namdvilad xdeba burJuaziuli sazogadoebis yvela klasis ideologiad, romlis

safuZvelzec SeiZleba moxdes misi ideuri gaerTianeba.

waarTva ra religiis cnebas misi ZiriTadi komponenti, zebunebrivis, RmerTis

rwmena, daicva ra religiis, rogorc rwmenebisa da wes-CveulebaTa sistemis,

romelic exeba romelime socialurad mniSvnelad obieqts, farTo gageba,

diurkhaimma arsebiTad gaaigiva religia abstraqtul ideologiasTan, romelsac

aqvs zedrouli, maradiuli xasiaTi da romelic erTnairad vlindeba yovel

sazogadoebaSi.

ideologia, namdvilad asrulebs maintegrirebel, mamobilizebel, maregulirebel

rols, xolo individis doneze xels uwyobs dajerebulobis, socialuri

keTildReobis, darazmulobisa da enTuziazmis grZnobebis warmoSobas. sworia

isic, rom ideolgiis gareSe SeuZlebelia sazogadoeba, da am azriT igi mudam

iarsebebs, rameTu aregulirebs da aorganizebs adamianTa socialur qcevebs.

diurkemis adgili sociologiis istoriaSi.

,,sociologizmi“ da marqsizmi

dRes diurkemis gavlena sociologiaze sayovelTaodaa aRiarebuli. man yuradReba

miaqcia sociologiuri mecnierebis mraval sakvanZo, fundamentur problemebs,

riTac SeiZleba aixsnas misi ideebis gavrceleba evropasa da amerikaSi da agreTve

is interesi, romelic dRes arsebobs mis Semoqmedebisadmi.

sazogadoebis buneba, misi maintegrirebeli sawyisi, misi ,,janmrTeli” da

paTologiuri mdgomareoba, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis arseba da funqciebi,

sociologiuri gamokvlevis meTodebi da sociologiis, rogorc mecnierebis

statusi; yvela es problema gadaWrili diurkemis mier sakmarisad mTliani

filosofiur-sociologiuri koncefciis poziciebidan, ueWvelad miekuTvneba

Teoriuli sociologiis mniSvnelovan problemaTa ricxvs. dRes rodesac

msjeloben Tanamedrove samyaros ganviTarebis gzebis Sesaxeb, sul ufro xSirad

udareben erTmaneTs marqsis, diurkemis, veberisa da paretos Teoriebs.

,,sociologizmis” zogadTeoriuli debulebebi safuZvlad daedo struqturuli

funqcionalizmis skolis principebs. tyuilubralod ar uwoda mas ,,socialur

mecnierebaTa saerTaSoriso enciklopediam” Tanamedrove sociologiuri Teoriis

erT-erTi mTavari fuZemdeblis saxeli. struqturuli funqcionalizmi Tavis

Teoriul-meTodologiur koncefcias afuZnebs diurkemis mier damuSavebul

koncefciaze, romelic sazogadoebas ganixilavs, rogorc TviTregulirebad

sistemas, mflobels Tvisebebisa, romlebic dauyvanadia calkeul elementTa

Tvisebebze, aseve debulebaze, romelic sazogadoebriv wesrigs ganixilavs,

rogorc sazogadoebis normalur mdgomareobas, romlebic exebian aRzrdisa da

kontrolis institutebis mniSvnelobas, socialuri movlenebis analizisadmi

funqcionaluri midgomis principebs, romlebic am movlenebs ganixilavs sistemaSi

maT mier Sesrulebuli rolis TvalsazrisiT. ar iqneba gadaWarbeba imis mtkiceba,

rom diurkemis naCvenebi mimarTulebani sazogadoebis analizisa aRebuli erTad,

Seadgenen Tanamedrove struqturul funqcionalizmis ZiriTad Teoriul bagaJs.

zogi avtori, magaliTad, paul barti da sxvebi, ,,sociologizmsa” da marqsizms,

sazogadoebis doqtrinebis erT jgufSi rTaven. aseve xSirad maT Soris garkveul

paralelebsac atareben. diurkemi icnobda marqsis Sromebs, aRiarebda maT

mniSvnelobas da akritikebda mis zogierT ZiriTad Teoriul debulebebs.

marqsizmis kritikisas, diurkemma igi gaaigiva vulgarul ekonomikur

determinizmTan, romelic aRiarebs sazogadoebrivi movlenebis ekonomikur

faqtorebze calsaxa mizezobriv kavSirs da uaryofs ekonomikur cxovrebaze

ideebis ukuzegavlenas. amave dros diurkemma TviT gansazRvra is punqti, romelSic

misi koncefcia axlosaa marqsizmTan, saxeldobr, esaa ,,idea imis Sesaxeb, rom

socialuri cxovreba unda aixsnas ara imaTi TvalsazrisebiT, SexedulebebiT, vinc

maTSi monawileobs, aramed ufro Rrma mizezebiT”.

socialuri cxovrebis obieqturobis qveS diurkems savsebiT sxva ram esmis vidre

marqss. obieqturoba diurkhaimis azriT, esaa socialuri fenomenebis

individualuri cnobierebis, individualuri warmodgenebisagan damoukidebloba,

esaa koleqtiuri cnobierebis obieqturi arseboba individis cnobierebasTan

mimarTebaSi. marqsis mixedviT ki obieqturoba, esaa sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis

bunebriv-istoriuli xasiaTi, romelic mimdinareobs kanonebis mixedviT, romlebic

ar arian damokidebulni arc individualur da arc koleqtiur cnobierebaze.

socialurisadmi xazgasmisas, diurkems socialuris qveS upiratesad ideologiuri,

ufro zustad moraluri esmis. socialur garemos igi aigivebda moralur

garemosTan. marqss ki socialuri urTierTobani ar dahyavs mxolod ekonomikur

urTierTobaze, aRiarebs socialur kavSirTa (ojaxobrivi, erovnuli, klasobrivi,

jgufuri) arsebobas, materialur warmoebiT urTierTobebs im safuZvlad Tvlis,

romelzec yalibdeba sxva urTierTobani da romlis wyalobiTac isini ivsebian

konkretuli istoriuli SinaarsebiT. ekonomikas igi martivad uyurebs, rogorc

,,samrewvelo teqnikis mdgomareobas” da Tvlis, rom ekonomikuri kavSirebi ar

qmnian myar socialur kavSirebs. ekonomikuri saqmianoba, misi azriT

,,asocialuria”. diurkemis ,,socialuri tipebi”, romlis qveSac mas esmoda

sxvadasxva istoriuli periodis sazogadoebani, aRniSnaven ekologiuri,

demografiuli da ideologiuri faqtorebis erTian kompleqss. ideologiuri

faqtorebs igi Tvlida ganmsazRvrelad. ,,socialur tips” araviTari saerTo ar

aqvs sazogadoebriv-ekonomikur formaciasTan, romelSic aRiarebulia warmoebiTi

urTierTobis ganmsazRvreloba.

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis kanonzomierebaTa axsnaSi diurkemi da misi mimdevrebi

amodiodnen e.w. koleqtiuri cnobierebisagan. amave dros am ukanasknelis

warmoSoba da arseba, diurkemis azriT, uSualod damokidebulia individebs Soris

urTierTobebze, romlebic ganixilebia raime konkretuli istoriuli pirobebis

gareSe, agreTve adamianTa konkretul-istoriuli saqmianobisagan mowyvetiT.

urTierTobis rTuli procesi diurkemis mier ganixileba mxolod, rogorc

individTa fsiqologiuri urTierTzemoqmedeba koleqtiuri Sekrebebis,

ceremoniebis, religiuri dResaswaulebisa da Cveulebebis dros, romlebic

dapirispirebulia mis mier sazogadoebriv-SromiT saqmianobasTan. rogorc

leontievi aRniSnavs ,,am da masTan axlos mdgom avtorTa SromebSi sazogadoeba

gamodis uwinares yovlisa, rogorc sazogadoebis cnobiereba, adamianuri individi

ki ufro, rogorc ,,mourTierTobe“, vidre praqtikulad moqmedi sazogadoebrivi

arseba“ (gv.270).

sazogadoebriv urTierTobebs diurkemi aidializebda, ganmartavda, rogorc

Tanxmobis, solidarobis, harmoniisa da TanamSromlobis urTierTobebs.

socialuri kofliqtebi da winaaRmdegobebi gahqonda ,,normaluri”, bunebrivi,

sazogadoebrivi wesrigis farglebs gareT, maT ganixilavda, rogorc avadmyofobas,

romlis likvidaciac SesaZlebelia ise, rom ar SevcvaloT ZiriTadi

sazogadoebrivi safuZvlebi. am ganwyobaSi iyo koncentrirebuli ,,sociologizmis”

ZiriTadi paTosi;

sazogadoebis cnobierebis globaluri ganmarteba, rogorc koleqtiuri

warmodgenebis erTobliobisa, misi calkeuli normebis arsebiTi specifikis

gamoyofis gareSe, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis sxvadasxva formebis Sesaxeb

sakiTxis Secvla, maTi funqciebis Sesaxeb sakiTxiT, zogierTi funqciis

hiperbolizacia da yvela maTi Secvla, arsebiTad, erTiT, - maintegrirebeli

funqciiT. aseTia diurkemiseuli ,,sociologizmis” gnoseologiuri safuZvlebi.

am koncefciis winaaRmdegoba dafuZnebulia naturalistur - obieqtur

meTodologiasa da sazogadoebasTan gaigivebul koleqtiuri cnobierebis

spiritialistur Teorias Soris arsebul winaaRmdegobaze.

ganicdis ra Rrmad da mwvaved sazogadoebriv kriziss, diurkemi fiqrobda, rom, Tu

am kriziss bolos ar movuRebdiT, maSin igi fatalur rezulatebTan migviyvanda.

amitom sociologis Zalisxmeva mimarTuli unda iyos imaze, raTa SeenarCunebina

arsebuli sazogadoebrivi organizaciis safuZvlebi, gardaeqmna reformis gziT da

gaeumjobesebina igi. ,,sociologizmi“, rogorc koncefcia am miznis dasabuTebas

emsaxureboda.

diurkemis adreuli da gviani Teoria

emil diurkemi Rrmad iyo darwmunebuli imaSi rom, didi struqturebi

sazogadoebaze, sazogadoeba ki – individTa fiqrebsa da moqmedebebze axdens

gavlenas. misma Sromam, romelic xazs usvamda socialur struqturebsa da

kulturas, rogorc amas talkot parsonsi da sxvebi aRniSnaven yvelaze didi

gavlena struqturul-funqcionalur Teoriaze iqonia.

diurkemis sociologiis amosaval wertils warmoadgens socialuri faqtis ideis

ganviTareba da gamoyeneba. am TavSi Cven bevrs visaubrebT am koncepciis Sesaxeb,

magram mokled da Tanamedrove sityvebiT rom ganvmartoT socialuri faqti

warmoadgens socialur struqturebs, kulturul normebsa da Rirebulebebs,

romlebic aqtorebTan mimarTebaSi maiZulebeli da garegania. studentebisTvis

aseTi maiZulebeli xasiaTi gaaCnia univeristetis biurokratiulobas, an amerikuli

sazogadoebis normebsa da Rirebulebebs, romlebic did gavlenas axdenen kolejis

ganaTlebaze. msgavs socialur faqtebs adamiani socialuri cxovrebis yvela

sferoSo waawydeba.

imisaTvis, rom gaviazroT Tu ratom ganaviTara diurkemma socialuri faqtis

Sesaxeb idea da Tu ras niSnavs es termini, unda davakvirdeT im inteleqtualuri

konteqstis aspeqtebs, romelSic Tavad cxovrobda.

diurkemis azriT, sociologia mecxramete saukunis safrangeTSi warmoiSva.

sociologiis sawyisad - antikur filosofosebs (platoni, aristotele), met-

naklebad Tanamedroved ki – frang filosofosebs, monteskiesa da kondorses-s

aRiarebda. magaliTad, diurkemi wers: “swored monteskie iyo pirveli vinc

socialuri mecnierebis principebi Camoayaliba”. Tumca, diurkemis azriT,

monteskie saTanadod Sors ar wasula: “axali disciplinis Seqmnis nacvlad isini

socialuri faqtebis Sesaxeb mxolod sazriani Sexedulebebis gamoxatviT

Semoifarglebodnen.” vats mileris azriT, saerTo jamSi diurkemisaTvis monteskie

“Tan socialuri mecnierebis pioners warmoadgens, romelmac Zveli

koncefciebisagan ganTavisufleba SesZlo, magram amave dros zogierT SemTxvevaSi

mainc maTi gavlenis qveS eqceva”. diurkemis azriT, sen-simonma gansazRvra

socialuri samyaros mecniereba, magram misi ideebi naCqarevi da arasrulyofili

iyo. es ideebi, diurkemis azriT, kontma gaaumjobesa, romelic “pirveli iyo vinc

mkafiod da meTodologiurad scada sazogadoebebis pozitiuri mecnierebis

Seqmna”.

marTalia termini sociologia ramdenime wlis win ukve gamoyenebuli hqonda

konts, magram gviani mecxramete saukunis safrangeTSi sociologiis dargi ar

arsebobda. ar arsebobda arc skolebi, arc departamentebi da arc sociologiis

profesorebi. ramdenime moazrovnis naSromi met-naklebad sociologiuri iyo,

magram es ver gaxdeboda “saxli” disciplina sociologiisaTvis. ufro metic,

msgavsi disciplinis daarsebas Zlier opozicias uwevdnen arsebuli disciplinebi.

yvelaze metad ewinaaRmdegebodnen fsiqologia da filosofia, romlTa

warmomadgenlebic Tvlidnen rom Tavad faravdnen im Temebs rasac sociologia

Seiswavlida. diurkemisaTvis, romelic mTel Tavis miswrafebas sociologias

uZRvnida, dilemas warmoadgenda gamoyofili da gansazRvruli adgilis Seqmna

sociologiisaTvis.

imisaTvis, rom sociologia filosofiisagan gamoeyo, diurkemi amtkicebda rom

sociologia orientirebuli unda iyos empiriul kvlevebze. es erTi SexedviT

ioli sCans, magram situacias arTulebda diurkemis rwmena, rom sociologiaze

gavlenas axdens filosofiuri skola TviTon sociologiis SigniT. misi azriT,

epoqis ori didi figura, romlebic Tavs sociologebs uwodebdnen, konti da

spenseri, socialuri samyaros empiriuli Seswavlis nacvlad ufro

dainteresebulebi iyvnen misi gafilosofiurebiT da abstraqtuli Teoriebis

SeqmniT. Tu sociologia ganviTardeboda kontisa da spenseris gziT, diurkemi

grZnobda, rom is mxolod da mxolod filosofiis erT-erTi dargi iqneboda da

meti araferi. amis Sedegad, diurkemma gadawyvita Tavs dasxmoda orives, kontsac

da spensersac. man orive daadanaSaula imaSi, rom maT realur samyaroSi

fenomenebis Seswavla Secvales socialur fenomenebze daufiqrebeli ideebiT.

konti damnaSave iyo imaSic, rom igi Teoriulad Tvlida rom sazogadoeba

viTardeba idealuri sazogadoebis mimarTulebiT, imis nacvlad, rom CarTuliyo

sxvadasxva sazogadoebebis cvalebadi bunebis Seswavlis rTul saqmeSi. msgavsad

amisa, spenseri damnaSave iyo, radgan igi aRiarebda harmonias sazogadoebaSi,

nacvlad imisa, rom gamoekvlia marTla arsebobda es harmonia Tu ara.

socialuri faqtebi

imisaTvis rom sociologia filosofias gamohyofoda da gansazRvruli da

damoukidebeli adgili hqonoda, diurkemma Tavis naSromSi “sociologiis meTodis

wesebi” gadawyvita, rom sociolgiis kvlevis sagani gamxdariyo socialuri

faqtebis Seswavla. socialuri faqtis koncefcias ramdenime komponenti gaaCnia,

Tumca imisaTvis rom sociologia filosofias gamohyofoda gadamwyveti aris is,

rom socialuri faqtebi unda ganixilebodnen rogorc nivTebi. socialuri

faqtebis, rogorc nivTebis Seswavla gulisxmobs imas, rom isini unda

SeviswavloT empiriulad da ara filosofiurad. diurkemi Tvlida rom ideebi

SesaZloa SeviswavloT introspeqtiulad (filosofiurad), magram nivTebs mxolod

wminda mentaluri procesiT ver SeviswavliT, radgan isini iTxoven informacias,

romelic mxolod gonebaze ar aris damokidebuli. diurkemis es cda - empiriulad

Seiswavlos socialuri faqtebi rogorc nivTebi, ganasxvavebs diurkemiseul

sociologias kontisa da spenseris introspeqtiuli Teoriebisagan.

garegani da maiZulebeli

marTalia socialuri faqtebis, rogorc nivTebis ganxilvam filosofiisagan

gamomdinare winaaRmdegoba daZlia (yovelSemTxvevaSi ase Tvlida diurkemi), magram

es mxolod nawili iyo fsiqologiuri winaaRmdegobisa. rogorc diurkemiseuli

sociologia, fsiqologiac ukve Zalian empiriuli xdeboda. imisaTvis rom

gamoecalkevebina sociologia fsiqologiisagan diurkemma ganacxada, rom

socialuri faqtebi arian garegani da maT aqvT maiZulebeli xasiaTi aqtorTan

mimarTebaSi. sociologia gaxda socialuri faqtebis Seswavla, fsiqologia ki –

fsiqologiuri faqtebisa. diurkemisaTvis, fsiqologiuri faqtebi umetesad

Tandayolil fenomens warmoadgenda. marTalia es daxasiaTeba ar esadageba

fsiqologiis sagans dRes (da arc maSin warmoadgenda sagnis karg daxasiaTebas),

magram aman saSualeba misca diurkems rom zRvari gaevlo am or mecnierebas

Soris. fsiqologiuri faqtebi aris Tandayolili da Sinagani, maSin rodesac

socialuri faqtebi arian garegani da maiZulebeli. rogorc male vnaxavT, es

gansxvaveba ar aris iseTi mkveTri, rogoric diurkems undoda rom Cven gvgoneboda.

miuxedavad amisa, socialuri faqtis rogorc gareganisa da maiZulebelis

gansazRvriT, diurkemma mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana (yovel SemTxvevaSi im

istoriuli periodisaTvis) sociologiis fsiqologiisa da filosofiisagan

gasamijnavad. Tumca unda vaRiaroT rom amis misaRwevad diurkemma “eqstremistuli”

pozicia daikava, gansakuTrebiT sociologiis kvlevis sagnis mxolod socialur

faqtebze dayvaniT. am poziciam SezRuda sociologiis zogierTi mimdinareoba.

ufro metic diurkemma xelovnurad gamoyo sociologia mezobeli mecnirebebisagan.

rogorc lemerti aRniSnavs: “radgan man gansazRvra sociologia mxolod

socialur faqtebTan mimarTebaSi, amiT man gamoyo igi adamianis Sesaxeb sxva

mecnierebebisagan.”

materialuri da aramaterialuri

Cven viciT, rom socialuri faqti unda ganvixiloT rogorc nivTi, da rom is

garegani da maiZulebelia, magram kidev ras warmoadgens socialuri faqti?

diurkemi ganasxvavebda ori tipis socialur faqtebs: materialuri da

aramaterialuri. am ors Soris materialuri socialuri faqtebi aris ufro

gasagebi, radgan igi warmoadgens realur, materialur erTobas, Tumca isini

nakleb mniSvnelovanicaa diurkemis naSromSi. rogorc diurkemi aRniSnavda:

“zogjer xdeba socialuri faqtebis materializacia, raTa isini gaxdnen garegani

samyaros wevrebi”. arqiteqtura da kanoni iqneba ori magaliTi imisa Tu ras

gulisxmobda igi materialur socialur faqtebSi. am TavSi Cven sxva magaliTebsac

ganvixilavT.

diurkemis sociologiis amosavali wertili aramaterialur socialur faqtebSi

mdgomareobs. diurkemi ambobda: “socialuri cnobierebis yvela aspqti ver aRwevs

materializaciasa da garegnulad gadaqcevas...”. rasac sociologebi dRes uwodeben

normebsa da Rirebulebebs, ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT kulturas, warmoadgens

imas, rasac diurkemi gulisxmobda aramaterialur socialur faqtebSi. magram es

idea warmoSobs problemas: rogor SeiZleba rom aramaterialuri socialuri

faqti, magaliTad normebi iyos garegani da maiZulebeli? sad SeiZleba maTi povna,

garda aqtoris gonebisa? da Tu isini aqtoris gonebaSi arian, gana es ar niSnavs

imas, rom isini arian Sinagani da ara garegani?

am sakiTxis gansaxilvelad unda gaviazroT, rom Tuki materialuri socialuri

faqtebi garegani da maiZulebelia, aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebi aseT

gamoyofil xasiaTs ar atareben. raRac kuTxiT, isini aqtoris gonebaSi arian.

aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebis konceptualizaciis saukeTeso gza aris is,

rom warmovidginoT isini garegan da maiZulebel faqtebad, fsiqologiur

faqtebTan mimarTebaSi. am gziT Cven davinaxavT, rom orive: fsiqologiuri da

zogierTi socialuri faqti adamianis gonebis SigniT arsebobs. bevr SemTxvevaSi

diurkemma es kargad ganmarta. erTis mxriv is socialuri faqtebis Sesaxeb ambobda:

“individualuri goneba, jgufis Camoyalibebis Sedegad, qmnis axali saxis,

daarqviT amas fsiqologiuri Tuki gnebavT, magram axali tipis fsiqologiur

individualurobas”. meores mxriv ki, diurkemi ambobs: “es ar niSnavs imas rom

aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebi ar arian gonebis mier warmoqmnilni, radgan

isinic Sedgebian azrovnebisa da moqmedebis gzebisagan”. amitom, aramaterialuri

socialuri faqtebis ganxilvisas saukeTeso gzaa maTi, rogorc mentaluri

fenomenis ganxilva, romelic aris garegani da maiZulebeli mentaluri fenomenis

sxva aspeqtTan - fsiqologiur faqtebTan mimarTebaSi. es aCvenebs diurkemiseul

gansxvavebas fsiqologiasa da sociologias Soris, magram saWiroebs daxvewas rom

gaxdes ufro gasagebi da mkafio. sociologia Seiswavlis mentalur fenomens,

romelic gansxvavdeba mentalobis fsiqologiuri aspeqtisagan. diurkemi ambobda,

rom sociologebs ainteresebT normebi da Rirebulebebi, fsiqologebs ki

ainteresebT iseTi Temebi rogoricaa adamianuri instiqtebi.

socialuri realobis doneebi

socialuri faqtebi TamaSoben centralur rols emil diurkemis sociologiaSi.

imisaTvis, rom am fenomenis gasaanalizeblad yvelaze mniSvnelovani socialuri

faqtebi gamovyoT, saWiroa Zebna diurkemis socialuri realobis doneebidan

daviwyoT. man es doneebi daiwyo materialuri socialuri faqtebiT, Tumca ara

imitom rom isini ufro mniSvnelovania, ubralod Teoriis Seqmnis procesSi maTi

elementebi mizezobrivad prioritetulia. isini asaxaven aramaterialur socialur

faqtebs, romlebic Zalzed mniSvnelovania mis SromebSi.

diurkemis Sromis mixedviT socialuri sinamdvilis doneebi ase gamoiyureba:

a. materialuri socialuri faqtebi

1. sazogadoeba

2. sazogadoebis struqturuli komponentebi (magaliTad, eklesia da saxelmwifo)

3. sazogadoebis morfologiuri komponentebi (magaliTad, mosaxleobis ganlageba,

komunikaciis gzebi)

b. aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebi

1. morali

2. koleqtiuri sindisi

3. koleqtiuri reprezentaciebi

4. socialuri dinebebi/mimdinareobebi

or kategoriaSi moTavsebuli doneebi CamoTvlilia zogadobis xarisxis klebis

mixedviT.

diurkemi yuradRebas amaxvilebda makro-doneze, da swored es aris mizezi imisa,

Tu ratom iTamaSa misma Sromebma didi roli struqturuli funqcionalizmis

ganviTarebaSi, romelsac agreTve makro-doneze aqvs orientacia aRebuli.

biologiidan organizmis magaliTis gamoyenebiT, diurkemi Tvlida rom,

sazogadoeba Sedgeba “organoebisagan” (socialuri faqtebisagan), an socialuri

struqturebisagan, romelTac sxvadasxva funqcia gaaCniT sazogadoebaSi. diurkemi

Tvlida, rom Cven ganvsazRvravT funqciebs an sxvadasxva struqturebis miznebs, im

faqtorebis gaTvaliswinebiT Tu rogor Seiqmnen es struqturebi. diurkems orive

ainteresebda: rogorc is Tu rogor warmoiSva socialuri struqturebi, agreTve

is, Tu ra funqciebs asruleben isini; igi cdilobda ganesxvavebina kvlevis es ori

aspeqti.

Cven SegviZlia misi Teoriis povna Tanamedrove samyaros ganviTarebis analizisas.

yvelaze kargad es naCvenebia mis erT-erT yelaze mniSvnelovan naSromSi

“sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawileba”, naSromi romelic sociologiis pirvel

klasikad iwodeba.

sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawileba

Tavis naSromSi sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawileba diurkemma analizi or

idealuri tipis sazogadoebaze daafuZna. SedarebiT primitiul tipSi, romelsac

meqanikuri solidaroba axasiaTebs, socialuri struqtura nakleb danawevrebuli,

da Sromac mxolod mcired, an saerTod araa danawilebuli. ufro Tanamedrove

tipSi, romelsac organuli solidaroba gaaCnia, Sromis danawileba SedarebiT

gaumjobesebulia. diurkemisaTvis Sromis danawileba materialuri socialuri

faqtia, da gulisxmobs davalebebisa da pasuxismgeblobis ganawilebas,

specializacias. primitiul sazogadoebebSi adamianebi flobdnen Zalian zogad

poziciebs, romlis farglebSic asrulebdnen sxvadasxva samuSaos da uamravi

pasuxismgeblobac ekisrebodaT. amis sapirispirod, adamianebi, romlebic SedarebiT

Tanamedrove sazogadoebebSi cxovroben, ikaveben ufro metad specializirebul

poziciebs, da pasuxismgeblobaca da valdebulebebic ufro viwro aqvT. magaliTad,

diasaxlis-dedoba primitiul sazogadoebaSi nakleb specializirebuli poziciaaa,

vidre dRes. Tanamedrove teqnologiebi iTavsebs im saqmeebs, romelsac adre

diasaxlisi asrulebda.

cvlilebebs Sromis danawilebaSi didi mniSvneloba gaaCniaT, gansakuTrebiT,

sazogadoebis struqturisaTvis. ufro mniSvnelovania cvlileba or – meqanikur da

organul – solidarobas Soris. solidarobis ganxilvis dros diurkemi

gulisxmobda imas, Tu ra akavSirebs sazogadoebas erT mTlianad. sazogadoebas,

romelsac meqanikuri solidaroba axasiaTebs akavSirebs is faqti, rom yvela

adamiani ufro ganzogadebulia. ZiriTadi SemakavSirebeli aris is, rom xalxi

CarTulia erT saqmeSi da inawilebs msgavs valdebulebebs. amis sapirispirod,

sazogadoebas, romelsac organuli solidaroba axasiaTebs akavSirebs is, rom

adamianebi gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan, gansxvavebul davalebebs asruleben da

gansxvavebuli pasuxismgeblobebi gaaCniaT. imis gamo rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi

adamianebi Zalzed viwro saqmes asruleben, Tavis gadasarCenad maT kidev

sWirdebaT sxva adamianebic. primitiuli ojaxi, romelic monadire-mamasa da

Semgrovebel-dedas efuZneboda, met-naklebad SesZlebda Tavis damoukideblad

gatanas, Tanamedrove samyaroSi ki yovelkvireulad ojaxs esaWiroba: mcxobeli,

yasabi, avto-meqanikosi, maswavlebeli, policieli da ase Semdeg. am adamianebs ki,

Tavis mxriv esaWiroebaT sxva adamianebi, raTa Tavi gadairCinon Tanamedrove

samyaroSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoeba, diurkemis azriT SekavSirebulia adamianebis

specializirebulobiT, da maTi moTxovniT sxva adamianebisa. ufro metic, diurkemi

darwmunebuli iyo ara mxolod adamianebis, aramed jgufebis, struqturebis da

institutebis specializirebulobaSi. da bolo ukanaskneli gansxvaveba meqanikur

da organul solidarobas Soris: radgan meqanikuri solidarobis SemTxvevaSi

adamianebi erTsa da imave saqmes asruleben, maT Soris konkurenciis done ufro

maRalia. amis sapirispirod, organuli solodaroba ufro metad korporaciisaken

aris mimarTuli.

amis gamo, sazogadoeba, romelic organuli solidarobiT xasiaTdeba metadaa

mimarTuli “solidarobisaken” da individualurobisaken, vidre meqanikuri

solidarobis SemTxvevaSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, diurkemi Tvlida rom

socialuri wesrigi da individualuri avtonomia urTierT Tavsebadia.

dinamiuri simWidrove

Sromis danawileba diurkemisaTvis materialur socialur faqts warmoadgenda,

radgan is socialur samyaroSi interaqciis nawili iyo. meore, aseve materialuri

socialuri faqti, romelsac diurkemis meqanikuridan organul solidarobaSi

gadasvlis TeoriaSi mniSvnelovani, sakvanZo adgili uWiravs aris – dinamiuri

simWidrove. es termini Seesabameba adamianTa ricxvs sazogadoebaSi da interaqciis

dones maT Soris. Tu adamianTa ricxvis an maT Soris interaqciis donis zrdas

cal-calke aviRebT, maSin aRar iqneba aseTi mniSvnelovani faqtori socialur

cvlilebaSi. adamianTa ricxvis da maT Soris interaqciis donis (rac dinamiuri

simWidrovea) zrdas mivyavarT meqanikuridan organul solidarobisaken, radgan es

ori erTad qmnis met konkurencias resursebisaTvis da ufro SesamCnev brZolas

primitiuli sazogadoebis sxvadasxva msgavs da gansxvavebul nawilebSi. radgan

individebi, jgufebi, ojaxebi, tomebi da a.S. asruleben msgavs samuSaos, isini

Seejaxebian erTmaneTs funqciebis gasayofad, miTumetes Tuki resursebic cotaa.

Sromis danawilebis zrda ki, TanamSromlobis saSualebas aZlevs adamianebsa da

maT mier Seqmnil struqturebs, rac mSvidobian Tanacxovrebas ufro SesaZlebels

xdis. ufro metic, Sromis danawilebis SemTxvevaSi resursebic izrdeba da ufro

met adamians SeuZlia Tavis gadarCena.

marTalia diurkemi dainteresebuli iyo aexsna rogor qmnidnen Sromis danawileba

da dinamiuri simWidrove sxvadasxva tipis socialur solidarobas, magram misi

interesis mTavar sferos warmoadgenda am materialuri cvlilebebis gavlena

aramaterialur socialur faqtebze, rogorc meqanikuri ise, organuli

solidarobis mqone sazogadoebebSi. diurkemi grZnobda rom warmoudgeneli

iqneboda aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebis pirdapir Seswavla. aramaterialuri

socialuri faqtebis pirdapir Seswavla misi azriT, ufro filosofiis sagans

ganekuTvneboda, vidre sociologiisas. imisaTvis rom aramaterialuri socialuri

faqtebi sociologiurad SeviswavloT, unda movZebnoT da davakvirdeT materialur

socialur faqtebs, romlebzec aisaxeba aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebis

buneba da maTSi mimdinare cvlilebebi. Sromis sazogadoebriv danawilebaSi es

aris samarTali.

samarTali

diurkemis azriT, sazogadoebaSi, romelic meqanikuri solidarobiT xasiaTdeba

moqmedebs represiuli samarTali. radgan msgavsi tipis sazogadoebaSi adamianebi

Zalian hgvanan erTmaneTs, da radgan maT swamT saerTo moralis, nebismieri

gadaxveva saerTo RirebulebiTi sistemidan SesamCnevi iqneba bevrisaTvis. radgan am

Seuracxyofas yvela maTgani igrZnobs, da radgan maT Rrmad swamT saerTo

moraluri sistemis, Seuracxmyofeli mkacrad daisjeba Tuki koleqtiur moralur

sistemas gadaabijebs. goWis qurdi SeiZleba xelis moWriT daisajos, RmerTisa da

RmerTebis winaaRmdeg raimes Tqmis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba mTqmels ena amoaWran.

radgan adamianebi ase arian CarTulni koleqtiuri moralis sistemaSi, am

sistemidan gadaxveva mkacr sasjels iwvevs.

amis sapirispirod, sazogadoebaSi, romelic organuli solidarobiT xasiaTdeba

moqmedebs restituciuli samarTali. imis nacvlad, rom daisajon Tundac

umniSvnelo danaSaulis SemTxeveaSic ki koleqtiuri moralis winaaRmdeg,

Tanamedrove tipis sazogadoebaSi isini emorCilebian samarTals da SesaZloa

fuliT gadauxadon maT, vinc maTi qcevebis gamo daSavda. marTalia represiuli

samarTlis zogierTi SemTxvevebi kvlav moqmedebs organuli tipis sazogadoebaSi

(magaliTad, sikvdiliT dasja), magram restituciuli samarTali ufro metadaa

gavrcelebuli. ar arsebobs Zlieri an maiZulebeli koleqtiuri morali, xalxis

umravlesoba samarTlis darRvevis SemTxvevaSi emociurad ar reagirebs. meqanikuri

solidarobis mqone sazogadoebaSi represiuli samarTlis gakontroleba xalxis

masebs evaleba, restituciuli samarTlis SemTxvevaSi ki amas specialuri

saagentoebi akeTeben (magaliTad policia da sasamarTlo). organul sazogadoebaSi

es Sromis danawilebis kvaldakval xdeba.

materialur socialur faqtSi, samarTalSi, mimdinare cvlilebebi, diurkemis

Teoriuli sistemisaTvis warmoadgens ufro mniSvnelovan elementebis cvlilebis

amsaxvels – kerZod aramaterialur socialuri faqtebisa, esenia: morali,

koleqtiuri cnobiereba, koleqtiuri reprezentaciebi, socialuri mimdinareobebi,

da Tanamedrove sociologiuri perspeqtividan yvelaze mniSvnelovani –

koleqtiuri goneba.

Zalzed zogadad rom vTqvaT, diurkemi iyo moralis sociologi. rogorc ernest

volvorki aRniSnavda, diurkemis sociologia warmoadgens mis mier moraluri

sakiTxebis ganxilvis produqts. es niSnavs, rom im periodis moraluri

problemebis ganxilvam, diurkemi rogorc sociologi miiyvana socialur

cxovrebaSi moraluri elementebisaTvis yvelaze didi yuradRebis miqcevamde.

yvelaze sabaziso doneze, diurkemi did mniSvnelobas aniWebda Tanamedrove

samyaroSi koleqtiuri moralis siZlieris dacemas. diurkemis azriT adamianebi

moraluri kavSirebis “paTologiurad” dakargvis zRvarze idgnen. es moraluri

kavSirebi mniSvnelovani iyo diurkemisaTvis, radgan maT gareSe adamiani moeqceoda

grZnobebis gavlenis qveS. adamianebs TavianTi grZnobebi giJuri kmayofilebis

SegrZnebamde miiyvanda, es kmayofileba ki ufro met saWiroebebs moiTxovda.

diurkemi paradoqsulad Tvlida, rom adamians sWirdeba morali da gare kontroli

raTa iyos Tavisufali. es Tavisuflebis sakmaod saintereso daxasiaTebaa.

anomia

problemebis umetesoba romlebic diurkems awuxebda momdinareobs erTiani

moralis daqveiTebidan. anomiis cnebiT diurkema saukeTesod aRwera Tu ras

gulisxmobda erTiani moralis SesustebaSi. individebs uwevT anomiasaTan Sexvedra

rodesac ar gaaCniaT mtkice morali, anu ar ician ra aris da ra ar aris swori da

misaRebi saqcieli.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis centraluri “paTologia” diurkemis azriT, aris

Sromis anomiuri danawileba. rodesac anomia diurkemma paTologiad gamoacxada,

amiT xazi gausva Tavis rwmenas, rom Tanamedrove samyaro anomiisagan SesaZloa

rom “ganikurnos”. diurkems swamda, rom Sromis struqturuli danawileba aris

sazogadoebis SemakavSirebeli, romelic awonasworebs koleqtiuri moralis

sisusteebs. magram Sromis dayofa ar gulisxmobs koleqtiuri moralis rRvevas,

anomia aris paTologia, romelic asocirdeba organuli solidarobis zrdasTan.

individebi xdebian izolirebulni da mowyvetilni TavianT specializirebul

qmedebebSi. isini ufro metad grZnoben Tavs imaTTan erTianobaSi, vinc maTTan

erTad muSaobs da maT garSemo cxovrobs. magram aucilebelia imis damaxsovreba,

rom diurkemi amas aranormalur situaciad miiCnevda, radgan mxolod uCveulo

pirobebSi akninebs adamianebs Tanamedrove Sromis danawileba TavianT

izolirebul da umniSvnelo davalebebsa da poziciebze. anomiis cneba ara

mxolod Sromis sazogadoebriv danawilebaSi, aramed TviTmkvlelobaSic gvxvdeba,

rogorc TviTmkvlelobis erT-erTi yvelaze gavrcelebuli tipi. anomiuri

TviTmkvleloba gvxdeba koleqtiuri moralis Sesustebisa da gare

maregulirebeli Zalebis ararsebobis gamo, romlebic adamians TavianT poziciebs

gaumagrebda.

koleqtiuri sindisi

diurkemi koleqtiuri moralis mimarT interess mravalmxriv gamoxatavda. am ideis

ganxilvis adreul wlebSi diurkemma SeimuSava koleqtiuri sindisis cneba,

romelic man Sromis sazogadoebriv danawilebaSi ase daaxasiaTa:

“rwmenebisa da grZnobebis erToblioba, romelic saSualod saerToa erTi

sazogadoebis wevrebisaTvis, qmnis gamocalkevebul sistemas, romelsac sakuTari

cxovreba gaaCnia; mas SeiZleba koleqtiuri an saerTo sindisi vuwodoT...es aris

mTlianad gansxvavebuli ram erTi kerZo sindisisagan, Tumca realizebas mxolod

misi meSveobiT axdens.”

ramodenime faqti unda gaviTvaliswinoT am gansazRvrebaSi, Tuki Cveni interesis

sferos warmoadgens koleqtiuri sindisi, rogorc aramaterialuri socialuri

faqti. pirvel rigSi cxadia, rom diurkemi, rodesac igi saubrobda adamianTa

rwmenebis erTobliobaze, koleqtiur sindiss miiCnevda mocemuli sazogadoebidan

gamomdinared,. meore, diurkemi Tvlida, rom koleqtiuri sindisi aris

damoukidebeli, gamoyofili (determinirebuli) kulturuli sistema. marTalia

diurkemi iziarebda msgavs Sexedulebas koleqtiuri sindisis Sesaxeb, magram igi

aseve aRniSnavda, rom koleqtiuri sindisi realizdeba mxolod individualuri

sindisis meSveobiT. (am faqts, rom diurkemi ar miiCnevda rom koleqtiuri sindisi

aris mTlianad damoukidebeli individualuri cnobierebisagan ufro kargad

ganvixilavT maSin, rodesac visaubrebT jgufis gonis Sesaxeb.)

koleqtiuri sindisis cneba gvabrunebs diurkemis analizTan Sromis

sazogadoebriv danawilebaSi, rodesac is saubrobs materialur socialur

faqtebze da maT damokidebulebaze koleqtiur moralSi mimdinare cvlilebebTan.

am argumentis logika gulisxmobs, rom Sromis danawilebis zrda, (romelic

gazrdilma dinamiurma simWidrovem ganapiroba) iwvevs koleqtiuri sindisis

gardaqmnas. koleqtiuri sindisi gacilebiT nakleb mniSvnelovania organuli

solidarobis mqone sazogadoebaSi, vidre meqanikuri solidarobis mqone

sazogadoebaSi. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi xalxs ufro metad Sromis danawileba

da sxvaTa mier Sesrulebuli qmedebebis aucilebloba akavSirebs, vidre yvelas

mier gaziarebuli da Zlieri koleqtiuri sindisi. entoni gidensma koleqtiuri

sindisi ori tipis sazogadoebSi oTx gansxvavebul sidided dayo: moculoba,

intensioba, simtkice da Sinaarsi (volume, intensity, rigidity, content).

moculoba gulisxmobs im adamianTa raodenobas, romelTac aerTianebT

koleqtiuri sindisi, intensioba – ramdenad Zlierad ganicdian mas individebi,

simtkice – ramdenad kargad aris is gansazRvruli da Sinaarsi gulisxmobs im

formas, rasac sazogadoeba Rebulobs sazogadoebis ori polaruli tipidan.

meqanikuri solidarobis mqone sazogadoebaSi koleqtiuri sindisi moicavs mTels

sazogadoebas da mis yvela wevrs, mas endobian didi intensiobiT, aris Zalian

mtkice da misi Sinaarsi aris religiuri xasiTis. organuli sazogadoebis

SemTxvevaSi, koleqtiuri sindisi gacilebiT nakleb adamians moicavs, nakleb

intensiuria, ar aris mtkice da misi Sinaarsi saukeTesod aRiwereba frazaSi

“moraluri individualizmi”.

koleqtiuri reprezentaciebi

koleqtiuri sindisis cneba sakmaod farTo da amorfulia. diurkemis

ukmayofilebam am cnebis Sesaxeb igi koleqtiuri reprezentaciebis cnebamde

miiyvana. koleqtiuri reprezentaciebi SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc koleqtiuri

sindisis gansazRvruli mdgomareoba, substrata. Tanamedrove sityvebiT rom

vTqvaT, koleqtiuri reprezentaciebi gulisxmobs normebsa da Rirebulebebs,

romelsac iziarebs magaliTad, ojaxi, ganaTlebis an religiuri instituti.

koleqtiuri reprezetaciebis cneba SeiZleba iyos farToc da konkretulic, magram

misi kritikuli aspeqti aris is, rom man saSualeba misca diurkems moexdina

aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebis konceptualizacia ufro viwro doneze,

vidre amas koleqtiuri sindisis cneba gaakeTebda. koleqtiuri reprezentaciebis

cneba ar daiyvaneba individualuri cnobierebis doneze: “koleqtiuri

reprezentaciebi aris individTa asociaciis Sedegi... magram maT gaaCniaT sui

generis xasiaTi.” laTinuri termini sui generis niSnavs “unikalurs”. rodesac

diurkemma es termini koleqtiur reprezentaciebTan mimarTebaSi ganixila,

igulisxma, rom isini ar daiyvanebian individualur donemde. es ki maT aTavsebs

aramaterialur socialur faqtebs Soris. isini uswreben individebs, radgan ar

arian damokidebulni individTa konkretul arsebobaze. isini ar arian individebze

damokidebulni kidev erTi mizezis gamo: maTi droebiTi arseboba uswrebs

nebismieri individis mTlian cxovrebas. koleqtiuri reprezentaciebi ikaveben

centralur adgils diurkemis aramaterialur socialur faqtebs Soris.

TviTmkvleloba da socialuri dinebebi

diurkemma SemogvTavaza kidev ufro specifiuri (agreTve metad dinamiuri) da

nakleb gasagebi cneba, romelic aseve aramaterialur socialur faqts

ganekuTvneba – socialuri dineba. es ukanaskneli diurkemma gansazRvra, rogorc

aramaterialuri socialuri faqti, romelsac “aqvs msgavsi obieqturoba da

mimarTeba individTan mimarTebaSi”, rogoric es sxva, zemoT ganxilul socialur

faqtebs hqonda, magram ara “msgavsi kristalizebuli formiT”. man magaliTad

mogviyvana “enTuziazmis, winaaRmdegobis gawevisa da sibraluris gZnobebi”

adamianebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri dinebebi nakleb konkretulia, isini

mainc socialur faqtebad rCebian, rogorc es diurkemma ganacxada “isini Cvenda

damoukideblad aRweven CvenSi da Cveni survilis miuxdavad mivyavarT sadac maT

moesurvebaT”.

diurkemma socialuri dinebebis idea ganaviTara Tavis naSromSi “sociologiis

meTodis wesebi”, magram igi rogorc mTavari axsniTi cvladi gamoiyena empiriul

naSromSi, romelic safuZvlad daedo amerikuli empiriuli kvlevis ganviTarebas.

faqtiurad, kvleva, romelic SemoTavazebulia TviTmkvlelobaSi kargad iyenebs

sociologiuri meTodis wesebSi aRweril meTodebs. TviTmkvlelobaSi man aCvena,

rom socialuri faqtebi, ufro zustad socialuri dinebebi, arian garegani da

maiZulebeli xasiaTis matarebelni individTan mimarTebaSi. diurkemma gadawyvita

Seeswavla TviTmkvleloba, radgan es SedarebiT konkretuli da specifiuri

fenomenia. aseve, sakmaod kargi monacemebi arsebobda TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb, da

yvelafers rom Tavi davaneboT, TviTmkvleloba iTvleba erT-erT yvelaze piradul

moqmedebad. diurkemi Tvlida, rom Tuki daamtkicebda sociologiis rols am

wmindad individualisturi faqtis, TviTmkvlelobis, axsnaSi, amiT kidev ufro

gaamyarebda mis rols im faqtebis axsnaSi, romelic wmindad sociologiurad

miiCneva. da bolos, diurkemma amoirCia TviTmkvleloba, radgan Tu ki moaxerxebda

inteleqtualuri sazogadoebis Seswavlis am kuTxiT dainteresebas, maSin es

sociologias miscemda Sanss akademiur samyaroSi aRiarebisaTvis.

rogorc sociologi, diurkemi ar yofila dainteresebuli gaego Tu ratom

iklavda konkretuli individi Tavs. es fsiqologiis saqme iyo. amis magivrad,

diurkems ainteresebda aexsna TviTmkvlelobis gansxvavebuli maCveneblebi, anu Tu

ratomaa rom erT jgufs TviTmkvlelobis ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs, vidre

meores. diurkemi cdilobda daeSva, rom biologiuri, fsiqologiuri, social-

fsiqologiuri faqtorebi ucvleli rCeba sxvadasxva jgufebisa da

periodebisaTvis. da Tu ki, TviTmkvlelobis maCveneli gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva

jgufsa da periodSi, diurkemi Tvlida rom es cvlileba damokidebuli iyo

sociologiur faqtorebze, ufro zustad socialur dinebebze.

radgan diurkemi empiriuli kvlevis Catarebas gegmavda, man sxva faqtorebi

ubralod ki ar gamoricxa, aramed isini empiriulad Seamowma. man TviTmkvleloba

daiwyo suicidis gamomwvevi alternatiuli mizezebis dasaxelebiT. maT Soris

aris, individualuri fsiqopaTologia, alkoholizmi, rasa, memkvidreoba da

klimati. marTalia diurkemma Tavi mouyara uamrav faqtors, raTa Semdeg TiToeuli

maTgani uareyo, magram yvelze Zlieri mainc rasobrivi faqtori unda yofiliyo,

Tumca diurkemma isic uaryo. rasobrivi faqtoris gamoricxvis erT erTi mizezi

iyo is, rom TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebeli varirebda erTi rasis sxvadasxva jgufebs

Soris. Tu ki rasas mniSvnelovan faqtorad miviCnevdiT, maSin mas gavlena unda

moexdina yvela qve-jgufzec. meore mizezi iyo is, rom maCvenebli meryeobda

rasobrivi jgufebisaTvis sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi. Tu rasa mniSvnelovani

socialuri faqtia, maSin mas Tanabari gavlena unda moexdina sxvadasxva socialur

jgufebSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom diurkemis es argumenti sustia, ufro metic sxva

argumentebze ufro sustic ki, es mainc gvaZlevs imis warmodgenas Tu rogor

cdilobda diurkemi yvelaze mniSvnelovani mizezobrivi cvladis povnas.

zemoTCamoTvlili faqtorebis garda diurkemma ganixila da uaryo adreuli

franguli social-fsiqologis gabriel tardis imitaciis Teoriac. imitaciis

Teoriis mixedviT adamianebi Tavs iklaven (da es vrceldeba sxvadasxva

qmedebebzec) radgan baZaven imaT qmedebebs vinc Tavi moikla. es social-

fsiqologiuri midgoma ucxoa diurkemis socialuri faqtebisTvis. am faqtoris

uarsayofad diurkmma bevri iwvala. magaliTad, diurkemma gaaanaliza, rom Tu

davuSvebT, rom mimbaZvelobis faqtori marTlac mniSvnelovania, maSin erebs,

romlebsac TviTmkvlelobis maRali maCvenebeli aqvT, aseve unda hqonodaT adrec.

man Seamowma monacemebi qveynis geografiul faqtorebze dayrdnobiT, da daaskvna

rom msgavsi kavSiri ar arsebobs. diurkemi Tvlis, rom zogierT, individualur

TviTmkvlelobaze SesaZloa imitacias hqondes gavlena, magram es imdenad mcire

zomis faqtoria, rom ver axdens gavlenas TviTmkvlelobis saerTo maCvenebelze.

sabolood, diurkemma uaryo imitaciis teoria, rogorc mniSvnelovani socialuri

faqti, radgan mxolod socialur faqts SeuZlia meore socialur faqtze gavlenis

moxdena. radgan imitaciis Teoria socialur-fsiqologiuri faqtoria, igi ver

CaerTveboda mis sistemaSi da ver moaxdenda gavlenas socialuri TviTmkvlelobis

maCvenebelze. rogorc diurkemma ganacxada, “socialuri TviTmkvlelobis

maCvenebelis axsna mxolod sociologiuradaa SesaZlebeli”.

diurkemis azriT, TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblebis kritikuli faqtorebi unda

yofiliyo socialur faqtorebs Soris. raTqmaunda aris ori tipis socialuri

faqtebi - materialuri da aramaterialuri. marTalia materialuri socialuri

faqtebi mizezobrivad mniSvnelovania, magram ara yvelze mniSvnelovani. magaliTad

diurkemi daakvirda dinamiuri simWidrovis TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebelze gavlenas,

da daaskvna rom gavlena mxolod arapirdapiria. magram dinamiur simWidroves (da

sxva materialur socialur faqtebs) gavlena aqvT aramaterialur socialur

faqtebze, romlebic Tavis mxriv piradpir gavlenas axdenen TviTmkvlelobis

maCvenebelze. diurkemi akeTebda or urTierTdakavSirebul arguments. erTis mxriv,

sxvadasxva sazogadoebebs aqvT gansxvavebuli koleqtiuri warmodgenebi. es Tavis

mxriv iwvevs gansxvavebul socialur dinebebs, rac gavlenas axdens

TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblze. TviTmkvlelobis Seswavlis erTi gza aris

sazogadoebebis Sedareba. meores mxriv, diurkemi acxadebda, rom cvlilebebi

socialur warmodgenebSi, iwvevs cvlilebebs socialur dinebebSi da Sesabamisad

TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebelSi. amas mivyavarT TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblebis

istoriul Seswavlamde. orive SemTxvevaSi, kros-kulturulad, Tu istoriulad,

argumentis logika erTi rCeba: koleqtiur warmodgenebSi cvlileba, iwvevs

cvlilebas socialur dinebebSi, da es iwvevs cvlilebas TviTmkvlelobis

maCvenebelSi. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblebis

gansxvavebuloba gamowveulia socialuri faqtebis, kerZod, socialuri dinebebis

SecvliT. diurkemma sakmaod kargad gansazRvra socialuri dinebebis

mniSvnelovani roli TviTmkvlelobaSi:

“yvela socialur jgufs aqvs moqmedebis Tavisi koleqtiuri

motivacia/moTxovnileba, rac yvela individualuri qmedebis mizezi ufroa vidre

Sedegi. igi gamowveulia egoizmis, altruizmisa da anomiis dinebebiT

sazogadoebaSi. sazogadoebis es tendeciebi aiZuleben adamianebs Caidinon

TviTmkvleloba.”

TviTmkvlelobis oTxi tipi

diurkemis TviTmkvlelobis Teoria da misi azrovnebis struqtura gacilebiT

naTeli gaxdeba Tu davakvirdebiT TviTmkvlelobis oTxive tips – egoistur,

altruistur, anomiursa da fatalisturs. TviTmkvlelobis TiToeul tips

diurkemi ukavSirebda sazogadoebaSi integraciasa da sazogadoebis mier

regulacias. integracia gulisxmobs koleqtiuri azris gaziarebis dones.

altruistuli TviTmkvleloba xasiaTdeba integraciis maRali doniT, egoisturi

TviTmkvleloba ki xasiaTdeba integraciis dabali doniT. regulacia gulisxmobs

gare zegavlenas xalxze. fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba xasiaTdeba maRali

regulaciiT, anomiuri TviTmkvleloba ki dabali regulaciiT. vitni popi

gvTavazobs diurkemiseuli oTxi tipis TviTmkvlelobis Zalzed sasargeblo

Sejamebas. man es maRali da dabali donis integraciisa da regulaciis

urTierTdakavSirebiT SesZlo:

egoisturi TviTmkvleloba. egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis maRali done gvxdeba iseT

sazogadoebebSi, koleqtivebsa da jgufebSi, sadac individi ar aris

integrirebuli ufro farTo socialur erTeulSi. integraciis dabali done

individebSi qmnis uazrobis/ufunqciobis SegrZnebas. sazogadoebebi, romlebic

maRali koleqtivisturi cnobierebiT xasiaTdeba da damcveli socialuri dinebebi,

romlebic maTgan moemarTeba Tavidan icilebs egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis

gavrcelebas. amas msgavsi sazogadoebebi TavianTi cxovrebisTvis azris miniWebiT

axerxeben. rodesac es socialuri dinebebi sustdeba, individebi advilad axerxeben

koleqtiuri cnobierebidan Tavis daRwevas, da imis gakeTebas rac Tavad surT.

farTo socialur erTeulebSi, sadac koleqtiuri cnobiereba sustia, individebi

marto rCebian imis gadasawyvetad rom TavianT interesebs survilisamebr

waruZRvnen. msgavsi Seukavebeli egoizmi warmoSobs personalur

daukmayofileblobas, radgan yvela survili ver Sesruldeba, da isini romlebic

sruldeba warmoSobs axal survilebs, rac kidev ufro met daukmayofileblobis

SegrZnebas warmoSobs – rac zogisTvis TviTmkvlelobiT sruldeba. Zlierad

integrirebuli ojaxebi, religiuri jgufebi, da sazogadoebebi Zlieri

koleqtiuri cnobierebis agentebs warmoadgenen da gmoben TviTmkvlelobas. ai ras

ambobs diurkemi religiuri jgufebis SemTxvevaSi:

“religia icavs adamians TviT-ganadgurebisagan... religias qmnis yvelasTvis saerTo

rwmenebi da praqtikebi, romlebic tradiciulia da savaldebulo. rac ufro

mravali da Zlieria koleqtiuri gonis es aspeqtebi, miT ufro Zlieradaa

integrirebuli religiuri sazogadoeba, Sesabamisad Zlieria misi damcavi

mniSvneloba”

sazogadoebis dezintegracia warmoSobs gansakuTrebul socialur dinebebs, rac

TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblebs Soris gansxvavebis principuli mizezia. magaliTad,

diurkemi saubrobs sazogadoebis dezintegraciaze, romelic warmoSobs

“depresiisa da rwmenis dakargvis dinebebs”. sazogadoebis moraluri

dezintegracia adamians TviTmkvlelobisken ubiZgebs, depresiis dinebebi ki

gansazRvravs egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblebSi gansxvavebas. sainteresoa,

magram diurkemi aq socialuri Zalebis mniSvnelovnebaze saubrobs, maSin rodesac

saqme egoistur TviTmkvlelobas exeba da wesiT adamiani Tavisufalia yovelgvari

socialuri zegavlenisagan. aqtorebi arasdros ar Tavisufldebian koleqtivebis

gavlenisagan: “rac ar unda individualizirebuli iyos adamiani, raRac mainc rCeba

koleqtiuri – Tundac es depresia da melanqolia, rasac gaZlierebuli

individualizmi warmoSobs. igi sazogadoebaze am sevdiT axdens gavlenas, rodesac

sxva aRaraferi darCenia amis misaRwevad”. egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis magaliTi

migviTiTebs, rom Tundac yvelaze individualur, yvelaze piradul moqmedebis

SemTxvevaSic ki, socialuri faqtebi ZiriTadi ganmsazRvrelebia.

altruisturi TviTmkvleloba. diurkemis mier ganxiluli TviTmkvleolobis meore

tipia altruisturi. maSin rodesac egoistur TviTmkvlelobas adgili aqvs maSin,

rodesac socialuri integracia Zalzed sustia, altruisturi TviTmkvleloba

Cndeba maSin, rodesac “socialuri integracia Zalzed Zlieria”. sityvasityviT rom

vTqvaT, individi iZulebulia Tavi moiklas.

altruistuli TviTmkvlelobis yvelaze aSkara magaliTi iyo wminda jim jonsis

mimdevrebis masobrivi TviTmkvleloba jounsTaunSi, gaianaSi. maT Segnebulad

dalies mowamluli sasmeli, da zogierTma Svilebsac aiZula daelia. isini

Cadiodnen TviTmkvlelobas, radgan maT ubiZges SeewiraT sakuTari sicocxle

jonsis fanatikuri mimdevrebisaTvis. ufro zogadad rom vTqvaT, is vinc

altruistul TviTmkvlelobas Cadis, iqceva ase, radgan Tvlis, rom es misi

movaleobaa.

rogorc egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis SemTxvevaSi, aqac integraciis xarisxi (am

SemTxvevaSi maRali) ar aris TviTmkvlelobis pirdapiri mizezi. integraciis

sxvadasxva done warmoSobs gansxvavebul socialur dinebebs, rac warmoSobs

TviTmkvlelobis gansxvavebul doneebs. rogorc egoisturi TviTmkvlelobis

SemTxvevaSi, diurkemi melanqoliur socialur dinebebs miiCnevs altruisturi

TviTmkvlelobis gamomwvev mizezad. Tuki egoisturi TviTmkvleloba warmoiSoba

“ganukurnebeli mowyenilobiTa da depresiiT”, altruisturi TviTmkvleloba - “am

cxovrebis miRma lamazi perspeqtivis imediT”.

anomiuri TviTmkvleloba. anomiuri TviTmkvleloba warmoiSoba maSin, rodesac

sazogadoebis maregulirebeli Zalebi dangreulia. es adamianebs

daukmayofileblobis SegrZnebas uRvivebs, radgan maTi grZnobebi ar kontroldeba

Zlierad. anomiuri TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebeli icvleba maSin, rodesac

sazogadoebis maregulirebeli Zalebis ngreva pozitiuria (magaliTad, ekonomikuri

bumi) an negatiuri (magaliTad, ekonomikuri depresia). ngrevis orive tipis

SemTxvevaSi sazogadoeba droebiT ver axdens gavlenas, Tavisi avtoritetis

individebze Tavs moxvevas. msgavs cvlilebebs adamianebi mihyavT iseT situaciamde

sadac Zveli normebi aRar moqmedebs, axlebi ki, jer ar ganviTarebula. ngrevis

periodebi warmoSobs anomiis dinebebs – unormobisa da daufuZnebadobis

SegrZnebebs – es dinebebi ki iwvevs anomiuri TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblis zrdas.

es SedarebiT advilad dakvirvebadia depresiis SemTxvevaSi. qarxnis daxurva

ekonomikuri depresiis gamo gamoiwvevs samuSaoebis Semcirebas, rac individs

moaSorebs im maregulirebel aspeqts rasac misTvis kompaniasa da samsaxurs

hqonda. am an sxva struqturebidan CamoSorebis SemTxvevaSi (magaliTad, ojaxi,

religia an saxelmwifo) individi mtkivneulad ganicdis anomiis dinebebs. ufro

rTuli warmosadgenia ekonomikuri bumis zegavlena. am SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia

vTqvaT, rom ucabedi warmateba individebs CamoaSorebs im tradiciul struqturebs

romelSic is CarTuli iyo aqamde. ekonomikuri warmateba ubiZgebs adamianebs

samsaxuris datovebisken, axal sazogadoebaSi gadasvlisken, SesaZloa axali

meuRlis povniskenac ki. yvela es cvlileba angrevs struqturebis maregulirebel

efeqts da individs bumis periodSi anomiuri dinebebis pirispir tovebs.

anomiuri TviTmkvlelobis maCveneblis zrda socialuri cxovrebis deregulaciis

periodSi, dakavSirebulia diurkemis mosazrebasTan, rom individualuri vnebebis

gare zegavlenisagan ganTavisuflebas saziano efeqti mohyveba. ganTavisuflebuli

adamianebi TavianTi grZnobebis monebad iqcevian da mravlad Caidenen destruqciul

qmedebebs, maT Soris TviTmkvlelobasac, rasac sxva Cveulebriv SemTxvevaSi ar

gaakeTebdnen.

fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba. fatalisturi TviTmkvlelobisaTvis diurkems didi

yuradReba ar dauTmia. maSin rodesac anomiuri TviTmkvleloba Tavs iCens maSin,

rodesac regulacia Zalzed sustia, fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba Tavs iCens

maSin, rodesac regulaciis gavlena Zalzed Zlieria. diurkemma fatalisturi

TviTmkvlelobis Camdeni adamianebi Semdegnairad daaxasiaTa: “marepresirebeli

disciplinis gamo, maTi gZnobebi Zalismierad aris daTrgunuli, momavali ki

Caketili”. klasikuri magaliTi aris rodesac mona iklavs Tavs – im

Seviwroebis/Cagvris uimedobis gamo, romelic TiToeul mis qmedebas mohyveba.

Zalzed Zlieri regulacia – Seviwroeba – iwvevs melanqoliur dinebebs, rac Tavis

mxriv iwvevs fatalistur TviTmkvlelobas.

jgufis goni?

Tuki Tanamedrove sociologiaSi yuradRebas gavamaxvilebT normebze,

Rirebulebebsa da kulturaze, diurkemis interesi aramaterialuri socialuri

faqtebis mimarT gaugebari aRar iqneba. faqtia, rom socialuri dinebis cneba

cotaoden problemebs gviqmnis. ufro zustad, problemuria damoukidebeli

socialuri dinebis idea, romelic miuZRveba socialur samyaros. aman gamoiwvia is,

rom zogierTebi diurkems jgufuri gonis orientaciis gamo akritikeben. isini, vinc

brals sdeben diurkems msgavsi perspeqtivis qonaSi, Tvlian rom man miiRo

aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebi rogorc avtonomiuri arsebobis mqone,

aqtorebisagan damoukidebeli. magram kulturuli fenomeni TavisTavad ver

itivtivebs socialur sicarieleSi da diurkemma es kargad icoda.

rogorc jgufis gonis specifikuri komponenti socialuri dinebis cneba SesaZloa

miviCnioT rogorc saubedurod ase dasaxelebuli, magram sxva mxriv amJamad

farTod aRiarebuli, rogorc kulturis samyaros nawili. ufro Tanamedrove

terminebi rom vixmaroT, socialuri dinebebi SesaZloa miviCnioT rogorc

mniSvnelobaTa nakrebi, romelic koleqtivis wevrebis mier intersubieqturadaa

gaziarebuli. rogorc aseTs, maT ver naxavT nebimier individSi, aramed isini

mentalurad gaziarebulia koleqtivis garkveuli aqtorebis mier. diurkemis erT-

erTi magaliTi rom ganvixiloT, “usicocxlo melanqoliis” socialuri dineba ver

daiyvaneba erT nebismier individze, magram is SesaZloa aRmovaCinoT populaciis

segmentis saerTo xasiaTSi. es koleqtiuri “xasiaTebi”, an socialuri dinebebi,

gansxvavebulia sxvadasxva sazogadoebisaTvis, ris Sedegadac garkveuili

qmedebebis maCvenebelic, maT Soris TviTmkvlelobisac gansxvavebulia. Sesabamisad,

Tuki es koleqtiuri “xasiaTebi” Seicvleba, maSin TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebelic

Seicvleba.

imisaTvis rom diurkemi ufro zogad doneze gavamarTloT, unda vaRiaroT, rom

diurkems hqonda aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebis Zalzed Tanamedrove

koncefcia, rac Tavis TavSi moicavda normebs, Rirebulebebs, da sxvadasxva

socialur-fsiqologiur fenomenebs. msgavs koncefcias ar aqvs jgufis gonisaTvis

bralis dadebis midrekileba, magram misi dacva sakmaod rTulia, radgan imisaTvis

rom sociologiisaTvis damoukidebeli aRiareba moepovebina diurkemi xSirad

socialuri faqtebis Sesaxeb gazviadebuli debulebebiT xelmZRvanelobda.

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, socialur faqtebze saubrisas maT gamoacalkevebda

fsiqologiuri faqtorebisagan, da msgavsi gamocalkeveba mxars uWers jgufis

gonis arguments. Tumca sxvagan diurkemi imasac acxadebs, rom es iyo xelovnuri

dixotomia; sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebi

CarTulia individTa mentalur procesebSi.

diurkemi wers:

“an koleqtiuri cnobiereba tivtivebs rogorc Zaladakarguli, aRuwereli

sisrule, an is dakavSirebulia samyarosTan im substraciiT, romelsac is

eyrdnoba/ukavSirdeba. ufro metic, risgan Sedgeba es substracia, Tuki igi ar

Sedgeba sazogadoebis wevrebisagan?”

diurkemma, miuxedavad msgavsi mZvinvare argumentebisa, mainc SemogvTavaza

aramaterialuri socialuri faqtebis mniSvneladi pozicia. diurkemma am donis

interesiT daiwyo, daicva is mTeli misi karieris manZilze, da gansakuTrebuli

interesi gvian wlebSi gamoiCina. es interesi yvelaze kargad gamomJRavnda mis

naSromSi religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi, romelic 1912 wels

gamoica.

religia

rogorc ukve vnaxeT, diurkemi fokusirebas axdenda aramaterialuri socialuri

faqtebis materialur manifestaciebze (magaliTad, wesrigi sazogadoebrivi Sromis

danawilebaSi da TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebli TviTmkvlelobaSi). magram naSromSi

religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi man pirdapir mimarTa aramaterialur

socialur faqtebs, ufro konkretulad ki religias. religia aramaterialur

socialur faqts ganekuTvneba da amitomac misma Seswavlam mas saSualeba misca

Tavisi Teoriuli sistemis mTliani aspeqtisaTvis naTeli moefina. religias, aqvs,

rogorc amas diurkemi uwodebs “dinamogenuri” Rirebuleba; rac niSnavs, rom mas

SeuZlia ara mxolod individTa dominireba aramed maTi amaRleba maT Cveulebriv

SesaZleblobebze.

marTalia kvleva romelic elementarul formebSia gadmocemuli ar aris misi

sakuTari, man saWirod CaTvala religiis Sesaxeb sakuTari analizi gamoqveynebuli

masaliT ganemtkicebina. misi monacemebis umetes nawils warmoadgenda primitiuli

avstraliuri Temis, aruntas Seswavla. diurkemma religiis Seswavla msgavsi

primitiuli Temis safuZvelze ramdenime mizezis gamo gadawyvita. pirvel rigSi, is

Tvlida, rom religiis Seswavla gacilebiT advilia primitiul doneze, vidre

Tanamedrove sazogadoebis safuZvelze. religiuri formebi primitiul

sazogadoebaSi “gaSiSvlebulia” da saWiroebs mxolod “mcireoden Zalisxmevas maT

gamosamJRavneblad”. mesame mizezi isaa, rom Tuki Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi

religia sxvadasxva formas Rebulobs, primitiul sazogadoebaSi “moraluri da

inteleqtualuri konformizmia”. da bolos, marTalia diurkemi primitiul

religiur formebs swavlobda, magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom mas mxolod isini

ainteresebda. is maT swavlobda raTa “eCvenebina adamianis religiuri buneba, anu

kacobriobis ganuyofeli nawili”. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, diurkemi swavlobda

primitiul religiebs, raTa naTeli moefina Tanamedrove religiebisaTvis.

religia primitiul sazogadoebaSi warmoadgens yovlismomcvel koleqtiur

morals. magram, rac ufro viTardeba da metad specializirebuli xdeba

sazogadoeba, miT ufro viwro adgils ikavebs religia. Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi

igi koleqtiur cnoebierebad yofnis nacvlad warmoadgens erT-erT koleqtiur

reprezentacias. marTalia igi aCvenebs garkveul koleqtiur emociebs, magram sxva

institutebi (magaliTad mecniereba da samarTali) aseve gamoxataven koleqtiuri

moralis aspeqtebs. diurkemi aRiarebda im faqts rom religia ikavebs sul ufro

mcire adgils, Tumca aseve Tvlida rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebis umetes, Tu

yvela ara, koleqtiur reprezentacias safuZvlad udevs primitiuli sazogadoebis

yovlismomcveli religia.

wminda da yoveldRiuri

diurkemis ZiriTad SekiTxvas warmoadgenda epovna Tanamedrove religiis wyaro.

specializirebulobisa da ideologiis gamo SesaZlebeli ar iyo Tanamedrove

religiis fesvebis pirdapir gamokvleva. diurkemi am sakiTxs primitiuli

sazogadoebebis konteqstidan miudga. SekiTxva aseTia: saidan modian primitiuli

(da Tanamedrove) religiis formebi? diurkemi Tavis ZiriTadi meTodologiuri

midgomiT xelmZRvanelobda, anu Tvlida rom erTi socialuri faqtis gamowveva

mxolod meore socialur faqts SeuZlia, ris safuZvelzec man daaskvna, rom

religiis wyaro sazogadoebaa. sazogadoeba (individebis meSveobiT) qmnis

religias, radgan konkretul fenomens gansazRvravs rogorc wmindas da sxvebs

rogorc yoveldRiurs. socialuri realobis is aspeqtebi romlebic wmindad aris

miCneuli – anu, gamocalkevebulia da agreTve akrZaluli – qmnian religiis

raobas. sxva danarCeni yoveldRiurad aris miCneuli – es aris cxovrebis zogadi,

utilitaruli da amqveyniuri aspeqtebi. wmindas Tan axlavs pativiscema, krZalva,

saidumloeba da SiSi. es pativiscema, romelic mimarTulia konkretuli fenomenis

mimarT gardaqmnis yoveldRiurs wmindad.

wmindasa da yoveldRiurs Soris gansxvaveba, aseve socialuri cxovrebis zogierTi

aspeqtis siwmindis donemde ayvana warmoadgenen religiis SeqmnisaTvis saWiro,

Tumca ara sakmaris pirobebs. saWiroa kidev sami piroba. pirvel rigSi, saWiroa

religiur rwmenaTa nakrebis ganviTareba. es rwmenebi warmoadgenen “wminda

nivTebis bunebas da maT urTierTqmedebas rogorc erTmaneTTan, ise yoveldRiur

nivTebTan”. meore, aris religiur ritualTa nakrebi. es aris “wesebi imis Sesaxeb

Tu rogor unda moiqces adamiani am wminda nivTebTan mimarTebaSi”. da bolos,

religia saWiroebs taZars, an Tundac erTi TaRis qveS gaerTianebul

sazogadoebas. wmindas, rwmenebs, ritualebsa da taZars Soris

urTierTdakavSirebam diurkemi religiis Semdeg gansazRvrebamde miiyvana: “religia

aris rwmenaTa da ritualebis erTiani sistema, romelic erTiandeba erT

konkretul moralur sazogadoebaSi anu taZarSi, romlis erTgulic rCeba yvela

maTgani”.

totemizmi

diurkemis mosazrebam, rom sazogadoeba religiis warmomqmnelia ganapiroba

totemizmze misi dakvirveba avstraliur aruntaSi. totemizmi aris religiuri

sistema, sadac cxovelebi da mcenareebi wmindad da klanis emblemad miiCneva.

diurkemi totemizms religiis yvelze martiv da primitiul formad miiCnevda. igi

Tan axlavs socialuri organizaciis aseve primitiul formas, klans. Tuki

diurkemi SesZlebda imis Cvenebas, rom klani totemizmis wyaroa, maSin SesZlebda

sakuTari argumentis demonstracias imis Sesaxeb, rom religiis fesvebi

sazogadoebaSia. diurkemma Tavisi argumenti Semdegnairad Camoayaliba:

“religia, romelic ase axlo kavSirSia socialur sistemasTan, SegviZlia

miviCnioT yvelaze elemetarul religiad. Tuki movaxerxebT vipovoT am rwmenaTa

sawyisebi, maSin Cven SevZlebT aRmovaCinoT kacobriobis religiuri mgrZnobelobis

mizezic.”

miuxedavad imisa, rom SesaZloa klans ramdenime totemi hyavdes, diurkemis

interess ar warmoadgenda maTi damoukideblad, konkretuli cxovelebisa da

mcenareebis fragmentuli rwmenebis Seswavla. mas surda maTi ganxilva, rogorc

urTierTdakavSirebuli ideebis, romlebic klans msoflios met-naklebad srul

reprezentacias uqmnian. mcenare an cxoveli ar warmoadgens totemizmis sawyiss; is

ubralod ganasaxierebs am sawyiss. da es aramaterialuri sawyisi sxva araferia,

Tu ara, CvenTvis ukve nacnobi koleqtiuri cnobiereba:

“totemizmi ar aris konkretuli cxovelebis an mcenareebis religia, es aris

anonimuri Zala, romelic napovnia TviToeul am nivTSi, magram ar aris Sereuli

maTTan... adamianebi kvdebian, Taobebi midian da icvlebian axliT; magram es Zala

yovelTvis rCeba, cocxalia da igivea. is amxnevebs dRevandel Taobas ise, rogorc

amxnevebda guSindels, da rogorc gaamxnevebs xvalindels”

totemizmi, ufro zogadad ki religia, warmoiSoba koleqtiuri moralidan da

xdeba upirobo Zala. is ar warmoadgens miTiuri cxovelebis, mcenareebis,

personaJebis, sulebisa da RmerTebis ubralo nakrebs.

koleqtiuri mRelvareba

Tuki koleqtiuri cnobiereba religiis wyaroa, maSin saidan iRebs saTaves Tavad

koleqtiuri cnobiereba? diurkemis azriT, is warmoiSoba mxolod erTi sawyisidan

da esaa – sazogadoeba. primitiul SemTxvevaSi, rogorc es diurkemma ganixila

klani aris religiis sawyisi: “religiuri Zala sxva araferia Tu ara klanis

koleqtiuri da anonimuri Zala”. rogor qmnis klani totemizms? pasuxi devs

diurkemis naazrevis centralur, magram yvelaze nakleb ganxilul komponentSi –

es aris koleqtiuri mRelvareba.

koleqtiuri mRelvareba kargad ar aris ganxiluli diurkemis naazrevSi.

savaraudod is gulisxmobda istoriis im diad momentebs, rodesac sazogadoeba

aRwevs koleqtiuri egzaltaciis iseT dones, romelic sazogadoebis struqturaSi

cvlilebebs iwvevs. reformacia da renesansi msgavsi istoriuli periodis

magaliTia. diurkemi aseve werda rom religia am koleqtiuri mRelvarebis miRma

warmoiSoba: “am mRelvarebaSi, da am mRelvarebidan warmoiSoba religiis idea”.

koleqtiuri mRelvarebis periodSi klanis wevrebi warmoqmnian totemizms.

totemizmi aris koleqtiuri cnobierebis reprezentacia, koleqtiuri

reprezentacia ki, Tavis mxriv warmoiSoba sazogadoebidan. anu, sazogadoeba aris

koleqtiuri cnobierebis, religiis, RmerTis cnebisa da yvelafris rac ki wmindaa

(yoveldRiurisgan gansxvavebiT) sawyisi. da Cven SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom wminda (da

TavisTavad RmerTic, radgan is wmindaa) da sazogadoeba erTi da igivea. marTalia,

es exeba primitiul sazogadoebas, magram igive SegviZlia vTqvaT dResac,

miuxedavad imisa, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoeba kompleqsuria.

socialuri reformizmi

diurkemi socialuri reformisti iyo, da Tvlida, rom Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

problemebi mxolod droebiTi gadaxvevebia da ara sirTuleebi. am poziciiT is

upirispirdeboda im drois rogorc konservatebs ise radikalebs. konservatebi,

magaliTad, lui de bonaldi da iozef de mestri Tanamedrove sazogadoebisaTvis

veranair imeds ver xedavdnen da sazogadoebis ufro primitiul arsebobas

eZebdnen. radikalebi, magaliTad im periodis marqsistebi, Tvlidnen, rom samyaros

reformacia warmoudgenelia, Tumca imedovnebdnen, rom revolucia socializmsa da

komunizms moitanda. amis sapirispirod diurkemi, romelic biologiursa da

socialur procesebs Soris analogiebidan gamomdinare msjelobda, Tvlida, rom

im droindeli problemebi “paTologiebs” warmoadgenda da maTi “gankurneba”

SeeZlo “socialur fiziologs”, romelsac eqneboda warmodgena Tanamedrove

samyaros moraluri problemebis Sesaxeb da mimarTavda struqturul reformebs

maT Sesamsubuqeblad. magaliTad, Sromis sazogadoebriv danawilebaSi diurkemma

isaubra sami tipis aranormalur, paTologiur danawilebaze. eseni gamowveulia

droebiTi Zalebis mier, romlebic ar arian sazogadoebisaTvis Cveuli. es

paTologiebi, romlebzec diurkemi saubrobda Semdegia: anomia, samuSao samyaroSi

uTanasworoba, da araadekvaturi organizacia.

diurkemi reformisti iyo da ara radikali an revolucioneri. rodesac man dawra

wigni socializmis Sesaxeb, man is ganixila, rogorc socialuri faqti da ara

rogorc revoluciuri doqtrina

“Cveni msjeloba ar aris revoluciuri. Cven konservatebi varT, radgan saqme gvaqvs

socialur faqtebTan, vaRiarebT maT fleqsiburobas. ramdenad saSiSia doqtrina,

romelic socialuri fenomenebSi mxolod Seukavebeli manipulaciis Sedegebs

xedavs.”

ufro konkretulad komunisturi revoliciis Sesaxeb diurkemi wers:

“warmovidginoT rom erT dResac sakuTrebis mTeli sistema transformirda da

warmoebis saSualebebi individualebidan gadaeca koleqtiur sakuTrebas. yvela

problema, romelzec axla vmsjelobT, kvlav aqtualuri iqneba.”

okupacionaluri asociaciebi

mTavari reforma, romelic diurkemma SemogvTavaza socialuri paTologiebisaTvis,

aris okupacionaluri asociaciebis Seqmna. im periodis organizaciebze

dayrdnobiT, diurkems ar sjeroda, rom arsebobda interesebis bazisuri

konfliqti sxvadasxva tipis adamianebs – muSebs, menejerebsa da mflobelebs –

Soris. am SemTxvevaSi igi mTlianad upirispirdeba marqss, romelic aRiarebda

interesTa konfliqts mflobelebsa da muSebs Soris. diurkemis azriT, msgavsi

dapirispireba gamowveuli iyo imiT, rom sxvadasxva tipis adamianebi ar iyvnen

CarTulni koleqtiur moralur sistemaSi da koleqtiuri moralis sisuste

ganapirobebda struqturis integraciis sisustesac. man SemogvTavaza struqtura,

romelic ganapirobebda integrirebul moralur sistemas – okupacionaluri

asociacia, romelic moicavs “erTi industriis yvela agents gaerTianebuls erT

jgufSi”. es organizacia gansxvavebuli iqneboda SromiTi organizaciebisagan,

romlebic diurkemis azriT, kidev ufro aRrmavebda mflobelebs, menejerebsa da

muSebs Soris gansxvavebas. msgavs organizaciaSi gaerTianebuli adamianebi

gaacnobiereben TavianT saerTo interesebs da saerTo integrirebuli moralis

moTxovnilebas. es moreluri sistema, Tavisi kanonebiTa da wesebiT, Tavidan

aicilebs avtomizaciis processac da koleqtiuri moralis mniSvnelobis

dacemasac.

individis kulti

saboloo jamSi, struqturuli reforma, diurkemis naazrevSi Tavs iyris

koleqtiur moralSi cvlilebebis Sesatanad. is Tvlida, rom Tanamedrove

sazogadoebis problemebi Tavisi bunebiT moralSia, da maTi gamosworebis gzaa

koleqtiuri moralis gaZliereba. marTalia diurkemi Tvlida, rom sazogadoeba

ver dabrundeba meqanikuri solidarobis Zlier koleqtiur cnobierebamde, magram

misi Tanamedrove, Sesustebuli versia mainc warmoiSoba. is Tanamedrove tipis

koleqtiur cnobierebas individis kults uwodebs. es iyo saintereso koncefcia

diurkemis SromaSi, radgan is iTavsebs sruliad antagonistur cnebebs: morals da

individualizms. imis Sesaxeb, rom individi xdeba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis

moraluri sistema:

“diurkemisaTvis es iyo individualizmis eTika, romelic kacobriobis

Tavisuflebas koleqtiuri solidarobiT asabuTebda... es iyo eTika, romelic

gamoxatavda individualizmis ideals, da dikurkemisaTvis warmoadgenda problemis

erTaderT gadawyvetas, im problemisa Tu rogor unda darCes individi “metad

solidaruli da amavdrouad gaxdes metad avtonomiuri”.

moraluri sistemis statusamde ayvanili individualizmi diurkemisaTvis misaRebi

iyo. is rasac igi ewinaaRmdegeboda iyo egoizmi, anu individualizmi koleqtiuri

bazis gareSe, gaSmagebuli hedonizmi. individi, romelic individualizmis morals

misdevs, mudmivad Seamowmebs Tavis grZnobebs. ironiulia, paradoqsulic da

amavdroulad naklebad damakmayofilebeli, rom diurkemma Tanamedrove

egoizmisgan Tavdasacavad individis kulti SemogvTavaza. erT-erTi ZiriTadi

problema am midgomasTan dakavSirebiT aris is, rom SeuZlebelia realur

cxovrebaSi moralur individualizmze an egoizmze dayrdnobiT Cadenili

qmedebebis gamocalkeveba. Tumca diurkemi Tvlida, rom SesaZlebelia ganasxvavo

moralur individualizmze da egoizmze dayrdnobili adamianebi.

aqtori diurkemis naazrevSi

diurkemis gulmodgine argumentebma sociologiis sasargeblod da fsiqologiis

sawinaRmdegod, zogierTebi im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom diurkems ar SeeZlo bevris

Tqma aqtorsa da qmedebebis bunebaze. bevri daobs, rom diurkems ar hqonda bevri

ram individualuri cnobierebis Sesaxeb saTqmeli, radgan igi mas ar miiCnevda

imdenad mniSvnelovnda, rom misi ganxilva mecniereuli analizis sagani

gamxdariyos. robert nibseti wers:

Cven ver davalT gonebis Sinagan mdgomareobamde...cnobiereba ver gauZlebs

mecnieruli meTodebis mkacr gamocdas. Tuki gvsurs am fenomenis obieqturad

Seswavla, maSin Cven cnobierebis Sinagan faqts unda mivaweroT garegani indeqsi,

rac gulisxmobs am ukanasknelis meSveobiT mis Seswavlas.

marTalia es gancxadeba garkveulwilad marTalia, magram diurkemis Sromas

aRwers gazviadebulad. marTalia diurkemi cnobierebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs,

magram es man sxvadasxva adgilas da sxvadasxva gziT gaakeTa. Tumca faqtia, rom

diurkemi aqtorsa da aqtoris mentalur procesebs ganixilavda rogorc

meorexarisxovans, ufro zustad ki, rogorc damokidebul cvladebs, romlebic

ixsneba damoukidebeli faqtoriT – socialuri faqtiT.

diurkemi kritikulad iyo ganwyobili cnobierebis Seswavlis mimarT, Tumca maTi

(mentaluri procesebis) mniSvneloba man CarTo Tavis SromaSi. marTalia msgavsi

ram diurkems sxvaganac aqvs ganxilurli magram es argumenti yvelaze kargad

gamoxatavs mis interess mentaluri procesebis mimarT:

“zogadad rom vTqvaT, sociologias ar Susrulebia bolomde Tavisi amocana,

radgan jer ar SeuRwevia adamianis gonebaSi...raTa maTi fsiqologiuri mdgomareoba

aexsna im institutebis meSveobiT, romelTac is eZebs... adamiani ufro naklebad

warmoadgens sawyis wertils, vidre saboloos.”

diurkemi fokusirebas axdenda “garegan” faqtebze – TviTmkvlelobis maCvenebeli,

kanoni da a.S. – radgan isini Riaa samecniero analizisaTvis. mTavari amocanaa

mentaluri procesebis mis Teoriul sistemaSi integrireba. es kargad Cans

TviTmkvlelobis kvlevaSi, sadac socialuri faqtebi mibmulia subieqtur

mdgomareobasTan. marTalia adekvatur integracias verasdros aRwevda, magram

cnobierebis cneba man ramdenime gziT ganixila.

mosazrebebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb

Cven SevZlebT diurkemis azris danaxvas cnobierebis Sesaxeb Tuki davakvirdebiT

mis mosazrebebs adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb. miuxedavad imisa, rom mas aqvs ramdenime

mosazreba adanmianis bunebis Sesaxeb, is uarobda amas. igi acxadebda rom mas ar

ganuxilavs konkretuli mosazrebebi adamianis bunebis Sesaxeb, raTa Semdeg maTze

dayrdnobiT aego sociologia. piriqiT, is Tvlida, rom swored sociologiisagan

gamomdinare cdilobda adamianis bunebis axsnas. Tumca diurkemi ar yofila

gulaxdili sakuTar TavTan, da miT umetes CvenTan.

diurkemma sworedac rom ganixila adamianis bunebis ramdenime komponenti. yvelaze

sabaziso doneze, igi aRiarebda biologiur faqtorebs. Tumca sociologiisaTvis

ufro mniSvnelovani iyo socialuri grZnobebi, rac moicavda siyvaruls, simpaTias,

da msgavs fenomenebs. diurkemi adamianebs miiCnevda rogorc bunebrivad

socialurebs, radgan Tuki adamiani ar iqneboda bunebrivad mimagrebuli Tavis

msgavsebze, maSin sociologiis mTeli fabrika, Cveulebebi da institutebi

arasodes warmoiSoboda. Tumca msgavs grZnobebs igi nakleb yuradRebas uTmobda

Tavis sociologiaSi, da maT ufro metad fsiqologiis sagnad ganixilavda.

diurkemis kidev erTi mosazreba, romelsac man mcire adgili dauTmo, exeba im

faqts, rom adamianebs SeswevT fiqris unari: adamiani gansxvavdeba cxovelisagan,

radgan, diurkemis azriT, ideebi da warmosaxvebi ereva Tandayolil

midrekilebebsa da qmedebebSi.

mokle varianti

,,sociologizmi” sociologiaSi

1. sociologiis sagani da misi adgili sxva sazogadoebriv mecnierebaTa

sistemaSi

2. ,,sociologizmi” rogorc sazogadoebis Teoria

3. sociologiuri meTodis wesebi

4. sazogadoebrivi solidaroba da Sromis danawileba

5. `sociologizmis~ principebis gamoyeneba TviTmkvlelobis mizezTa sakvlevad

6. moralis filosofiur - sociologiuri koncefcia

7. religiis filosofiur - sociologiuri koncefcia

8. diurkemis adgili sociologiis istoriaSi. `sociologizmi~ da marqsizmi

sociologiis sagani da misi adgili sxva sazogadoebriv

mecnierebaTa sistemaSi

sociologiis damoukidebel mecnierebad Camoyalibebis aucilebel zogad

pirobaTa ricxvs, diurkemi miakuTvnebs gansakuTrebuli sagnis arsebobas,

romelsac mxolod mocemuli mecniereba Seiswavlis da kvlevis Sesabamis

meTodebs. sociologia unda swavlobdes socialur realobas, romelsac eqneba

mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli Tvisebebi. socialuri realobis elementebia

socialuri faqtebi, romelTa erTobliobacaa sazogadoeba. swored es faqtebia

sociologiis sagani.“socialur faqts warmoadgens moqmedebis yvela mkveTrad an

naklebad mkveTrad gansazRvruli wesi, romelsac unari aqvs iqonios individze

garegnuli dawola ise, rom amave dros inarCunebs Tavis sakuTar arsebobas,

romelic damoukidebelia misi individualuri gamovlinebebidan”. am gansazRvrebis

sazrisi isaa, dabadebisas individi mzamzareulad poulobs misgan damoukidebel

funqcionirebad

• kanonebs

• adaT - wesebs

• yofaqcevis wesebs

• religiur rwmenebsa da Cveulebebs

• enas

• fulad sistemas

azrTa, moqmedebaTa da grZnobaTa es wesebi arseboben damoukideblad, obieqturad.

socialur faqtorTa obieqturobis Sedegia maTi meorenairi – sxvagvari

daxasiaTebac, romelic individebze maT zewolaSi, am ukanasknelTa gansazRvruli

moqmedebisadmi iZulebaSi gamoixateba. yoveli adamiani Tavis Tavze ganicdis

socialur iZulebas. magaliTad iuridiuli da moraluri wesebi SeuZlebelia

individma daarRvios ise, rom man ar igrZnos sayovelTao gakicxvisa da

armowonebis mTeli simZime, zustad asevea saqme socialuri faqtebis sxva saxeebTan

dakavSirebiT.

koleqtiuri cnobierebas - igive koleqtiuri warmodgenebs, romlebic moralis,

religiis, samarTlis arsebas Seadgenen - upirispirdeba faqtebi, romlebic

gagebulia rogorc sazogadoebrivi yofierebis formebi, anu morfologiuri

wesrigis faqtebi. socialuri morfologia swavlobs sazogadoebis nawilTa

agebulebas da formas, mis “anatomiur struqturas”, romlis SemadgenlobaSic

Sedian demografiuli da ekologiuri faqtebi - koleqtiuri warmodgenebis

“substrati”. morfologiur faqtebs ganekuTvnebian sazogadoebis ZiriTadi

elementebis raodenoba (ricxvi) da xasiaTi, maTi SeerTebis wesebi, maT mier

miRweuli darazmulobis da erTianobis done (xarisxi), teritoriaze mosaxleobis

ganawileba, mimosvlis saSualebebis (gzebis) xasiaTi, sacxovreblis formebi da

a.S. morfologiuri faqtebi Seadgenen TiTqosda sazogadoebis raodenobriv

aspeqts, maSin rodesac koleqtiuri cnobierebis faqtebi - koleqtiuri

warmodgenebi warmoadgenen mis sulier, Tvisobriv aspeqts. morfologiur da

koleqtiur warmodgenebs diurkemma uwoda “Sinagani socialuri garemo”.

,,sociologizmi” rogorc sazogadoebis Teoria

individualisturi koncefciebis sapirispirod “sociologizmi” Teoriul planSi

asabuTebs socialuri realobis specifikurobisa da avtonomiurobis princips,

amtkicebs individebze mis primatsa da upiratesobas. individTan SedarebiT

sazogadoeba ganixileboda rogorc SinaarsiT ufro mdidari realoba.

meTodologiurad “sociologizmisTvis” damaxasiaTebelia socialuri

movlenebisadmi obieqturi mecnieruli midgomis principi. socialuris sxva

socialuriT axsnis moTxovna da amasTan dakavSirebiT - biologiuri da

fsiqologiuri reduqcionizmis kritika.

“jgufi fiqrobs, grZnobs, moqmedebs savsebiT sxvagvarad, vidre amas gaakeTebdnen

misi wevrebi, isini rom erTmaneTisgan gancalkevebuli yofiliyvnen. maSasadame, Tu

amovalT am ukanasknelTagan, maSin Cven verafers gavigebT imisagan, rac xdeba

jgufSi”. koleqtiur anu saerTo (zogad) cnobierebas sociologma uwoda

sazogadoebis fsiqikuri tipi, romelsac aqvs ganviTarebis Tavisi wesi, romelic

ar daiyvaneba materialur safuZvelze, Tavisi Tvisebebi, arsebobis Tavisi pirobebi.

moZRvrebas, romlis Tanaxmadac individTa urTierTobisa da asociaciis procesSi

urTierTqmedebisa da komunikaciis faqtebisgan warmoiqmneba axali Tvisobrioba -

socialuri cxovreba, ewoda “asocianisturi realizmis” saxeli. “socialur

rwmenebs an faqtebs unari SeswevT iarsebon maTi individualuri gamoxatvis -

gamoTqmebisagan damoukideblad. cxadia, amiT, Cven ar gvsurs vTqvaT, rom

sazogadoeba SesaZlebelia individTa gareSe: amgvari cxadi uazrobis gamoTqmis

eWvisgan SeiZleboda ganvTavisuflebuliyaviT”. diurkemi “sazogadoebis

damoukideblobis” qveS gulisxmobda mxolod da mxolod mis obieqturobas

individTan mimarTebaSi, da gansakuTrebul Tvisebriv specifikas da ara

miRmurobas, zebunebriobas. “Cven sruliadac ar gvsurs koleqtiuri warmodgenebis

hipostazireba - werda diurkemi - Cven iseve nakleb vuSvebT substanciuri sulis

arsebobas sazogadoebaSi, rogorc calkeul individSi” igi sazogadoebisa da

individTa damokidebulebas ganmartavda rogorc mTelisa da nawilis

damokidebulebas.

sociologiuri meTodis wesebi

pirveli wesi, romelmac unda uzrunvelyos - socialuri sinamdvilisadmi

obieqturi midgoma, gamoixateba principSi: ”socialuri faqtebi saWiroa

ganvixiloT rogorc nivTebi”. socialuri movlenebis rogorc “nivTebis”

ganmarteba niSnavda maTi subieqtisgan damoukideblad arsebobis aRiarebas da maT

kvlevas obieqturad, ise rogorc ikvlevs Tavis sagans esaa Tu is

bunebismetyveluri mecniereba. ramdenadac cnobierebis koleqtiur mdgomareobas

SeuZlebelia uSualod davakvirdeT, maT Sesaxeb - amtkicebda igi - SeiZleba

vimsjeloT mxolod gaSualebulad, qcevis sxvadasxva formebis Sesaxeb obieqturi

monacemebis safuZvelze, agreTve sazogadoebrivi institutebis formaSi

koleqtiuri cnobierebis gamoxatvis mixedviT. amgvarad, sociologias saqme aqvs

sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis obieqtivaciasTan, obieqtur maCveneblebSi mis

gamoTqmasTan. magaliTad, diurkemi Tvlida, rom statistikis cifrebi gvexmarebian

avxsnaT sxva gziT mouxelTebeli yoveldRiuri cxovrebis “mimdinareoba”,

pirvelyofil xalxTa andazebi gvexarebian avxsnaT am xalxTa istoriulad

cvalebadi gemovnebani da a.S.

mecnierebis mizani, diurkemis Taaxmad ar daiyvaneba dakvirvebadi obieqturi

maCveneblebis daxmarebiT socialuri faqtebis aRwerasa da mowesrigebaze. isini

gvexmarebian ufro Rrma mizezobrivi kavSirebisa da kanonebis dadgenaSi.

socialur samyaroSi kanonis arseboba mowmobs am kanonis aRmomCeni da amxsneli

sociologiis mecnierulobaze, sxva mecnierebebTan mis naTesaobaze. diurkemi

faqtsa da kanons ganixilavda rogorc TanafardobiT kategoriebs, romlebic

sinamdvilis kavSirTa sxvadasxva doneebs asaxaven. faqti aris kanonis garegani

gamovlineba; kanoni ki aris faqtis saerTo (zogadi) Sinagani safuZveli.

diurkemma erTmaneTisgan ganacalkeva da sociologiuri kvlevis praqtikaSi

gamoiyena analizis ori gvari: mizezobrivi da funqcionaluri. sociologiuri

axsna - esaa mizezobrivi axsna, romlis arsic socialuri movlenis socialuri

garemoTi gansazRvrulobis analizSi mdgomareobs. funqciis cneba diurkemma

isesxa biologiisgan, romelic aRniSnavda imas, rom mocemul fiziologiur

processa da organizmis rogorc mTelis ama Tu im moTxovnilebas Soris arsebobs

Sesatyvisobis damokidebuleba. am debulebis sociologiuri terminebiT

Targmnisas, diurkemi amtkicebda, rom socialuri movlenis an institutis funqcia

mdgomareobs institutsa da sazogadoebis rogorc mTelis garkveul

moTxovnilebas Soris Sesabamisobis mowesrigebaSi. magaliTad, “vikiTxoT, rogoria

Sromis danawilebis funqcia - es niSnavs vikvlioT, Tu romel moTxovnilebebs

Seesatyviseba igi”.

SedarebiT gamokvlevebs diurkemi aniWebda ufro did mniSvnelobas, mas Semdeg rac

dadgenilia ori socialuri movlenis urTierTdamokidebuleba _

urTierTgansazRvruloba, saWiroa SedarebiTi gamokvlevebis daxmarebiT

gamovarkvioT maTi mniSvneloba da gavrcelebuloba, ganvsazRvroT qondaT Tu ara

maT adgili sxvadasxva – gansxvavebul sazogadoebriv pirobebSi Tu mxolod

gansazRvrul sazogadoebaSi, Tu gansxvavebul sazogadoebaTa gansazRvrul

“SedarebiTi sociologia - werda diurkemi, - ar aris sociologiis calke toti;

esaa TviT sociologia, ramdenadac igi wyvets iyos wminda aRmwerlobiTi da

iswrafvis faqtebis axsnas”

normaluri da paTologiuri

diurkemis mixedviT normaluria socialuri organizmis is moqmedebani, romlebic

gamomdinareoben misi arsebobis pirobebisgan. damnaSaveoba da sxva socialuri

avadmyofobani, romlebasac ziani moaqvs sazogadoebisTvis da iwvevs zizRs,

normaluria im azriT, rom fesvebi gadgmuli aqvT gansazRvrul sazogadoebriv

pirobebSi da xels uwyoben sasargeblo da aucilebel sazogadoebriv

urTierTobebs.

garegani, uSualod aRqmadi obieqturi niSani, romelic saSualebas mogvcems

erTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT normaluri da paTologiuri mdgomareobs maTi

sayovelTaoba an gavrcelebulobis xarisxsa da doneSi.

sayovelTaod miRebuloba (gavrcelebuloba) aris sazogadoebrivi janmrTelobis

maCvenebeli. ganviTarebis garkveul safexurze mdgomi socialuri tipisTvis

normaluria socialuri faqti, Tu am faqts adgili aqvs am saxis kuTvnil umetes

sazogadoebebSi, romlebic aRebulni arian maTi evoluciis Sesabamis fazaSi.

sazogadoebrivi solidaroba da Sromis danawileba

diurkemis Semoqmedebis centraluri problema - socialuri solidarobaa.

am problemis gadawyvetam pasuxi unda gasces kiTxvas imis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogori kavSirebi aerTianeben adamianebs sazogadoebaSi. maSasadame,

gansazRvros socialuri solidarobis buneba da funqciebi Tanamedrove

“ganviTarebul” sazogadoebaSi gansxvavebiT primitiuli an tradiciuli

sazogadoebisagan da axsnas sazogadoebis erTi formidan meoreze

istoriuli gadasvla.

sazogadoebis mTelis Semqmnel da misi mTlianobis xelSemwyob Zalas

warmoadgens Sromis danawileba, romlis qveSac mas profesionaluri

specializacia esmis, sul ufro da ufro asrulebs rols, “romelsac

odesRac saerTo cnobiereba asrulebda; swored igi akavebs ZiriTadad

umaRlesi tipebis socialur agregatebs erTad”. diurkemi ayenebda Semdeg

amocanebs:

1. Sromis danawilebis funqciebis kvleva, e.i. gansazRvra imisa, Tu romel

socialur moTxovnilebas Seesabameba igi.

2. axsna mizezebisa da pirobebisa, romlebzec igia damokidebuli.

3. misi MmTavari “aranormaluri” formebis klasifikacia, ramdenadac, misi

SexedulebiT, “aqac, rogorc biologiaSi, paTologiuri gvexmareba Cven ukeT

gavigoT fiziologiuri:

meqanikuri solidaroba

Sromis danawileba - maRalganviTarebuli sazogadoebis niSania. Sromis sul ufro

mzardi specializaciis Sedegad individebi iZulebulni arian erTmaneTs

gaucvalon saqmianobani – gauziaron erTmaneTs saqmianobani, Seasrulon

urTierTdamatebiTi - urTierTSemvsebi funqciebi, uneburad Seadgnen ra erTian

mTels. solidaroba ganviTarebul sazogadoebaSi - warmoebiT rolTa danawilebis

bunebrivi Sedegia.

rogori iyo saqmis viTareba araqaul sazogadoebebSi, sadac ar arsebobda Sromis

danawileba?

arqaul da ganuviTarebul sazogadoebaSi gabatonebul solidarobas, igi

meqanikurs uwodebs im kavSiris analogiurad, romelic arsebobs araorganul

nivTierebaTa molekulebs Soris (molekulebi yvelani erTnairia, dakavSirebulni

arian wminda meqanikurad). aseT sazogadoebebSi solidaroba ganisazRvreba misi

Semadgeneli individebis msgavsebiT, am individebis mier Sesrulebuli

sazogadoebrivi funqciebis erTgvarovnebiT, individualur niSan - TvisebaTa

ganuviTareblobiT. meqanikuri solidaroba SesaZlebelia koleqtivis mier

individualobis Caylapvis fasad.

solidarobis obieqtur maCvenebels, “xilul simbolos” diurkemi poulobs

samarTalSi. meqanikuri solidarobisTvis damaxasiaTebelia represiuli samarTali,

romelSic gamoixateba koleqtiuri cnobierebis Zala da romlis amocanaa -

mkacrad dasajos adaT - wesebis an kanonis damrRvevi individi.

organuli solidaroba

ganviTarebuli sazogadoeba, romelSic yoveli individi asrulebs romelime erT

specialur funqcias sazogadoebrivi Sromis danawilebis Sesabamisad, gvagonebs

organizms, misi sxvadasxva organoebiT, amitom diurkemi solidarobis axal saxes,

romelic masSi warmoiSoba, organuls uwodebs.

Sromis danawileba ganapirobebs Tavisi profesionaluri rolis Sesabamisad

individualur, pirovnul unarTa da talantTa ganmaviTarebel individTa

gansxvavebas. yoveli individi - axla pirovnebaa.

Segneba imisa, rom TiToeuli damokidebulia meoreze - sxvaze, rom yvela

dakavSirebulia Sromis danawilebiT Seqmnili sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis

erTiani sistemiT, iwvevs erTi meoreze damokidebulebis, solidarobis,

sazogadoebasTan Tavisi kavSiris grZnobas.

“radgan Sromis danawileba solidarobis wyaroa, maSin igi amasTan erTad xdeba

moraluri wesrigis safuZvelic”.

organul solidarobas Seesatyviseba e.w. restitiuli (aRdgeniTi) samarTali,

romlis funqciac

“nivTTa adrindeli wesrigis aRdgenaSi, darRveul urTierTobaTa maT normalur

formaSi moyvanaSi” mdgomareobs.

Sromis danawilebis “aranormaluri” formebi

diurkemma gamoyo kapitalizmis Semdegi “avadmyofobani”:

• anomia

• socialuri uTanasworoba

• Sromis danawilebis araadeqvaturi organizacia

anomiis axsnas e.i. iseTi sazogadoebrivi viTarebisa, romlis drosac ar arsebobs

individTa qcevis naTeli moraluri regulireba, diurkemi eZebda socialur

funqciebs Soris arsebuli urTierTobebis maregulirebeli wesebis

daumuSaveblobaSi,

sabazro ekonomikis zrdasTan erTad warmoeba xdeba ukontrolo da

araregulirebadi. mZime mrewvelobis ganviTarebasTan erTad icvleba

damokidebuleba mewarmesa da muSas Soris.

mZime mrewvelobis zrda angrevs mcire sawarmoTa erTianobas, qmnis ra or did

klass _ kapitalsa da Sromas, romlebic imyofebian antagonistur urTierTobaSi.

kapitalizmis avadmyofobani _ iseTebi, rogoricaa

• araregulirebuli

• arafriT SezRuduli konkurencia

• klasobrivi konfliqti

• Sromis rutinizacia

samuSao Zalis degradacia _ mis mier xasiaTdeba rogorc avadmyofobani

warmoebisa da Sromis danawilebis Zalian swrafi zrdisa, rogorc bunebrivi

evoluciis droebiTi, meorexarisxovani, gareSe produqti.

pirovneba da sazogadoeba

individisa da sazogadoebis urTierTobis problemis gadawyveta, igi ar

aidealebda warsuls, individualurobis ganviTarebis wyaroebs da

SesaZleblobebs ganixilavda Sromis danawilebis progresirebad ganviTarebaSi.

Tu sazogadoebis ganviTarebis sawyis etapze individis Tavisufleba `mxolod

moCvenebiTia da misi pirovneba meoradia” maSin mis ufro maRal safexurze

aviTarebs ra Tavis unarebs, pirovneba iRebs SesaZleblobas, , gaxdes harmoniuli

da mTliani.

pirovnebis ganviTareba `siRrmeSi~, romelic dakavSirebulia viwro

specializaciasTan, arafriT araa naklebi mniSvnelobis amocana, vidre ganviTareba

`sifarTeSi~, romelic diletantizms esazRvreba. sxva adamianebTan asociaciis

wyalobiT adamiani iZens imas, rasac kargavs viwro specializaciis gamo.

ver amCnevda ra Sromis eqsploatatorul xasiaTs, romelic badebs individis

gaucxovebas, akavSirebs ra specializirebuli muSakis gancdil siZneleebs

mxolod droebiT arasasurvel, xelisSemSlel pirobebTan, diurkems swamda, rom

Zmobisa da solidarobis zogadi idealebi, yvela mSromelis saerTo miznis

gacnobiereba aunazRaurebda maT gardauval danakargebs.

`sociologizmis~ principebis gamoyeneba TviTmkvlelobis

mizezTa sakvlevad

socialuri dineba esaa aramaterialuri socialuri faqti, romelsac “aqvs

msgavsi obieqturoba da mimarTeba individTan”, rogoric es sxva, zemoT ganxilul

socialur faqtebs hqonda, magram ara “msgavsi kristalizebuli formiT”.

man magaliTad mogviyvana “enTuziazmis, winaaRmdegobis gawevisa da sibralulis

gZnobebi” adamianebSi.

miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri dinebebi nakleb konkretulia, isini mainc

socialur faqtebad rCebian, rogorc es diurkemma ganacxada “isini Cvenda

damoukideblad aRweven CvenSi da Cveni survilis miuxdavad mivyavarT sadac maT

moesurvebaT”

TviTmkvlelobaSi man aCvena, rom socialuri faqtebi, ufro zustad socialuri

dinebebi, arian garegani da maiZulebeli xasiaTis matarebelni individTan

mimarTebaSi.

diurkemma gadawyvita Seeswavla TviTmkvleloba, radgan es SedarebiT konkretuli

da specifiuri fenomenia.

aseve, sakmaod kargi monacemebi arsebobda TviTmkvlelobis Sesaxeb da yvelafers

rom Tavi davaneboT, TviTmkvleloba iTvleba erT-erT yvelaze piradul

moqmedebad.

diurkemi Tvlida, rom Tuki daamtkicebda sociologiis rols am wmindad

individualisturi faqtis, TviTmkvlelobis, axsnaSi, amiT kidev ufro gaamyarebda

mis rols im faqtebis axsnaSi, romelic wmindad sociologiurad miiCneva.

da bolos, diurkemma amoirCia TviTmkvleloba, radgan Tu ki moaxerxebda

inteleqtualuri sazogadoebis Seswavlis am kuTxiT dainteresebas, maSin es

sociologias miscemda Sanss akademiur samyaroSi aRiarebisaTvis.

rogorc sociologi, diurkemi ar yofila dainteresebuli gaego Tu ratom

iklavda konkretuli individi Tavs.

es fsiqologiis saqme iyo. amis magivrad, diurkems ainteresebda aexsna

TviTmkvlelobis gansxvavebuli maCveneblebi, anu Tu ratomaa rom erT jgufs

TviTmkvlelobis ufro maRali maCvenebeli aqvs, vidre meores.

diurkemi cdilobda daeSva, rom biologiuri, fsiqologiuri, social-

fsiqologiuri faqtorebi ucvleli rCeba sxvadasxva jgufebisa da

periodebisaTvis.

da Tu ki, TviTmkvlelobis maCveneli gansxvavdeba sxvadasxva jgufsa da periodSi,

diurkemi Tvlida rom es cvlileba damokidebuli iyo sociologiur faqtorebze,

ufro zustad socialur dinebebze.

man TviTmkvlelobis kvleva daiwyo suicidis gamomwvevi alternatiuli mizezebis

dasaxelebiT. maT Soris aris,

individualuri fsiqopaTologia,

• alkoholizmi,

• rasa

• memkvidreoba

• da klimati

rasobrivi faqtoris gamoricxvis erT - erTi mizezi iyo is, rom TviTmkvlelobis

maCvenebeli varirebda erTi rasis sxvadasxva jgufebs Soris. Tu ki rasas

mniSvnelovan faqtorad miviCnevdiT, maSin mas gavlena unda moexdina yvela qve-

jgufzec.

meore mizezi iyo is, rom maCvenebli meryeobda rasobrivi jgufebisaTvis

sxvadasxva sazogadoebaSi. Tu rasa mniSvnelovani socialuri faqtia, maSin mas

Tanabari gavlena unda moexdina sxvadasxva socialur jgufebSi.

TviTmkvlelobis oTxi tipi

integracia dabali egoisturi TviTmkvleloba

maRali altruisturi TviTmkvleloba

regulacia dabali anomiuri TviTmkvleloba

maRali fatalisturi TviTmkvleloba

moralis filosofiur - sociologiuri koncefcia

Tavdapirvelad diurkemi morals ganixilavda, rogorc yofaqcevis obieqtur

wesTa sistemas, romelTa ganmasxvavebeli Tviseba iyo maTi iZulebiToba,

romlisadmi daumorCileblobac individs ar SeeZlo. moralis mTavar niSnad

diurkemi Tvlida movaleobas, romlis aRsrulebac adamianis moqmedebas moralur

moqmedebad aqcevs. SemdegSi diurkemma yuradReba miaqcia moralis nebayoflobiT

aspeqts, mis iseT Taviseburebebs, rogoricaa sasurveloba, mimzidveloba da

individis pirad dainteresebas moraluri RirebulebebiT – Tavisi bunebiT

sazogadoebrivi RirebulebiT, obieqturi saTnoebebiT.

igi asabuTebda moralur SexedulebaTa istoriuli ganviTarebis princips. man xazi

gausva sulieri aRmavlobis `gamxnevebis, aRfrTovanebis momentebs~, `qmnadobisa

da ganaxlebis~ periodebis mniSvnelobas, romlebic mexsierebaSi rCebian ideebis,

idealebisa da Rirebulebebis saxiT.

es ukanasknelni kvlav da kvlav iwarmoebian da Zleben dResaswaulebis, saojaxo

religiuri da saero ceremoniebis organizaciis gziT, istoriuli xelovnebis,

dramatuli warmodgenebis wyalobiT, rodesac adamianebs SeuZliaT eziaron

koleqtiur moralur cxovrebas.

moralis socialur arseba. `moralis RvTaebrivi, wminda xasiaTisadmi~ xazgasma,

ixsneba imiT, rom rogorc religias, ise moralsac Tavis sawyisad da obieqtad

aqvT sazogadoeba, romelic aRemateba individs Tavisi ZaliTac da avtoritetiTac.

sazogadoeba moiTxovs pirad uangarobas da TviTSewirvas – eseni ki moralis

savaldebulo komponentebia.

diurkemis azriT, adamianis moralur qcevas axasiaTebs sami mTavari niSani:

• disciplinis grZnoba

• jgufisadmi mikuTvnebuloba

• avtonomia

igi imdenad did mniSvnelobas aniWebda moralur disciplinasa da kontrols, rom

arsebiTad, tolobis niSans svamda disciplinasa da morals Soris.

mxolod adamians ZaluZs Segnebulad icavdes disciplinas, romlis wyalobiTac

xdeba SesaZlebeli Tavisufleba.

iseTi Tviseba, niSani, rogoricaa `jgufuri mikuTvnebuloba~ xorcSesxmulia

moralis socialuri arseba,

xolo `avtonomiurobaSi~ ki _ sazogadoebrivi ganawesisadmi Segnebuli da

nebayoflobiTi miyolis idea.

adamianuri bunebis ormagobis koncefcia, Homo duplex.

adamianis biologiuri buneba (unarebi, biologiuri unarebi, impulsebi, vnebebi)

winaaRmdegobaSia

mis socialur bunebasTan, romelic aRzrdis gziT iqmneba (normebi, Rirebulebebi,

idealebi).

es ganapirobebs mudam Seuwyvetel Sinagan mRelvarebas (SfoTs), daZabulobisa da

SiSis grZnobas.

sazogadoebis mxolod makontrolirebeli moqmedeba akavebs adamianis biologiur

bunebas, mis vnebebsa da apetits, mohyavs isini gansazRvrul CarCoebSi. rodesac

sazogadoeba asustebs Tavis kontrols individze, warmoiqmneba anomia,

sazogadoebisa da individis dezintegraciis mdgomareoba.

am sazogadoebriv mdgomareobaSi ar arsebobs individualuri qcevis mtkice

moraluri regulacia, iqmneba Taviseburi saxis moraluri vakuumi, rodesac Zveli

normebi da Rirebulebebi ukve aRar asruleben Tavis rols, axlebi jer kidev ver

ganmtkicebulan da damkvidrebulan.

religiis filosofiur - sociologiuri koncefcia

zebunebrivis idea, RmerTis idea ar aris religiis aucilebeli atributi.

yoveli religiuri rwmenisaTvis damaxasiaTebel niSnad, romelic maT yovelgvari

gamonaklisis gareSe axasiaTebT. aris religiis mier gaSuqebuli yvela saganTa or

dapirispirebul klasad:

saerod - profanulad (yoveldRiuri, amqveyniuri, vulgaruli, uwminduri,

arawminda) da

sasuliero, wmindad - sakralurad dayofa.

sasuliero, wminda flobs:

pirveli, akrZalviTobas, amqveyniuri movlenebisagan gancalkevebulobas;

meore aris miswrafebaTa, siyvarulisa da pativiscemis obieqti. amgvarad,

wminda erTdroulad aris, rogorc iZulebis (akrZalvis), ise pativiscemis

(avtoritetis) wyaro.

mxolod sazogadoeba flobs aseTive Tvisebebs; igi erTdroulad avtoritetis,

siyvarulis, Tayvaniscemis wyarocaa da iZulebis wyaroc.

religia: `esaa rwmenaTa da adaT - wesTa mTlianobiTi sistema, romelic exeba

wminda (sasuliero) e.i. akrZalul, nivTebs, rwmenaTa da adaT - wesTa, romlebic

aerTianeben erT moralur Temad, wodebuls eklesiad, yvela imaT, vinc maT

misdevs, aRiarebs.~ eklesiis qveS mas esmis iseTi organizacia, romelic awesrigebs

jgufis koleqtiur religiur cxovrebas. amqveyniuri, `vulgaruli~ saqmianobis

ZiriTadi magaliTia, SromiTi saqmianoba - mwuxarebis, simwris da dardis wyaro,

xolo sasuliero saqmianobisa - koleqtiuri religiuri ceremoniebi da

ritualebi, mxiarulebisa da sulis amaRlebuli mdgomareobis wyaro.A

religiis sazogadoebrivi funqcia.

kulti mimarTulia adamianTa qcevaSi RvTaebrivisa da saeros dualizmis

ganxorcielebaze.

Sesabamisad yvela religiuri wes - Cveulebani iyofian or saxeobad:

• negatiurad

• pozitiurad

negatiuri kultis mizania, mkveTrad gamijnos RvTaebrivi da saero, daicvas

RvTaebrivi saero wabilwvisagan, miuaxlovos adamiani RvTaebrivs TviTaRkveTis,

pirad sikeTeze uaris Tqmis, TviTdamdablebis, TviTSewirvis an ukiduresi

asketizmis fasad.

pozitiuri kultis amocanaa, RvTaebrivi samyarosadmi morwmuneTa ziareba.

• religiis socialuri funqciebi:

• disciplinaruli anu maiZulebeli

• makontrolirebeli

• kvlavwarmoebiTi

• eiforiuli

e. diurkemi Rirebulebis da idealebis Sesaxeb a.gofmani

franguli sociologiuri skolis damfuZneblis emil diurkemis qvemoT

moyvanili naSromi boloniis 1911 wlis IV saerTaSoriso filosofiuri kongresis1

moxsenebas warmoadgens. moxsenebam filosofosebsa da sociologebs Soris

imTaviTve didi interesi gamoiwvia. Tavdapirvelad igi kongresis masalebSi

gamoqveynda, Semdeg ki xelaxla gamoica Jurnal “Revue de Metaphysique et de Morale” da sikvdilis Semdgom gamocemul diurkemis naSromebis krebulSi “sociologia da

filosofia” (Durkheim E. Sociologie et philosophie. P., 1924). Targmani Sesrulebulia bolo

gamocemis mixedviT**.

diurkemis es Sroma, romelmac didi saxeli moixveWa, mis Teoriul

SexedulebebSi gansakuTrebul adgils ikavebs. aq moiZebneba rogorc diurkemis

Teoriis amosavali principebi, aseve axali midgomebi. frangi sociologi kvlavac

erTguli rCeba Tavdapirveli meTodologiuri principisa, romelic man jer kidev

sakuTar sociologiur “manifestSi” _ “sociologiuri meTodis wesebi” (1895) _

Camoayaliba: “socialuri faqtebi unda ganixilebodnen rogorc nivTebi”. diurkemi

cdilobs aRniSnuli postulati, romelmac mwvave kamaTi gamoiwvia safrangeTis

filosofiur da sociologiur wreebSi, TavisTvis axal problemur sferoSi _

idealebis da Rirebulebebis sferoSi _ gamoiyenos.

marTalia, sxva terminebiT aRniSnuli problematika ase Tu ise moiZebneboda

diurkemis adrindel naSromebSi, magram egzom gaSlilad da aqcentirebulad igi

aq pirvelad aris warmodgenili. cxadia, rom diurkemis yuradReba am sakiTxis

mimarT RirebulebiTi problemebisadmi XIX-XX saukuneebis mijnaze filosofiisa

da socialuri mecnierebis farTo interesiT iyo gamowveuli, upirvelesad

neokantianelobis badenuri skolis warmomadgenlebis naSromebSi (v.vindelbandi,

g.rikerti). garda amisa, saxezea frangi mecnieris adrindeli da myari interesi

kantis filosofiisadmi, romelmac seriozuli, magram araerTmniSvnelovani,

zegavlena moaxdina diurkemis rogorc sociologiur Semecnebaze2 aseve mTlianad

pozitivizmze.

naSromSi “RirebulebiTi da “realuri” msjelobebi”, rogorc diurkemis sxva

mraval nawarmoebSi, mJRavndeba nebismieri problemisadmi sociologiis poziciidan

midgomis mecnieris mudmivi mcdeloba da gasaocari unari, yvelgan sociologiuri

xedvis dafiqsireba, yofisa da Semecnebis nebismier kiTxvebze sociologiuri

pasuxebis gacema. mocemul naSromSi, avtoris CanafiqriT, sociologiurma midgomam

unda gadaWras empirizmis da apriorizmis saukunovani filosofiuri dilema

faseulobebisa da codnasTan mimarTebaSi3.

diurkemi badenuri skolis neokantianelobasTan erTad garkveulwilad aRiarebs

RirebulebaTa transcendentalur xasiaTs, magram am transcendenturobas

ganmartavs, Tu SeiZleba ase vTqvaT, “imanenturi” suliskveTebiT, reducirebs ra

mas sazogadoebisken. meore mxriv, TviT sazogadoeba mis interpretaciaSi gamodis

ara mxolod rogorc empiriuli, aramed mniSvnelovan wilad transcendentuli da

sakraluri realoba, yvela umaRlesi Rirebulebis wyaro da sacavi. diurkemi,

rogorc darwmunebuli racionalisti, am Rirebulebebs mecnieruli aRwerisa da

axsnisTvis xelmisawvdomad Tvlis. misi azriT, saboloo jamSi TviT yvelaze

umaRlesi Rirebulebebi dafuZnebulni arian realobaze, misgan warmodgebian. aseTi

pozicia erTmniSvnelovnad ewinaamdegeba badenelebis an, magaliTad, maqs veberis

pozicias, romelTa Tanaxmad Rirebulebebi imyofebian empiriuli realobis miRma,

ar daiyvanebian masze da SeiZleba mxolod rwmenis sagani iyos, da ara mecnieruli

Semecnebisa.

diurkemi, rogorc Tavis adrindel SromebSi, xazs usvams socialuri faqtebis

maiZulebel xasiaTs. Tumca am SemTxevaSi is ara marto aCvenebs “socialuri

iZulebis” da “socialuri garemos” rols, aramed cdilobs Cawvdes socialuri

normebis interiorizaciis normebs. diurkemi socialuri regulaciis RirebulebiT

aspeqtze xazis gasmiT im daskvnamde midis, rom normalur pirobebSi gare

socialuri determinacia individebis RirebulebiTi orientaciiT xorcieldeba.

aseTi ganmartebiT marTebuli da sasurveli, normebi da Rirebulebi erTi medlis

ori mxare aRmoCndeba. diurkemis azrovnebis paTosi Semdegia: socialuri normebi

mxolod im SemTxvevaSia efeqturi, Tu isini ara gare iZulebas emyarebia, aramed

sazogadoebis zneobriv avtoritets. marTalia zneobriv faqtors diurkemis

sociologiaSi yovelTvis didi adgili ekava, magram gviandel SromebSi man axali

da ufro daxvewili dasabuTeba SeiZina.

“RirebulebiTi da “realuri” msjelobebi”-Si ara erTi saintereso ideis da

SeniSvnebis naxva SeiZleba, TiTqos gakvriT gamoTqmulis, magram fundamentaluri

socaluri procesebis SemecnebisTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvT. kerZod, maT

miekuTvneba socialuri ganviTarebis “novatoruli” da “Cveulebrivi” periodebis

gaazreba. TviT maTi gansxvaveba ki epoqis cnobil “kritikul” da “organul”

dayofas imeorebs, romelic sen-simonTan da kontTan gvxvdeba. magram diurkemi am

periodebis Tavisebur interpretacias maTi socialuri idealebis

funqcionirebasTan dakavSirebiT gvaZlevs. idealebi sazogadoebis aucilebeli

elementebs warmoadgenen, romelTa gareSec misi arseboba SeuZlebelia. Tumca,

idealebi gansxvavebulad aRiqmebian da funqcionireben sxvadasxva epoqebSi.

“novatorul” periodSi ideali realobasTan TiTqmis Serwymulia da axlo, friad

asaxden momavalSi Tavsdeba. “Cveulebriv” periodebSi ki idealebis warsulSi

ukugdeba, ritualizacia xdeba, ris Sedegadac isini sul ufro da ufro

tradiciebis, dResaswaulebis, sxvadasxva ceremoniebis saxiT gvevlinebian.

aseTi midgoma Semecnebis utopiuri da tradiciuli tipebis Secvlis ukeTesad

gagebaSi gvexmareba. agreTve sociokulturuli drois Taviseburebebis gaazrebaSi,

romelic “novatorul” periodSi swrafi da SekumSulia, xolo “CveulebrivSi” _

neli da gawelili. am poziciidan SesaZlebelia revoluciis (karl marqsi mier

samarTliand “istoriis lokomotivebad” wodebulni) msvlelobisas socialuri

drois specifikis da revoluciuri TviTSegnebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli

“mouTmenlobis” axsna.

mTlianobaSi e. diurkemis naSromi “RirebulebiTi da “realuri” msjelobebi”, miuxedavad mcire moculobisa, mniSvnelovan etaps warmoadgens ara mxolod

avtoris inteleqtualur biografiaSi, aramed mTlianad Teoriuli sociologiis

istoriaSi. rusulad es Sroma pirvelad qveyndeba***.

ramdenime sityva “realuri” msjelobebis Sesaxeb (originalSi “jements de realite”), romlis Targmnam garkveuli sirTuleebi gamoiwvia****. mravali SesaZlo

variantebidan (“realobis Sesaxeb msjelobebi”, “realisturi”, “faqtualuri”

msjelobebi da a.S.) mTargmnelma gadawyvita termin “realurze” SeCereba, moaTavsa

ra brWyalebSi, romelTa adgili originalSi ar yofila, radgan swored es

termini aris yvelaze axlos originalTan da yvelaze zustad asaxavs e. diurkemis

azrs.

1. kongresSi monawileoba miiRes mravalma saxelganTqmulma filosofosebma,

maT Soris a. bergsoni, e.maxi, v. vindelbandi, a. puankare.

2. cnobilia diurkemis mimdevris, s. bugles, kalamburi: “diurkeizmi _ esaa

kantizmi, gadaxedili da damatebuli kontizmiT”.

3. diurkemma am dilemis daZlevis mcdelobebi sociologis saSualebiT scada

moxsenebis gamoqveynebamde da gamoqveynebis Semdegac _ statiaSi

“klasifikaciis zogierTi pirvelyofilo formebis Sesaxeb” (m.mossTan

erTad, 1903) da naSromSi “religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi”

(1912).

* a. gofmanis teqstidan mTargmnelma amoiRo avtoris epoqisaTvis aucilebeli

sabWoTa koniuqturisTvis damaxasiaTebeli CarTvebi, romlebic araorganulad

erwymodnen ZiriTad teqsts da araviTar azrobriv datvirTvas ar atarebdnen. (mTr.

Sen.)

** qarTuli Targmani Sesrulebulia a. gofmanis 1988 wels “СоцИс”-Si gamoqveynebuli statiis da frangulidan diurkemis “faseuli da “realuri”

msjelobebis” gofmaniseuli Targmnis mixedviT. (mTr. Sen.)

*** Cvens SemTxvevaSi qarTulad (mTr. Sen.) **** mTargmnelma am SemTxvevaSi gaiziara a. gofmanis azri da “jements de realite”-s Seusabama igive termini, “realuri” msjelobebi. (mTr. Sen.)

RirebulebiTi da “realuri” msjelobebi

emil diurkemi

kongresze aRniSnuli Temis wardgenisas sakuTar Tavs ormagi mizani davusaxe:

pirveli, kerZo SemTxvevis magaliTze sociologiis unaris, gadawyvitos

filosofiuri problemebi, Cveneba, da meore, im zogierTi crurwmenis gaqarwyleba,

romlis obieqti xSirad gamxdara egreT wodebuli pozitiuri sociologia.

rodesac Cven vambobT, rom sxeulebs aqvT wona, rom gazis moculoba

pirdapirproporciulia masze moqmedi wnevisa, Cven mxolod im msjelobebs

vayalibebT, romlebic mxolod aRniSnul faqtebs gamoxataven. maTSi gamovxatavT

imas, rac namdvilad aris da amitom aseT msjelobebs “ekzistencialurs” anu

“realurs” uwodeben.

sxvagvari msjelobebis mizani _ ara imis gamoTqma, rasac sagnebi TavisTavad

warmoadgenen, aramed im Rirebulebis warmoCena, Segnebuli subieqtisTvis rom

warmoadgenen, im fasis dadeba, rogorac mas ukanaskneli afasebs. maT RirebulebiT

msjelobebs uwodeben. xandaxan isini iseT msjelobebze vrceldebian, romlebic

zogadad gamoxataven Sefasebas. magram aseTi farTo gagebas gaugebrobebis

gamowveva SeuZlia, romelic aucileblad unda aviciloT Tavidan.

rodesac vambob: me miyvars nadiroba, ludi mirCevnia Rvinos, aqtiuri cxovreba dasvenebas, da a. S. _ me gamovTqvam msjelobebs, romlebic SeiZleba SefasebiTad

mogveCvenos, magram, sinamdvileSi, isini ubralod “realuri” msjelobebia. isini

mxolod imas miuTiTeben, Tu rogori saxiT vxedavT sakuTar Tavs gansazRvrul

obieqtebTan mimarTebaSi: rom Cven mogvwons esa da es da upiratesobas vaniWebT

sxvas. upiratesobaTa es miniWeba iseTive faqtebs warmoadgens, rogorc sxeulTa

wona da airebis elastiuroba. amgvarad aseTi msjelobebis daniSnuleba

mdgomareobs ara imaSi, rom sagnebs maTTvis Cveuli faseulobebi mienoWos, aramed

moxdes subieqtis gansazRvruli mdgomareoba Cveneba. amgvarad upiratesobis

miniWeba SeuZlebelia gadaices. amgvari msWelobebis aRqmel pirebs savsebiT

SeuZliaT Tqvan, rom isini maT ganicdian, yovel SemTxvevaSi, amis sjeraT; Tumca

maTi gadacema sxvebisTvis SeuZlebelia. isini gansazRvruli pirovnebebisTvis

arian damaxasiaTebelni da maTgan ver gancalkavebdebian.

sxvagvarad aris mdgomareoba, rodesac me vambob: am adamians maRali zneobrivi faseulobebi aqvs, am suraTs didi esTetiuri faseuloba aqvs, es Zvirfasi nivTi raRac safasurad fasobs. yvela msgavs SemTxvevaSi adamianebs da sagnebs,

romlebzedac vsaubrob, obieqturad arsebul Tvisebebs sruliad damoukideblad

mivawer, imis miuxedavad, Tu rogor aRviqvam maT am konkretul SemTxvevaSi.

piradad me SemiZlia Zvirfaseulobebs araviTari Rirebuleba ar mivaniWo;

miuxedavad amisa, gansaxilvel momentSi maTi Rirebuleba igive darCeba. rogorc

adamiani, me, SeiZleba sakmaod saeWvo zneobrivi RirebulebebiT gamovirCeode,

magram es xels ar miSlis aRmovaCino zneubrivi Rirebuleba iq, sadac igi saxezea.

me, Cemi temperamentiT, SesaZloa gulgrili viyo xelovnebis mier moniWebuli

sasiamovno SegrZnebebisadmi, magram es ar niSnavs, rom me unda vuaryofde

esTetiuri faseulobebis arsebobas. amgvarad, yvela es faseulobebi

garkveulwilad Cems gareT arseboben. amitom, rodesac Cven ver vTanmxdebiT maTi

aRqmis da Sefasebis saSualebaTa Sesaxeb, Cven vcdilobT maT sakuTari

mosazrebebi mivaniWoT. Cven ar vjerdebiT mxolod maT gamoTqmaze, xolo maTi

damtkicebisas Cveni azrebis gamoTqmisas veyrdnobiT zogadi xasiaTis varaudebs.

Sesabamisad, Cven vuSvebT imas, rom, es msjelobebi romeliRac obieqtur realobas

Seesabameba, romelzec Tanxmoba SesaZloa da unda daeyrdnos. swored aseT sui generis-is realobas warmoqmnian faseulobebi, xolo RirebulebiTi msjelobebi

isini arian, romlebic miekuTvnebian am realobas.

Cven gvindoda agvexsna, rogor aris SesaZlebeli aseTi saxis msjelobebi.

sakiTxis dasma zemoT aRniSnuli msjelobidan Cans. erTis mxriv, yoveli yoveli

Rirebuleba gulisxmobs Sefasebas, ganxorcielebuls subieqtis mier

gansazRvruli grZnobebis mdgomareobasTan mimarTebaSi. rasac aqvs Rirebuleba is

kargia raRac mimarTebaSi; rac kargia _ is sasurvelia; yovelgvari survili

Sinagani mdgomareobaa. da mainc, RirebulebebisTvis, romlebzec axla

vsaubrobdiT, nivTebis msgavsad damaxasiaTebelia iseTive obieqturoba. rogor

aris SesaZlebeli am ori, erTi SexedviT winaamdegobrivi, Tvisebis Tavsebadoba?

rogor SeiZleba grZnobis mdgomareoba ar iyos damokidebuli am grZnobis

ganmcdel subieqtze?

am problemis axsnis ori sawinaamdego gadawyvetileba iyo SemoTavazebuli.

I

sxvadasxva mimarTulebis bevr moazrovnes gansxvaveba msjelobaTa am ori

saxeobas Soris ubralod garegani hgonia. amboben, rom Rirebuleba umTavresad

sagnis Sinagani Taviseburebebze aris damokidebuli, xolo RirebulebiTi

msjeloba _ imis gamoxatuleba, Tu rogor moqmedebs es Tavisebureba msjelobis

Camomayalibebel subieqtze. Tu es zemoqmedeba sasikeToa, Rirebuleba dadebiTi

iqneba, winaamdeg SemTxvevaSi uaryofiTi. Tuki adamianis cxovrebas Rirebuleba

aqvs, es imitom, rom adamiani cocxali arsebaa, bunebaSi ki yvelaferi cocxali

cxovrebisken swarfvas Seicavs. Tuki purs gaaCnia raime Rirebuleba, es imitom,

rom igi kvebis produqts warmoadgens da xels uwyobs sicocxlis SenarCunebas.

samarTlianoba _ saTnoebaa, radgan Seesabameba cxovrebis moTxovnilebebs;

mkvleloba ki aris danaSauli sakuTari sawinaamdego Tvisebebidan gamomdinare.

erTi sityviT, sagnis Rirebuleba ubralod STabeWdilebis konstantaciad

warmogvidgeba, romelic sagnis Sinagani maxasieTeblebis mier aris

ganxorcielebuli.

magram vin aris is subieqti, romlis mimarTac saganTa Rirebuleba ganicdis da

unda ganicdides Sefasebas?

individia is? maSin rogor unda avxsnaT is, rom SesaZlebelia arsebobdes

obieqturi Rirebulebebis sistema, romelic yvela adamianis an, yovel SemTxvevaSi,

erTi civilizaciis yvela individis mier aris aRierebuli? aRniSnulidan

gamomdinare Rirebuleba qmnis zemoqmedebas grZnobaze; TumcaRa cnobilia Tu

rogori didia grZnobebis individualuri mravalferovneba. is, rac erTs moswons,

uaryofas iwvevs sxvebSi. TviT cxovrebis survils yvela ar ganicdis, radganac

arseboben adamianebi, romlebic cxovrebis mimarT gancdili ukugdebis gamo an

movaleobis moxdis mizniT sicocxles emSvidebebian. da rogoria azrTa

sxvadasxvaoba cxovrebis SemecnebaSi! erTni cdiloben igi ufro daZabuli gaxadon,

meoreni siamovnebas mis damSvidebasa da gaiolebaSi xedaven. es SeniSvna Zalzed

xSirad wamoweula utilitaruli eTkis sawinaamdegod, amitom ver vxedav mizezs

rom aq ganvaviTaroT. mxolod avRniSnavT, rom igi amgvari saxiT is yvela

Teoriebs miesadageba, romlebic cdiloben wminda fsiqologiuri mizezebiT axsnan

ekonomikuri, esTetiuri an da metafizikuri Rirebulebebi da faseulobebi.

SeiZleba Tqvan, rom mxedvelobaSi aris saSualo tipi, romelic individTa

umravlesobaSi gvxvdeba, xolo saganTa obieqturi Sefaseba gamoxatavs im

saSualebas, romliTac isini zemoqmedeben saSualo tipze. magram arsebobs didi

gansxvaveba, individis mier Rirebulebebis da faseulobebis Cveulebrivi, namdvil

Sefasebasa da adamianuri Rirebulebebis obieqtur sistemas Soris, romelzedac

principSi unda daeyrdnos Cveni msjelobebi. saSualo zneobrivi Segneba rogorRac

uferulia: igi sustad aRiqvams TviT Cveulebriv movaleobesac da maSasadame,

Sesabamis zneobriv Rirebulebes. maT Soris iseTebic arseboben, romelTa

urTierTobebSic igi sibrmavis msgavsad aris dazianebuli. amitom mas ar SeuZlia

zneobriobis etalonad gamogvadges. miT umetes aseTive situaciaa esTetiuri

RirebulebebTan, romlebic absoluturi umravlesobisTvis mxolod qaRaldze

rCeba. rac Seexeba ekonomikur Rirebulebebs, zogierT SemTxvevaSi dinstancia

naklebad SesamCnevia. da mainc, rogorc Cans, briliantis an margalitis fizikuri

Tvisebebis zemoqmedeba Cvens Tanamedroveebze gansazRvraven ara maT axlandel

Rirebulebas.

arsebos agreTve sxva mizezic, romelic ar gvaZlevs saSualebas erTmaneTTan

avurioT obieqturi da saSualo Sefaseba. saqme imaSia, rom saSualo individis

reaqciebi, individualur reaqciebad rCebian. grZnobaTa raRac raodenoba ver

gaxdeba obieqturi mxolod imis gamo, rom igi subieqtTa mniSvnelovan nawilTan

gvxvdeba. imis gamo, rom umravlesoba erTnairad afasebs nivTs, ar niSnavs imas,

rom es Sefaseba gare realobis mier aris Tavs moxveuli. es erTsulovneba

SesaZlebelia wminda subieqturi faqtorebiT iyos gamowveuli, kerZod

individualuri xasiaTebis gansazRvruli erTferovnebiT. am or winadadebas Soris:

“me miyvars es” da “Cven, raRac raodenobiT, gviyvars es” araviTari gansxvaveba

araa.

am sirTuleebis daZlevas individis sazogadoebiT CanacvlebiT ecadnen. kvlavac

moindomes daemtkicebinaT, rom Rirebuleba umTavresad dakavSirebulia sagnis

romelime Semadgenel elementTan. magram Rirebuleba qmnis imas, Tu rogor axdens

zegavlenas sagani koleqtiur, da ara individualur subieqtze. Sefaseba obieqturi

imis gamo, rom igi ukve koleqtiuria.

am ganmartebas ukanasknelis mimarT udavod upiratesoba aqvs. marTlac,

socialuri msjelobebi obieqturia individualur msjelobebTan mimarTebaSi; aseT

SemTxvevaSi RirebulebaTa skala Tavisufalia individTa subieqturi da cvalebadi

Sefasebebisgan. ukanasknelni sakuTari Tavis gareT pouloben myar klasifikacias,

romelsac isini iZulebulni arian Seeguon, romelic ar aris maTi sakuTari

qmnileba da gamoxatavs savsebiT sxva azrs, vidre maTi piradi grZnobebi. rameTu

sazogadoebrivi azri Tavdapirvelad zneobriv avtoritets flobs, romlis

saSualebiT is iZulebiTi xasiaTiT zemoqmedebs individebze. igi winaamdegobas

uwevs sakuTari Tavis Sebilwvis mcdelobebs; igi reagirebs gansxvavebulad

moazrovneebze iseve, rogorc gare samyaro mgrZnobiared reagirebs maTze, vinc mis

winaamdeg aRsdgoma surs. igi kicxavs yvelas, vinc iseTi zneobrivi principebis

Sesabamisad msjelobs, romelic gansxvavdeba misTvis damaxasiaTeblebisgan; igi

yvelas dascinis, vinc iseTi esTetikiT aris aRfrTovenebuli, romelic misisgan

gansxvavdeba. visac surs nivTi iseT safasurad SeiZinos, romelic dabalia vidre

misi Rirebuleba, ejaxeba iseT winaamdegobas, rogoric damaxasiaTebelia fizikuri

sxeulebis mier gaweulisa, rodesac Cven ar vicnobT misi bunebis kanonebs.

amgvarad SeiZleba aixsnas iZulebis msgavsi movlena, romelsac ganvicdiT da

aRviqvamT rodesac RirebulebiT msjelobebs gamovTqvamT. Cven cxadad aRviqvamT,

rom ar varT sakuTari Sefasebebis patronebi, rom Cven varT SeboWilni da

iZulebulni. Cven gvboWavs sazogadoebrivi Segneba. marTalia RirebulebiTi

msjelobebis es aspeqti erTaderTi araa; arsebobs sxvac, pirvelisgan

radikalurad gansxvavebuli. igive Rirebulebebi, romlebic zogierTi mxaris

saSualebiT axorcieleben Cvenze Tavs moxveuli realobis STabeWdilebas axdenen,

imave dros Cven sasurvel sagnebad gvesaxebian, romlebic Cven gulrwfelad

gviyvars da romlebiskenac veswrafviT. magram swored sazogadoeba, romelic amave

drod kanonmdebelic aris, romlis winaSec pativiscema unda gamovxatoT, amave

dros civilizaciis yvela saTnoebis Semqmneli da Semnaxvelia, romlebzec Cveni

sulis yvela ZaliT varT mibmulni. igi aramarto mbrZaneblobs, aramed sikeTe da

gulmowyaleba moaqvs. amitomac araa gasaocari, rom Cven yvelafers

vufrTxildebiT, ras misgan warmodgeba.

aseTi saxiT gaugebari Rirebulebebis sociologiuri Teoria Tavis mxriv bevr

sirTules iwvevs, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, damaxasiaTebelia ara mxolod misTvis,

aramed isini SesaZlebelia dakavSirebulni iyvnen im fsiqologiur TeoriasTan,

romelzedac adre gvqonda saubari.

RirebulebaTa sxvadasxva tipebi arseboben. erTia _ ekonomikuri Rirebuleba,

meore _ zneobrivi, religiuri, esTetiuri,metafizikuri Rirebulebebi. xSirad

ganxorcielebuli cdebi erTmaneTze daiyvanon sikeTe, mSveniereba, WeSmariteba da

sargeblianoba yovelTvis uSedego xdebodnen. radgan, Tuki Rirebuleba iqmneba

imiT, Tu rogor urTierTqmedebs sagani socialuri cxovrebis funqcionirebaze,

maSin gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi Znelad asaxsneli xdebian. Tuki yvelgan erTi

da igive mizezi moqmedebs, maSin saidan Cndebian sruliad gansxvavebuli Sedegebi?

erTis mxriv, Tu ki saganTa Rirebuleba sanamdvileSi fasdeba maTi socialuri

(an individualuri) sargeblianobis mixedviT, maSin adamianuri Rirebulebebis

sistema unda gadaxedil iqnas da dangrevas daeqvemdebaros, radgan am

Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad adgili, romelic am sistemis Tanaxmad fufunebis

Rirebulebes(sagnebs) ekuTvniT, iqneboda gaugebari da gaumarTlebeli. TavisTavad,

wamgebiani ar aris sasargeblo, an da naklebad sasrgebloa vidre aucilebeli.

rac zedmetia, SesaZlebelia ise arsebobdes, rom seriozulad ar Seexos

sasicocxlo funqciebs. erTi sityviT, fufunebis Rirebulebebs(sagnebs) Zvirad

Rirebulni sakuTari bunebis gamo arian; isini imaze Zvirad fasoben, vidre

sargebeli moaqvT. amitomac gvxvdebian doqtriniorebi romlebic maT eWvis TvaliT

uyureben da maT gankuTvnil minimuze Camoyvanas cdiloben. magram, sinamdvileSi

adamianebisTvis isini yvelaze metad fasoben. xelovneba mTlianad fufunebis

sagania; esTetiuri saqmianoba ar eqvemdebareba araviTar utilitarul mizans: is

arsebobs mxolod siamovnebis misaRebad, romelsac misi arseboba warmoSvebs. aseve

wminda metafizikac _ esaa azrovneba, romelic Tavisufalia yovelgvari

utilitaruli miznisgan, xorcieldeba mxolod imisTvis, rom ganxorcieldes.

magram vis SeuZlia Tqvas, rom sakuTari arsebobis manZilze, adamianebi mxatvrul

da metafizikur Rirebulebebs ar ayenebdnen ekonomikurze maRla? msgavsad,

rogorc inteleqtualuri cxovreba, rogorc zneobrivi cxovreba flobs sakuTari

esTetikas. yvelaze didi saTnoebebic ki ar mdgomareoben movlenaTa regularul

da mkacr SesrulebaSi, romlebic gamarTuli socialuri wesrigisTvis uSualod

saWiroeben. isini Tavisufali da TviTneburi moqmedebisgan Sedgebian,

msxverplisgan, romlebsac araferi aiZulebT da romlebic xandaxan

winaamdegobrivni arian ekonomikuri sibrZnis maxasiaTeblebisgan. arseboben

saTnoebebi, romlebic ugunurni arian da swored es ugunuroba aZlevT maT

sidiades. spenserma SeZlo daemtkicebina, rom filantropia xSirad ewinaamdegeba

mkafiod gansazRvrul sazogadoebriv interess, magram misi mtkicebulebebi xels

ar uSlis adamianebs daafason mis mier saTnoebis gansja. TviT ekonomikuri

cxovrebac mTlianad ar emorCileba ekonomikur regulirebas. Tu ki fufunebis

sagnebs yvelaze meti faseuloba Seesabameba, es ara mxolod imitom, rom isini

sazogadod iSviaTi arian, aramed imitom, rom yvelaze maRalRirebulni arian.

cxovreba, rogorc mas yvela drois adamiani iazrebda, Sedgeba ara marto

individualuri an socialuri organizmis biujetis suztad gansazRvraSi, gare

gamaRizianeblebze rac SeiZleba mcire danaxarjebiT reagirebasa da aRdgenisTvis

sajiro xarjebis proporciulad ganawilebaSi. cxovreba _ upirvelesad niSnavs

moqmedebas, moqmedebas gauTvlelad, siamovnebisTvis moqmedebas. da Tu ki,

rasakvirvelia, Cven ar SegviZlia ekonomikis gareSe arseboba, mxolod imitom rom

davagrovoT, rom xarjvis saSualeba gvqondes, xolo xarjva _ es siamovnebaa.

Tumca ufro Sors wavideT, im safuZvelmdebare principamde, romelsac

eyrdnobian yvela es Teoriebi. isini amodian im debulebidan, rom Rirebuleba

moTavsebulia nivTebSi da maT arss gamoxatavs. magram es postulati

winaamdegobaSi modis faqtebTan. Arsebobs bevri SemTxveva, rodesac, ase vTqvaT, ar

arsebobs araviTari kavSiri obieqtis Tvisebebsa da masze miweril Rirebulebas

Soris.

kerpi _ sakmaod wminda nivTia, wmindanoba ki yvelaze amaRlebuli Rirebulebaa,

romelic rodesme uRiarebiaT adamianebs. magram xSirad kerpi _ mxolod qvebis

grova an xis naWeria, imTaviTve moklebulni ramenair Rirebulebas. ar arsebobs

iseTi arseba, TviT yvelaze umniSvnelo, ar arsebobs iseTi obieqti, TviT yvelaze

uferuli, romlebic istoriis gansazRvrul momentSi ar aRZravdenen religiuri

Tayvaniscemis niadagze dafuZnebul grZnobebs. aRmerTebdnen TviT yvelaze

usargeblo an yvelaze uwyinar cxovelebs, romlebic yvelaze mcire nebismieri,

romelime saTnoebis matareblebi iyvnen. moaruli warmodgena imis Sesaxeb, rom

sagnebs, romleTa misamarTiTac iyo gankuTvnili kulti, yovelTvis iyvnen nivTebi,

romlebic yvelaze metad zemoqmedebdnen adamianTa warmodgenaze, fantaziaze,

istoriam uaryo. Amitom Seufasebeli Rirebuleba, romelic maT miewerebodaT, ar

iyo maTi Sinagani TaviseburebebiT ganpirobebuli. ar arsebobs arc erTi cocxali

rwmena, TviT yvelaze saeroc ki, romelsac ar hyavs sakuTari fetiSebi, romlebic

msgavsi SeusabamobiT ar iyvnen daxasiaTebulni. droSa _ es mxolod qsovilis

naWria, magram jariskaci SeiZleba mokvdes sakuTari droSis gadasarCenad.

Zneobrivi cxovreba aranakleb mdidaria msgavsi xasiaTis kontrastebiT. adamiansa

da cxovels Soris gansxvavebis anatomiuri, fiziologiuri da fsiqologiuri

Tvalsazrisebi mxolod raodenobriv xasiaTs atareben. Tumca imave dros adaminas

axasiaTebs zneobrivi Rirseba, cxovels ki igi saerTod ar aqvs. amitom

RirebulebebTan mimarTebaSi maT Soris ufskrulia. adamianebi araTanasworebi

arian rogorc fizikuri Zalis mixedviT, aseve sakuTari talantebis mixedviT,

magram Cven, ase Tu ise, vcdilobT ganvavrcoT maTze erTiani zneobrivi

faseulobebi. ra Tqma unda, zneobrivi egalitarizmi _ es idealuri zRvaria,

romelic arasdros miiRweva, magram Cven sul ufro da ufro vuaxlovdebiT mas.

safosto marka warmoadgens mxolod patara qaRaldis naWers, xSir SemTxvevaSi

esTetiur Rirebulebes moklebuli, magram, miuxedavT amisa, misi Rirebuleba

usaSvelod didi SeiZleba aRmoCndes. naTelia, rom margalitis an briliantis,

bewvis an maqmanis ara Sinagani raoba gansazRvravs im faqts, rom am sxvadasxva

samkaulis Rirebuleba modis kaprizebis gamo icvleba.

II

Tuki, Rirebuleba ar mdgomareobs sagnebSi, Tuki is umTavresad ar aris

dakvSirebuli romelime gansakuTrebul empiriul realobasTan, maSin, ar

gamomdinareobs ki aqedan, is, rom misi wyaro Cvens mier aRsaqmel da cdis miRma

arsebuli realobidan gareT mdebareobs? sinamdvileSi aseTia, avad Tu kargad,

moazrovneTa mTeli dinastiis mier Riad dafiqsirebuli mosazreba, romleTa

swavlebac riClidan kantis moralizmamde aRwevevs. adamians miaweren sui generis-

is Tvisebas, romelic warmoadgens arsebiTad gansxvavebuls, vidre ubralod

idealebis wamoyeneba. msgavsi warmodgenebis Seqmnis unars erTis mxriv warmoaCenen

rogorc inteleqtualisturs, meore mxriv _ ufro mgrZnobelobiT formas, magram

im Taviseburebebisgan mkveTrad gansxvevebuls, romelic mecnierebis saSualebiT

dgeba mwyobrSi. rogorc Cans, erTi meTodi fiqrobs realurad, meore, misgan

sakmaod gansxvavebuli, _ fiqrobs idealurad. da swored idealebTan, rogorc

vxvdebiT, mimarTebaSi fasdeba saganTa Rirebuleba. amboben, rom isini floben

Rirebulebas, rodesac raime saSualebiT gamozataven, uaryofen idealuris

romelime aspeqts da maT aqvT an meti an naklebi Rirebuleba maT mier gamoxatuli

idealis da mis mxareebis, romlebic masSi mdomareoben, Sesabamisad.

amgvarad, Tu winamdebare TeoriebSi RirebulebiTi msjelobebi warmogvidgeboda

“realuri” msjelobebis gansxvavebuli forma, am SemTxvevaSi maTi gansxavebuloba

ufro radikaluria: obieqtebi, romlebTa mimarTac isini ganixilebian, iseve arian

gansxvavebulni, rogorc maT mier SemoTavazebuli SesaZleblobebi. amitom, Cvens

mier gamoTqmuli ukmayofileba axsnis pirveli variantis mimarT, SeuTavsebelia

meoresTan. iolia gaigo, rom Rirebuleba garkveulwilad damokidebelia saganTa

bunebisgan, Tu ki igi damokidebulia ukanasknelisgan garegnulad gansxvavebul

mizezebze. erTdroulad ioli xdeba privilegirebuli adgilis gansazRvra,

romelic fufunebis sagnebs yovelTvis ekavaT. mizezi imaSia, rom idealuri ar

dgas realuris samsaxurSi, igi TavisTavad arsebobs; amitom realobus interesebi

ar SeiZleba misi sazomi iyos.

Tumca, idealisTvis aseTi saxiT miwerili Rirebuleba TviTon ar aixsneba. mas

apostulateben, Tumca ar xsnian da verc axsnian. da sinamdvileSi, SesaZlebelia

es? Tuki idealuri ar aris realurze damokidebuli, mas ar SeuZlia realobaSi

Seicavdes im mizezebs da pirobebs, romlebic mas yvelasTvis gasagebs xdis. magram

realobis gareT sad SeiZleba inaxos masala, romelic sakmarisi iqneboda

romelime gansazRvrebisTvis da axsnisTvis. sinamdvileSi, aris raRac

siRrmiseulad empiriuli idealizmSi, amgvrad gagebuli. aravis epareba eWvi imaSi,

rom adamianebs uyvarT silamaze, sikeTe, WeSmariteba, romlebic xSirad

adekvaturad ar xorcieldeba realur faqtebSi. saWiroa agreTve avxsnaT, Tu

saidan modis is erTdrouli moTxovnileba da saSualeba, romelic gagvaCnia

realobaze amaRlebis, grZobadi samyarosTvis sxva samyaros Serwymis, romelSic

Cvengan saukeTesoni sakuTar namdvil samSoblos xedaven.

ukanasknel kiTxvaze pasuxis msgavss gvaZlevs Teologiuri hipoTeza.

SemoTavazebulia, rom idealTa samyaro realuria, rom igi arsebobs obieqturad,

magram cdismiRmurad, da rom empiriuli realoba, romlis nawilsac Cven

warmovadgenT, misgan warmoiSveba da maszea damokidebuli. gamodis, rom Cven

dakavSirebulni varT idealTan, rogorc Cveni arsebobis wyarosTan. magram, garda

CvenTvis cnobili, am koncepciis mier gamowveuli, siZneleebisa, rodesac amgvarad

ahipostazireben ideals, mas am saxiT uZavs xdian da misi ukiduresad

mravalferovnebis axsnis yovelgvar saSualebas uspoben. axla ukve viciT, rom

ideali aramarto SeiZleba ganicados cvlileba adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufebTan

erTad, aramed unda Seicvalos kidec. Cveni ideali gansxvavdeba, da unda

gansxvavdebodes kidev romaelTa idealisgan; amis paralelurad icvleboda

RirebulebaTa skalac. es cvlilebebi ar arian adamianuri ugunrobis Sedegebi:

isini dafuZnebulni arian saganTa bunebaze. rogor avxsnaT isini, Tuki ideali

warmoadgens erTi da igive ucvlel realobas? maSin unda davuSvaT, rom TviT

RmerTic varirebs rogorc sivrceSi, aseve droSic; da riTi SeiZleba iyos es

mravalferovneba gamowveuli? RvTaebrivi Camoyalibeba gasagebi iqneboda, Tuki

TviT RmerTi daisaxavda miznad idealis ganxorcielebas, romelic masze maRalia,

da am SemTxvevaSi problema mxolod gadaadgildeboda.

Tumca, ra uflebiT aTavseben ideals bunebis da mecnierebis gareT? igi swored

bunebaSi mJRavndeba; is aucileblad unda iyos damokidebuli bunebriv mizezebze.

imisTvis, rom igi gansxvavebuli iyos, vidre ubralod gonebisWvretiTi

SesaZlebloba, igi unda iyos sasurveli da, Sesabamisad, Cveni neba-survilis

aRsaZravi Zalis mqone. mxolod maT SeuZliaT idealisgan realobis Seqmna. magram,

vinaidan sabolood es Zala muskulaturis moZraobebSi gamoixateba, mas ar

SeuZlia samyaros sxva Zalebisgan gancalkevebiT arseboba. ratom ar SeiZleba misi

analizi, elementebad dayofa, sinTezis gamomwvevi mizezebis gamokvleva, romlis

rezultatic is aris? gvxvdeba iseTi SemTxvevebic, rodesac SesaZlebelia misi

gazomva. kacobriobis TiToeuli jgufi sakuTari istoriis garkveul etapze

adamianur RirsebasTan kavSirSi garkveuli intesiobiT pativscemis gamoxatvis

unars flobs. swored aseTi grZnoba, xalxebTa da epoqaTa Sesabamisad cvalebadi,

imyofeba Tanamedrove sazogadoebis zneobrivi idealis saTavesTan. amitom

individis winaamdeg danaSaulebrivi qmedebebis ricxvi damokidebulia mis

intensivobaze. aseve Ralatis, ganqorwinebebis, meuRleTa gancalkevebiT cxovrebis

raodenebrivi monacemebi gamoxataven im SefardebiT Zalas, romeliTac col-

qmruli ideali Tavs exveva calkeuli individebs. rasakvirvelia, gazomvis aseTi

meTodebi uxeSia, magram arseboben ki iseTi fizikuri Zalebi, romlebic

gaizomebodnen ise, Tu ara uxeSad, daaxloebiTad? am SemTxvevaSi orive saxis

gazomva gansxvavdeba mxolod xarisxiT.

Tumca, arsebobs RirebulebaTa gansxvavebuli kategoria, romelic ar SeiZleba

iyvnen mowyvetili cdas yovelgvari azris dakargvis gareSe; esenia ekonomiuri

Rirebulebebi. yvelasTvis cxadia, rom isini ar gamoxataven arafers miRmurs da

ar arian damokidebulni cdismiRmur SesaZleblobebze. marTalia, am mizeziT kants

ar surs maTSi namdvili Rirebuleba dainaxos: is eswrafvis Seinaxos es

maxasiaTebeli mxolod zneobrivi movlenebisTvis. (is amtkicebs, rom ekonomikur

movlenebs aqvT fasi (einen Preis, einen Marktpreis), da ara Sinagani Rirebuleba (einen inneren Werth). ) magram aseTi dayofa dausabuTebelia. ra Tqma unda, arseboben

gansxvavebuli Rirebulebebi, magram es gansxavebebi erTi da imave saxisaa. isini

yvela sagnis Sefasebas Seesabamebian, Tumca igi SeiZleba ganxorcieldes

sxvadasxva SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebuli TvalTaxedviT. RirebulebaTa Tanamedrove

Teoriis progresi swored am gagebis erTianobis damtkicebasTaSi mdgomareobs.

magram, am SemTxvevaSi Tu RirebulebaTa yvela tipi erTmaneTis monaTesavea, xolo

zogierTebi ise Rrmad arian CaTreulni Cvens empiriul sinamdvileSi, maSin sxvebi

ar SeiZleba ar iyvnen masze damokidebulni.

III

mokled rom vTqvaT, Tumca marTalia, rom saganTa Rirebuleba SeiZleba

fasdebodes da yovelTvis fasdeboda romelime idealuri gagebis mimarT,

ukanaskneli mainc saWiroebs axsnas. rom gavigoT, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli

RirebulebiTi msjeloba, sakmarisi araa vapostulatoT gansazRvruli idealebi.

saWiroa avxsnaT isini, vaCvenoT Tu saidan momdinareoben, rogor erTdebian

gamocdilebasTan da raSi mdgomareobs maTi obieqturoba.

radganac isini, aseve rogorc Sesabamisi Rirebulebebis sistemebi, varireben

adamianur jgufebTan erTad, ar gamodis, rom sxvebsac unda hqondeT koleqtiuri

warmoSveba? marTalia, Cven warmovadgineT RirebulebaTa sociologiuri Teoriis

naklovanebebi. magram saqme imaSia, rom igi dafuZnebulia socialuri cxovrebis

koncepciaze, uryofs ra mis WeSmarit bunebas. sazogadoeba masSi warmodgenilia

rogorc organoTa da sistemaTa funqcia, romelic iswrafvis TviTSenarCunebisken

destruqciuli Zalebis winaamdeg brZolaSi, romlebic mas Signidan akraven alyas,

msgavsad cocxali sxeulisa, romlis mTeli cxovreba gaRizianebebze, romlebic

garedan momdinareoben, Sesabamisi reaqciebisgan Sedgeba. magram, garda amisa,

sinamdvileSi igi Sinagani zneobrivi cxovrebaa, romlis originaluroba da

siZliere yovelTvis ar iyo aRiarebuli.

rodesac individualuri Semecneba imis magivrad, rom darCnen erTmaneTisgan

gancalkavebulad, Sedian mWidro urTierTkavSirSi, aqtiurad urTierTzemoqmedeben

erTmaneTze, maTi sinTezidan warmoiSveba fsiqikuri cxovrebis axali tipi. igi

gansxvavdeba imisgan, romelsac individi ganmartoebiT eweva, upirvelesad sakuTari

Taviseburebebis intensibiT. jgufebSi dabadebuli da ganviTarebuli grZnoba

flobs energias, romelic miuRwevelia wminda individualuri grZnobebisTvis.

adamians, romelic maT ganicdis, eufleba grZnoba, rom is imyofeba im ZalaTa qveS,

romlebic mas marTaven da mTeli garemo, romelSic is imyofeba, msgavsi ZalebiT

aris dasaxlebuli. is sakuTar Tavs TiTqos im samyaroSi gadasrolilad grZnobs,

romelic gansxavavebulia misi Cveulebrivi realobisgan. masSi arseboba ara marto

ufro intensiuria, aramed ufro xarsisxiania. jgufis mier gatacebuli individi

iviwyebs sakuTar Tavs da sakuTar interesebs, mTlianad miecema saerTo interesebs.

misi moqmedebis polusi icvleba da gadaityorcneba mis gareT. amave dros,

amgvarad warmoqmnili Zalebi swored imitom, rom atareben Teoretikul xasiaTs,

Znelad eqvemdebarebian manipulaciebs, mkacrad gansazRvruli miznebisTvis

morgebas. isini saWiroeben gavrcelebas mxolod gavrcelebisTvis, sargeblis da

miznis gareSe, xan destruqciul da sulelur Zaladobad gamJRavnebuli, xanac

gmirul sigiJeebSi. es saqmianoba raRac TvalsazrisiT zedmetia, wamgebiania. yvela

am mizezis gamo igi winaamdegobaSi modis Cvens yoveldRiur cxovrebasTan,

rogorc maRali ewinaamdegeba dabals, ideali _ realobas.

sinamdvileSi, swored aseTi tipis emociuri artkinebis momentebSi yvela droSi

iqmnebodnen didi idealebi, romlebzedac aris dafuZnebuli civilizacia.

SemoqmedebiTi anu novatoruli periodebi _ esaa swored is periodebi, rodesac

gansxvavebuli garemoebebis gamo adamianebi ufro metad ukavSirdebian erTmaneTs,

rodesac Tavyrilobebi ufro xSiri xdebian, urTierTobebi _ ufro xangrZlivi,

ideaTa urTierTgacvla _ ufro aqtiuri. aseT periodebs miekuTvneba didi

qristianuli krizisi; koleqtiuri enTuzuazmis moZraoba, romelic XII-XIII

saukuneebSi cnobismoyvare evropelebs parizSi sqolastikis Seswavla ubiZgebda;

reformacia da aRorZineba; revoluciuri epoqa; didi socioaluri gardaqmnebi XIX

saukuneSi. marTlac aseT momentebSi es ufro “maRali” cxovreba iseTi

intensiobiT da imdenad araCveulebrivad gaileva, rom igi mTlianad ikavebs

gonebis adgils, ase Tu ise safuZvlianad gandevnis ra egoistur da yoveldRiur

sazrunavs. maSin idealuri cdilobs Seerwyas realurs; ai ratom eqmnebaT

adamianebs StabeWdileba, rom axlosaa is dro, rodesac idealuri gaxdeba

realoba, da RvTis sauflo ganxorcieldeba dedamiwaze. magram iluzia arasdros

aris xangrZlivi, radgan TviT esegzaltacia arasdros grZeldeba didxans: igi

Zalzed gadamRlelia. rodesac kritikuli momenti gadis, socialuri cxovrebis

dineba iklebs, inteleqtualuri da emocionaluri kontaqtebi sul ufro naklebad

aqtiuri xdeba, individebi kvlav ubrundebian Cveulebriv cxovrebis wess.

yvelaferi is, rac ukve iTqva, gakeTda, mofiqrda, SeigrZno nayofieri qariSxlis

dros, ukve mxolod mogonebis saxiT inaxeba, Tumc imave momxibvlelobis mqone,

rac Tavis mxriv mogvagonebs realobas, miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi ar aris

gareuli. es ukve mxolod ideaa, ideis arsi. amjerad winaamdegoba naTlad

warmogvidgeba. arsebobs, erTis mxriv is, rac SegrZnebebsa da aRqmaSia, meores

mxriv _ is, rac idealebis formiT gaisazriseba. ra Tqma unda, es idealebi maleve

Caqrebodnen, rom ara maTi perioduli gacocxleba. ai ras emsaxurebian

dResaswaulebi, sajaro ceremoniebi, rogorc religiuri, aseve saero, yoveli saxis

qadagebebi, rogorc eklesiaSi, ise skolaSi, dramatuli warmodgenebi, mxatvrulad

gaformebuli manifestaciebi, erTi sityviT, yvelaferi, rac saSualebas iZleva

adamianebi daaxlovos da erToblivad miiRon monawileoba erTian inteleqtualur

da zneobriv cxovrebaSi. es, ase vTqvaT SemoqmedebiTi epoqebis emocionaluri

aRtkinebebis aRorZinebis nawilobrivi da susti mcdelobaa. magram, yvela es

saSualeba TviTon axorcieleben ganuwyvetliv zemoqmedebas. droTa ganmavlobaSi

idealuri kvlav iZens salaRes da cxovrebiseul aqtualobas, igi kvlav

uaxlovdeba realurs, magram maleve Sordeba mas.

Tuki adamiani idealebis mimarT mgrZnobiarea, Tuki mas ar SeuZlia imis gareSec

gavides fons, rom ar Seusadagos isini sakuTar Tavs, es imitom, rom ideali _

socialuri arsebaa. swored sazogadoebaubiZgebs an aiZulebs mas sakuTar Tavze

amgvarad amaRldes; igi uzrunvelyofs amisTvis saWiro pirobebs. imTaviTve, radgan

igi Seicnobs sakuTar Tavs, igi waarTmevs individs sakuTar Tavs da aRamaRlebs

mas umaRles safaxurze. igi ver yalibdeba idealis Secnobis gareSe. Idealebi _ es

ubralod ideebia, romlebSic areklilia socialuri cxovreba im saxiT, romliTac

igi arsebobda sakuTari ganviTarebis kulminaciur momentebSi. sazogadoebas iReben

ise, rogorc sxeuls, gansazRvruli sasicocxlo funqciebis ganmaxorcielebelad

Seqmnils. am sxeulSi cxovroben sulebi: es koleqtiuri idealebis erTobaa. magram

es idealebi _ ara abstraqcia, ara civi gonebrivi warmodgenebia, yovelgvar

mamoZravebel Zalas moklebulni, aramed koleqtiuri, bunebrivi, Sesabamisad, isini,

Tumca mTliand zneobrivi arian, mainc axlos imyofebian samyaros danarCen

nawilSi moqmedebTan. TviT ideali amgvari saxis Zalaa; Sesabamisad masze

SesaZlebelia mecnierebis ageba. ai,Aase gamodis, rom idealuri SeiZleba SeerTdes

realurTan: igi warmodgeba ukanasknelidan, gadis ra misi farglebidan.

elementebi, romlebisganc igi Sedgeba, nasesxebia realobidan, magram awyobili,

kombinirebuli Tavidan. kombinaciaTa siaxle axal rezultats warmoSvebs. sakuTar

TavTan marto myofi individi verasdros “amoiRebda” sakuTri Tavidan msgavsi

konstruqciisTvis saWiro raodenobis “masalas”. mxolod sakuTari ZalebiT

rogor SeZlebda individi saWiro codnis da energiis SeZenas sakuTar Tavze

asamaRleblad? misi sakuTari gamocdileba savsebiT aZlevs saSualebas gaarCios

momavali da sasurveli miznebi da miznebi, ukve ganxorcielebuli. magram ideali

_ es aramarto mosaklilebuli da sasurvelia. es aramarto momavalia,

romliskenac viswrafviT. is Taviseburia da sakuTari realobas flobs. igi

aRiqmeba rogroc usaxo, calkeul neba-survilze mbrZanebeli, romlebic mas

moZraobaSi mohyavs. Tuki is individualuri gonebis nayofi iqneboda, saidan

gauCndeboda mas es usaxoba? SeiZleba adamianuri gonebis usaxo xasiaTidan? magram

es mxolod problemis droeboT ukan planze gadaweva iqneba da ara problemis

gadaWra. radganac es usaxoba TavisTAvadi faqtia, TiTqmis ganurCevadi

pirvelisgan da axsnas saWiroebis mqone. gonebani imis gamo xom ar erwymian

erTmaneT, rom isini erTi da imave saTavidan warmodgebian, saerTo gonebidan?

amgvarad, rom avxsnaT RirebulebiTi msjeloba, araa saWiro misi “realur”

msjelobebTan dayvana, Rirebulebis cnebis ukugdeba, maTi gaurkvevel unarebTan

gaigeveba, romliTac adamiani Sedis transcendentul samyarosTan kavSirSi.

Rirebuleba, ra Tqma unda, idealuris calkeul aspeqtebTan dakavSirebuli

sagnebisgan warmodgeba, magram idealuri _ es ara idumal miRmur sferosken

amaRlebaa, igi dakavSirebulia da warmodgeba bunebidan. saRi da mkafio msjeloba

iseve zemoqmedebs maze, rogorc danarCen fizikur an zneobriv samyaros nawilze.

ra Tqma unda, igi verasdros amowuravs mas, iseve rogorc, SeuZlebelia nebismieri

realobis amowurva, magram igi SesaZlebelia gamoyenebul iqnes misi nel-nela

dauflebisTvis, Tumc SeuZlebelia wianswar gansazRvro idealuris ganviTarebis

sazRvrebi. es mosazreba saSualebas gvaZlevs ukeTesad gavigoT, Tu rogor

SeiZleba saganTa Rirebuleba ar iyos damokidebuli maTi bunebaze. koleqtiuri

idealebi SeiZleba TviTformulirebadi da TviTgaazrebadni gaxdnen im

SemTxvevaSi, Tu isini fiqsirdebian sagnebSi, romelTa danaxva, gageba, wardgena

yvelas SeuZlia, magaliTad, xatebze, yovelgvar emblemebze, werilobiT Tu zepir

formulebSi, sulier Tu usulo arsebebSi. ra, rasakvirvelia, xdeba, rom zogierTi

am obieqtenis zogierTi Tviseba flobs raRac saxis mizidulobas idealis mimarT

da bunebrivi gziT izidavs mas Tavisken. swored am dros SeiZleba mogveCvenos

(Tumc SecdomiT) sagnebi Rirebulebebis dambadeblebad. magram ideali SeiZleba

nebismier saganSi Caisaxos: is ganlagdeba sadac ki unda. yoveli saxis

SemTxveviTobebi ganapirobeben mis fiqsacias. maSin es nivTi, ase vTqvaT, rogori

banaluric ar unda iyos, yvelaze maRla aRmoCndeba. ase SeiZleba Zveli qsovilis

naWeri siwmindis auriT Seimosos, xolo qaRaldis patara naWeri Zalzed Zviri

nivTi xdeba. ori arseba SeiZleba sakmaod gansxvavebuli da araTanabari iyos bevri

maxasiaTebliT. Tuki isini erTi da imave ideals ideals asxaven xorcs, maSin isini

msgvasi gveCvenebian, maT mier masimbolizirebuli ideali ufro mniSvnelovani

xdeba, ukuagdebs ra ukana planze im mxareebs, riTic isini erTmaneTisgan

gansxvavdebian. amgvarad, koleqtiuri azrovneba gardaqmnis yvelafers, rasac is

exeba. igi gadaadgilebs realobis sferoebs, aerTebs winaamdegobebs, gaabrunebs

mas, rac arsebaTa bunebriv ierarqiad miiCneva, gansvavebebs ugulebelyofs. erTi

sityviT, igi cvlis samyaros, romelic meti araferia, Tu ara Crdili, idealebis

mier Seqmnili koleqtiuri azrovnebis anarekli.

IV

rogorRa gavigoT RirebulebiTi msjelobebis damokidebuleba “realur”

msjelobebTan?

winamdebaredan cxadi xdeba, rom maT Soris aranairi gansxvaveba araa.

RirebulebiTi msjeloba gamoxatavs sagnis idealTan kavSirs. magram ideali

mocemuli gvaqvs sagnis saxiT, Tumc sxva saSualebiT; is agreTve realobis saxea.

Gamoxatuli kavSiri or gagebas unda aerTianebdes, iseve, rogorc “realuri”

msjelobebi. marTalia, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom RirebulebiT msjelobebi idealebze

eyrdnobian. magram, aseve gvaqvs saqme “realur” msjelobebTan. radgan gangeba _ es

agreTve sulis, Sesabamisad idealis, dabadebaa. da ara iqneba rTuli, rom

damtkicdes, rom isini agreTve koleqtiuri idealebia, radganac SeuZliaT

Camoyalibeba mxolod enaSi da enidan, warmoadgenen ra nivTs, umaRles xarisxSi

koleqtiurs. msjelobaTa elementebi orive SemTxvevaSi erTi da igive unda iyos.

Miuxedavad amisa, es ar niSnavs, rom msjelobebidan pirveli maTgani meoreze

daiyvaneba da piriqiT. isini erTmaneTis msgavsni, amgvarad erTiani da erTaderTi

SesaZleblobis moqmedebis rezultati arian. ar arsebobs erTi meTodi ifiqro da

gansajo realuri arseboba da meore meTodi _ RirebulebaTa SefasebisTvis; TviT

is msjelobebi, romlebic momavls miekuTvnebian, sargebloba materialiT an

awmyodan an warsulidan. meore mxriv, yovelgvar msjelobas moqmedebaSi mohyavs

idealebi. Sesbamisad, arsebobs da unda arsebobdes kidec msjelobis erTi meTodi,

xerxi.

miuxedavad amisa, Cvens mier gakvriT naxsenebs adgili aqvs. marTalia yovelgvar

msjelobas moqmedebaSi mohyavs ideali, ukanasknelni gansxvavebul saxeobebs

ganekuTvnebian. arseboben iseTi idealebi, romelTa daniSnulebac mxolod maTi

realobasTan kavSiris aRniSvnaa. es gageba sakuTar azrSia. arseboben iseTebic,

romelTa funqciac piriqiT, realobasTan kavSiris xasgasmaa. Es RirebulebiTi

idealebia. pirvel SemTxvevaSi ideali sagnisTvis simbolos funqcias asrulebs,

misi azrovnebis mier gagebas uzrunvelyofs. meore SemTxvevaSi, piriqiT, sagani

warmodgeba ukve idealis simbolod da saSualebas aZlevs warmoudges sxvadasxva

adamianebs. pirvelni Semoifarglebian realobis analiziT da rac SeiZleba ufro

zusti gadmocemiT. meore, sapirispirod, Seicavs gamonaTqvams realobis axal

aspeqtze, romliTac igi gamdidrda idealis zemoqmedebis Sedegad. da,

rasakvirvelia, ukanaskneli aspeqtic realuria, magram sul sxva xarisxiT, vidre

Tviseba, romelic axasiaTebs obieqtis Sinagan bunebas. amis dasamtkiceblad

gamodgeba is, rom erTi da igive sagans SeuZlia an dakargos arsebuli Rirebuleba

an SeiZinos sxvagvari faseuloba, ise rom, ar Seicvalos sakuTari buneba;

sakmarisia Seicvalos ideali. RirebulebiTi msjelobebi amatebs raRacas

arsebuls, Tumca rasacamatebs, iRebs sxva arsebuli tipidan. amgvarad, msjelobis

unari funqcionirebs sxvadasxvagvarad garemoebaTa Sesabamisad, magra mes

gansxvavebebi ar arRveven am funqciis fundamentalur erTianobas.

pozitiur sociologias xandaxn kicxavdnen empiriuli fetiSizmisTvis

gamoyenebisTvis faqtTan mimarTebaSi da idealis jiut ugulebelyofas. Cven

vxedavT, Tu ramdenad aradasabuTebulia aRniSnuli sayveduri. ZiriTadi

socialuri movlenebi: religia, morali, ekonomika, esTetika, _ azri sxva araferia,

Tu ara faseulobaTa sistemebi, Sesabamisad es idealebia. sociologia, amgvari

saxiT, imTaviTve mdebareobs idealis farglebSi; igi ar midis masTan etapobrivad,

gamokvlvaTa Sedegad, igi amodis misgan. ideali _ es misi sakuTari sferoa. magram,

is ideals ganixilavs mxolod imisTvis, rom Seqmnas mecniereba masze (swored misi

wyalobiT SeiZleba mas pozitiuri uwodo, Tuki mecnierebis saxelTan mierTebisas

es zedsarTavi ar warmoSvebs pleonazms). igi iswrafvis mis konstruirebas;

piriqiT, igi Rebulobs mas rogorc mocemulobas, rogorc Sesaswavl obieqts da

cdilobs mis analizs da axsnas. idealTan mimarTebaSi igi xedavs bunebriv

SesaZleblobasmizezebs da pirobebs, romlebsac igi eZebs adamianebisTvis

daxmarebis mizniT dasaregulireblad. saboloo jamSi, sociologis amocana unda

mdgomareobdes imaSi, rom daabrunos idealis yvela forma bunebaSi, magram

amavdroulad dautovos yvela ganmasxvavebeli niSani. da Tuki msgavsi mcdeloba

mas ar eCveneba uimedo, imitom, rom sazogadoeba Seesabameba yvela pirobebs,

aRniSnuli sawinaamdego niSnebis axsnisTvis. igi agreTve warmodgeba bunebidan,

amavdroulad masze gabatonebuli. mizezi imaSia, rom samyaros yvela Zala

aramarto mTavrdeba sazogadoebaSi, aramed ufro metic, ise sinTezireben masTan,

rom warmoSveben im Sedegs, romelic simdidriT, sirTuliT da siZlieriT

upiratesia yvelaferze, ramac mis SeqmanSi wvili Seitana. erTi sityviT, igi aris

buneba, magram sakuTari ganviTarebis umaRles wertils miRweuli da mTeli

sakuTari energiis makoncentrirebeli imisTvis, rom garkveulwilad amRldes

sakuTar Tavze.

religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli

formebi (raimond aronis mixedviT)

diurkemis mesame didi wigni “religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi” aris

udaod yvelaze mniSvnelovani, yvelaze Rrma, yvelaze originaluri naSromi,

romelSic Cemi azriT, mkafiod aris gamoxatuli avtoris STagoneba.

am Sromis mizani aris pirvelyofili, sxvadasxva martivi religiebis analizis

safuZvelze religiis saerTo Teoriis damuSaveba. aseTi formula ukve miuTiTebs

diurkemis erT-erT wamyvan ideaze, rom religiis primitiuli formebis Seswavlis

safuZvelze SesaZlebelia maRali religiebis Teoriebis Seqmna. religiis arss

kargad xsnis totemizmi. Yyvela daskvna, romelic gaakeTa diurkemma totemizmis

Seswavlis Sedegad, gamomdinareobs im mosazrebidan, rom SesaZlebelia

sazogadoebrivi fenomenis arsis gamovlena mis yvelaze elementarul formebze

dakvirvebis Sedegad. arsebobs sxva mosazreba imis sasargeblod, rom totemizmis

gamokvlevas aqvs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba diurkemis swavlebaSi. Aam mosazrebis

Tanaxmad, Cvens individualur da racionalur sazogadoebaSi mecniereba maRali

inteleqtualuri da moraluri avtoritetiT sargeblobs. magram aseTi

sazogadoeba saWiroebs saerTo rwmenas. Tumca, rogorc sCans, es rwmena aRar

SeiZleba ikvebebodes mxolod Zveli, tradiciuli religiebiT, romlebic veRar

pasuxoben mecnierul moTxovnebs.

Aarsebobs, diurkemis azriT, metad martivi da saocari gamosavli: gana TviTon

mecniereba ar xsnis im faqts, rom religia Tavisi arsebiT warmoadgens

sazogadoebis gardasaxvas! Tu mTeli istoriis manZilze adamianebi, romlebic

afetiSebdnen totems an RmerTs, muxls iyridnen mxolod koleqtiuri realobis

winaSe, romelic warmoadgenda rwmenas, maSin gamosavali arsebobs. mecniereba

religiis Sesaxeb iZleva saSualebas rwmenebi gardaqmnas konsesusis misaRwevad

ara imitom, rom axali saerTo rwmena warmoiqmnas, aramed imitom, rom momavlis

sazogadoebas SeuZlia kvlav warmoSvas axali RmerTebi, vinaidan warsulSi yvela

RmerTi sxva ara iyo ra Tu ara sazogadoebis gardasaxva.

Aam azriT “religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi” TvalnaTliv xsnis

mecnierebis da religiebis antiTezebs. aRmoaCens ra Rrma realobas yvela

religiaSi, mecniereba ki ar aRadgens maT, aramed sjera rom sazogadoeba yvela

epoqaSi im RmerTs aRmerTebs, romelic sWirdeba. “religiuri interesebi

warmoadgens sazogadoebis saerTo moraluri interesebis moralur formas.”

Mme siamovnebiT avRniSnav, rom “religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi”

diurkemis SemoqmedebaSi igivea rac kontis SemoqmedebaSi Sroma “pozitiuri

politikis sistemebi.” Ddiurkemi ise dawvrilebiT ar aRwers sazogadoebis

religiebs, rogorc konti. Ddiurkemi imasac aRniSnavs, rom misi azriT konti ar

aris swori, rodesac ambobs rom adamians brZanebiT an miTiTebiT SeeZlo

gamoegona religia. marTlac, Tu religia aris koleqtiuri qmnileba, maSin erT

adamians ar SeuZlia religiis Seqmna. Mmagram im aspeqtSi, romelSic diurkems

surs imis damtkiceba, rom religiis mizani aris sazogadoebis gardasaxva, misi am

demarSis Sedareba SeiZleba kontis demarSTan, romelic amtkicebs, rom

kacobrioba momavalSi sxvadasxva RmerTebs SeeSveba da Seiyvarebs mxolod

adamianurs.

es naSromi SeiZleba ganvixiloT 3 sxvadasxva aspeqtSi, vinaidan igi aerTianebs

sxvadasxva saxis 3 kvlevas. is Seicavs avstraliur tomebSi klanebisa da

totemizmis sistemebis dawvrilebiT analizs. masSi ixsneba religiis arsi,

romelic gamomdinareobs avstraliuri totemizmis kvlevidan. Dda bolos, masSi

SeimCneva azrovnebis formis socialuri axsna, anu Semecnebis sociologia.

am 3 kvlevidan pirvels ukavia yvelaze mniSvnelovani adgili, Tumca me mas

mokled Sevexebi. CemTvis aq mniSvnelovania meore Tema: totemizmis kvlevidan

gamomdinare religiis saerTo Teoria. meTodi, romelsac iyenebs diurkemi am

wignSi igivea, rac wina wignebSi. Tavdapirvelad ganisazRvreba fenomeni, Semdeg

uaryofilia yvela is Teoria, romelic gansxvavdeba misi Teoriisgan da mesame

etapze naCvenebia religiis socialuri buneba.

religiis arsi diurkemis mixedviT mdgomareobs imaSi, rom samyaro gayofilia

miwier da aramiwier fenomenebad. Aarsebobs iseTi religiebi, sadac RmerTi ar

arsebobs. Bbudizmis skolebis umravlesoba ar aRiarebs romelime calkeul

RmerTs. Uufro metic, zogierTi religia ar ganisazRvreba sxvadasxva

saidumloebebiT an zebunebriobebiT. sinamdvileSi zebunebriobebi arseboben

mxolod CveulebrivTan mimarTebaSi da rom flobde bunebriobis mkveTr ideas,

unda SegeZlos pozitiurad da mecnierulad azrovneba. cneba “zebunebrioba” ar

SeiZleba uswrebdes “bunebriobas”, romelic TviTon warmoiSva ufro adre.

morwmuneTa kategoria warmoqmnilia samyaros miwier da aramiwier nawilebad

gayofis safuZvelze. aramiwieri Sedgeba sxvadasxva wesebis, rwmenebis da Cvevebis

erTobliobisgan. rodesac sxvadasxva aramiwieri es elementebi lagdeba erTmaneTis

mimarT koordinaciaSi, ise rom qmnian raRac sistemas, romelic Tavis mxriv kide

ar Sedis sxva sistemaSi, maSin erToblioba am elementebis qmnian ukve religias.

Aaqedan gamomdinare religia gulisxmobs Semdgom organizebul rwmenebs

zebunebrivSi da bolos ritualebs, an praqtikas metnaklebad logikurad

gamomdinare am rwmenidan.

“religia aris rwmenebis da praqtikis solidaruli sistema, romelic aerTianebs

am yvelafers erT moralur sistemaSi, romelsac hqvia eklesia.” Eeklesiis cneba

avsebs zebunebrivis cnebas da rwmenis sistemas, raTa gamoyos religia magiisagan,

romelic ar iTvaliswinebs morwmuneTa aucilebel gaerTianebas eklesiaSi.

gamokvlevis meore etapze, diurkemi gvTavazobs religiis axal ganmartebas. Ees

ganmartebebi mocemulia wignis pirvel nawilSi, romelic eZRvneba animnizms da

naturalizms (elementaruli religiis ZiriTadi koncefciebi). Aanimnistikuri

Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad religiuri rwmena es aris rwmena sulebSi.

Nnaturalisturis Tanaxmad ki adamianebi Tayvans scemen bunebrivad gardasaxul

Zalebs. Aam ori swavlebis mtkiceba da uaryofa sakmaod farToa, magram am ormag

kritikaSi damalulia idea. Mmiuxedavad imisa romeli principi miiReba, diurkemi

Tvlis rom orive SemTxvevaSi obieqti fermkrTaldeba. religia rom dadiodes

iracionaluri sulebis an bunebrivi Zalebis siyvarulamde, maSin igi gamoiwvevda

koleqtiur galucinacias. magram es ra mecnierebaa, romlis uSualo rezultati

aris Tavisi realuri sagnis gafermkrTaleba.

diurkemi piriqiT, cdilobs gadaarCinos religiis realoba Tavisi Semdgomi

mosazrebiT: Tu adamiani eTayvaneba sazogadoebis raime saxecvlilebas, is

namdvilad eTayvaneba realobas. ra SeiZleba iyos koleqtivis Zalaze ufro

realuri. religia es aris sakmaod xangZlivi da Rrma gamocdileba imisaTvis, rom

ar Seesabamebodes realobas. Tu es WeSmariti realoba ar aris RmerTi, saWiroa

rom is iqces realobad, ase vTqvaT, uSualod RmerTis qveS, kerZod ki

sazogadoebad.

rwmenis obieqtis realobis Seqmna tradiciul religiebSi inteleqtualuri

Sinaarsis arcnobiT aris diurkemis Teoriis mTavari mizani. Ees ukanaskneli

ganwirulia mecnieruli racionalizmis ganviTarebiT, magram amasTan swored is

iZleva saSualebas Semonaxuli iqnas is, rac TiTqos irRveva, iSleba da gviCvenebs

rom sabolood adamianebi arafers ar aRmerTeben, garda sakuTari sazogadoebisa.

animizmisa da naturalizmis Teoriis Sesaswavlad diurkemi mimarTavs im

droisaTvis popularul tailorisa da spenseris Sromas. isini eyrdnobodnen

sizmrebs. sizmrebSi adamianebi sakuTar Tavs xedaven iq, sadac ar arian. amiT isini

xedaven sakuTar oreuls da maTTvis xdeba ufro ioli imis warmodgena, rom

sikvdilis momentSi es oreuli gamoeyofa sxeuls da gardaiqmneba moZrav, keTil,

an borot sulad. amasTan erTad, pirvelyofili adamianebi sulier da usulo

sagnebs Znelad ansxvavebdnen. Aamitom isini micvalebulebis sulebs ukavSirebdnen

raime realur garemoebas. ase iqmneboda ojaxuri da winaprebis kultebi. sxeulisa

da sulis dualizmisgan gamomdinare pirvelyofili religiebi qmnidnen uamrav

sulebs, romlebic cxovrobdnen maTTan, moRvaweobdnen da iyvnen TiTqosda

sasargeblo da usargebloni.

dawvrilebiTi uaryofa, romelis wamoiwyo diurkemma, nabij-nabij aRadgens am

interpretaciis elementebs. ra saWiroa sizmrebs mivaniWoT aseTi mniSvneloba? ra

saWiroa warmosaxviT oreuls mivaniWoT wminda xasiaTi? ratom unda mivaniWoT mas

gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba? winaprebis kults diurkemi amatebs arapirvelyofil

kults. Aarasworia, TiTqos pirvelyofili adamianebis kultebi specialurad

mimarTulia micvalebulebisken. micvalebulebis kulti ar aris pirvelyofili

fenomeni.

rogorc wesi, diurkemi amtkicebs, rom religiis arsi mdgomareobs wmindaTa

wmindaSi da maincdamainc ar fiqrobs imaze, rom aRniSnos animisturi Teoriis

naklovanebebi. sinamdvileSi am ukanasknels ukidures SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia axsnas

mxolod sulebis samyaros Seqmna, magram sulebis samyaro ar aris wminda samyaro.

mTavari da kerZod uwmindesi rCeba amoucnobi. Aarabunebrivi Zalebi, suli an

sulebi, romlebic cocxlebTan erTad arseboben, TavisTavad ar arian wmindebi.

Nmxolod erTaderTi sazogadoeba warmoadgens wminda sazogadoebas, rogorc

aseTs. is devs bunebaSi. is amasTan xsnis religiis, rogorc fenomenis mizezs da

amasTan ansxvavebs miwiers da aramiwiers.

diudkemi amiT erTmaneTs upirispirebs namdvil mecnierebas religiis Sesaxeb da

fsevdo mecnierebas:

”dauSvebelia, rom ideebis iseTi sistemebi, rogoricaa religia, romelic ikavebs

istoriaSi aseT mniSvnelovan adgils, romelsac yvela droSi adamianebi

mimarTavdnen rogorc energiis wyaros da romelic aucilebeli iyo maTi

cxovrebisTvis, sinamdvileSi iluziebi yofiliyo. dRes ukve aRiarebulia, rom

morali da mecnieruli azri warmoiSva religiis fesvebSi da didxans iyo masSi

aRreuli. religia dResac maTiT aris ganmsWvaluli. rogor SeiZleboda, rom

cariel fantazias SeeZlo adamianTa gonebis ase didxans formireba. ra Tqma unda

religiis Sesaxeb mecnierebaSi mTavari unda iyos is, rom religia ar gamoxatavs

arafers iseTs, rac bunebaSi ar momxdara.

problema mdgomareobs imis gagebaSi, bunebis romel samflobelos ganekuTvneba

esa Tu is realebi da ram gamoiwvia is, rom adamianebma is warmoidgines

religiuri azrovnebisaTvis damaxasiaTebel am erTaderT formaSi. magram

imisaTvis rom warmoqmniliyo msgavsi problema, pirvel rigSi is unda vaRiaroT,

rom aseT formaSi danaxuli sagnebi realuria.

rodesac XVIII saukunis filosofosebmac gamoacxades religia mRvdlebis mier

gamogonebul did sisuleled, maT SeeZloT ukidures SemTxvevaSi aexsnaT

xalxisTvis ratom iyvnen dainteresebulni mRvdlebi am tyuiliT, xolo Tu TviTon

xalxi iyo am araswori ideebis Semqmneli da amavdroulad misi msxverpli, maSin

rogor gauZlo am tyuilma saukuneebs. ra mecnierebaa es iseTi, rom misi mTavari

azri ase unda yofiliyo dafaruli?”

es yvelaferi lamazi sityvebia, magram me vfiqrob, rom sociologi an

sociologi ara diurkemis skolis, moindomebda ase gaeca pasuxi: inarCunebs Tu

ara mecniereba religiis Sesaxeb Tavis azrs, romlis Tanaxmad adamianebi

eTayvanebian sazogadoebas an uaryofen mas. rogor Tvlis mecnieri diurkemi, rom

mecniereba religiis Sesaxeb, principSi, amtkicebs transcendentuli da

zebunebrivis realobas. SeiZleba Tu ara Cveni religiis realobis xelaxla

aRmoCena misgan transcendentulobis CamoSorebiT?

diurkemis Teoriis mixedviT, totemizmi warmoadgens umartives religias. Aam

mtkicebulebas safuZvlad udevs religiis istoriis evolucia. Aaraevoluciuri

TvalsazrisiT, totemizmi Cveulebrivi religiaa. Tu diurkemi amtkicebs, rom

totemizmi umartivesi religiaa, maSin is eTanxmeba imas, rom religia viTardeboda

erTi sawyisisgan.

ufro metic, rom daviWiroT religiis azri mis kerZo da reliefur

gamoxatvaSi_totemizmSi, unda CavTvaloT, rom saTanadod gamorCeuli gamocdileba

xsnis fenomens, romelic damaxasiaTebelia sazogadoebisTvis. Ddiurkemis religiis

Teoria ar muSavdeboda uamravi sxvadasxva religiebis Seswavlis safuZvelze.

ZiriTadi “religiuri” azri daWeril iqna konkretul magaliTSi, romelSic

daSvebuli iqna is faqti, rom am magaliTze ixsneba analogiurad sxva msgavsi

fenomenebis arsi.

diurkemi aanalizebs umartives religias totemizms klanisa da totemis

cnebebis gamoyenebiT. Kklani, es aris jgufi adamianebis, naTesavebis, romlebic

sisxliT naTesavebi ar arian. Ees SeiZleba iyos yvelaze martivi gaerTianeba

adamianebis, romlebic TavianT yofas ukavSireben romelime mcenares, an cxovels.

Kklanuri totemis gadacema avstraliur tomebSi xSirad xdeba dedis mxridan,

magram es gadacema mkacrad ar aris gansazRvruli kanoniT. Ggarda klanuri

totemisa, arsebobs individualuri totemebi, ufro ganviTarebuli jgufebis, iseTi

rogoricaa fratria da matrimonialuri klasi.

avstraliur tomebSi, romlebsac swavlobda diurkemi, yovel totems aqvs Tavisi

emblema an gerbi. TiTqmis yvela klans aqvs sagnebi _ xis naWrebi, an calkeuli

qvebi, romliTac figuralurad gamoxatulia totemis azri, amitom ganekuTvneba

wminda samyaros. Cven am fenomens yovelgvari problemis gareSe gavigebT. Mmag.

Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi erT-erTi avstraliuri tomis “Curingis” (simbolos)

eqvivalenti SeiZleba ganvixiloT droSa. garkveuli sazogadoeba mas aigivebs

siwmindesTan, samSoblos cnebasTan. totemuri nivTebi, romlebic totemis emblemas

warmoadgenen iTxoven tipiur religiur damokidebulebas: TavSekavebas, an

TavSeukaveblobas. Mmag: klanis wevrebma Tavi unda Seikavon kvebisagan an totemze

xelis Sexebisagan, an piriqiT.

amrigad, avstraliur tomebSi warmoiqmneba sagnebis wminda samyaro, romelic

Sedgeba, upirveles yovlisa, mcenareebisa da cxovelebisagan, romlebic TviTon

arian totemebi da Semdeg sagnebisagan, romlebic totemebis gamosaxulebebi arian.

saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi individebic iTvlebodnen wmindanebad. sabolood mTeli

realoba iyofoda 2 ZiriTad jgufad: erTis mxriv yoveldRiuri nivTebi, romlebic

gamoiyeneboda “ekonomiuri” TvalsazrisiT da meores mxriv, mTeli samyaro wminda

sagnebisa_mcenareebis da cxovelebis, maTi gamosaxulebebis, individebis.

diurkemi totemizmis asaxsnelad iyenebs Cveulebriv meTods, uars ambobs

mosazrebaze, rom totemizmi kidev ufro primitiuli religiidan gamomdinareobs.

is uars ambobs totemizmis warmoSobis ideaze winaprebis an cxovelebis kultidan.

misi azriT istoriulad da logikurad pirvelad iyo klanuri totemizmi. es metad

mniSvnelovani mdgomareobaa, vinaidan is xazs usvams kultis prioritets,

romelsac individebi TviTon sazogadoebaSi qmnian. totemizmis upirvelesi mizezi

aris wmindanis aRiareba xolo wminda aRmoCndeba Zala, romelic koleqtivSi yvela

individze ufro maRla dgas.

TumcaRa ramdenime citata ufro naTels gaxdis diurkemis Teorias, vidre Cemi

komentarebi:

“totemizmi, es aris rwmena ara romelime cxovelis, romelime adamianis, an

raime gamosaxulebaSi, aramed raRac usaxelo, usaxo ZalaSi, romelic arsebobs

yvela arsebaSi. Aaravin flobs mas mTlianad, magram yvelas aqvs masTan

urTierToba. is imdenad damoukidebelia obieqtisgan, romelSic is aisaxeba, rom

uswrebs maT warmoSobas da cxovrobs maT Semdegac. individebi kvdebian. erTi

Taoba icvleba sxva TaobiT, xolo es Zala kvlav rCeba Tanamedroved, cocxlad da

Seucvlelad. is asuldgmulebs axalTobas, seve rogorc asuldgmulebda

guSindels da iseve, rogorc asuldgmulebsxvalindels. Yyvelaze farTo gagebiT

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es Zala aris rmerTi, romlis winaSe muxls iyris yoveli

totemuri kulti.”

Ees araCveulebrivi fragmentia, romelic SegviZlia mivusadagoT religiis

nebismier formas da igi natlad da araorazrovnad xsnis diurkemis msjelobis

sagans: yvela totemuri rwmenebi an wes-Cveulebebi Tavisi arsiT hgavs nebismier

sxva religiur rwmenebsa da wes-Cveulebebs.

avstralielebi am usaxelo Zalas, romelic aris mcenareSi, cxovelSi, an maT

gamosaxulebaSi ganixilaven yoveldRiuri sagnebis mimarT garesamyarod. Aam usaxo

da anonimur, erTdroulad immanentur da trascendentur Zalebis mimarT aris

mimarTuli rwmena da kulti. Araferi ar aris imaze advili, isargeblo am

cnebebiT da gamoiyeno isini umaRles religiaSi. Magram aq Cven vlaparakobT

totemizmze, romlis cneba emyareba klanur totemizmis upirvelesobaze: rom

warmoiSvas raime wminda, saWiroa xalxma ganasxvaos erTis mxriv miwieri

yoveldRiuri da meores mxriv is, rasac gaaCnia sxva buneba da amitom aris wminda.

unari, ganasxvaos es, Cndeba pirvelyofili adamianis SemecnebaSi, vinaidan rogorc

koleqtivis wevrebs, maT aqvT bundovani gancda imis, rom arsebobs raRac ufro

maRali maT individualobaze da es aris is Zala, romelic momdinareobs maTi

sazogadoebidan, romelic arsebobs manamdec da Semdegac da romelsac isini

eTayvanebian ise, rom ar ician amis Sesaxeb.

“melaneziur xalxebSi Cven aRmovaCineT sityva “manas” qveS cneba, romlis

analogiuri sius xalxebSi igivea rac sityva “vakani” da sityva

“orenda”_irokezcebSi. ai, rogor ganmartavs kodringtoni: melanezielebs swamT

Zalis arseboba, romelic udavod gansxvavebulia materialuri yovelgvari

Zalisagan, romelic moqmedebs nebismieri garemoebisas rogorc keTili, an boroti.

adamians aqvs upiratesoba, rom daiqvemdebaros es Zala. es aris mana. me vfiqrob,

rom gavige am sityvis mniSvneloba. es aris Zala aramaterialuri da garkveuli

azriT, zebunebrivi xasiaTis, magram igi mJRavndeba rogorc fizikuri Zala, an

rogorc nebismieri nairsaxeoba Zalauflebisa da upiratesobisa. mana sulac ara

aris mizanmimarTuli romelime konkretul obieqtze. igi SeiZleba iyos nebismier

saganSi. Mmelanezielebis mTeli religia midis iqamde, rom yvelam uzrunvelyos

TavisTvis mana, raTa an raime sikeTe miiRon misgan, an sxvas moutanos raime

sikeTe.” mana es ar aris igive gageba anonimuri da gabneuli Zalisa, romelic Cven

avstraliur totemizmSi aRmovaCineT.

am fragmentSi, religiis analiziT centralur cnebas warmoadgenda anonimuri,

gabneuli Zala.

ratom xdeba sazogadoeba rwmenisa da kultis obieqti? imitom, rom TviTon

sazogadoebaSi aris raRaca wminda - ase pasuxobs am kiTxvaze diurkemi.

xSir SemTxvevaSi sazogadoebas marTlac aqvs yvelaferi aucilebeli, rom

moaxdinos xalxze RvTaebrivi StabeWdileba, Tundac Tavisi zemoqmedebiT,

vinaidan is maTTvis igivea, rac RmerTi morwmuneTaTvis. sinamdvileSi RmerTi aris

Zala, romelic warmoudgenia adamians, rogorc masze ufro Zlieri Zala,

romelzec, misi azriT, igi aris damokidebuli. romeli pirovnebac ar unda iyos

is, zevsi Tu ieso, an Tundac abstraqtuli Zalebi, Tavs valdebulad Tvlian

moiqcnen ise, rogorc es maT STaagona TviTon RvTiurobis bunebam, romelTanac is

SeigrZnobs kontaqts. magram sazogadoebasTanac xom vgrZnobT Cven mudmiv

damokidebulebas da sazogadoebac mudmivad iTxovs Cvens mxardaWeras. is iTxovs,

rom daviviwyoT Cveni piradi interesebi da gavxdeT misi msaxurebi. is gvaiZulebs

wavideT garkveuli saxis daTmobebze da msxverplzec. Aamrigad, Cven iZulebulebi

varT mudmivad daveqvemdebaroT qcevis iseT wesebs da iseT azrovnebas, romelsac

Cven ar velodebodiT arasdros da romelic winaamRdegobaSia Cvens

midrekilebebsa da mTavar instiqtebTan. miuxedavad amisa, sazogadoeba rom

Rebulobdes Cvengan am konscesebs da msxvrepls, mxolod materialuri

zemoqmedebis Sedegad is SeZlebda CvenSi gaeRviZebina mxolod warmodgena raRac

fizikur Zalaze, romelsac Cven unda davuTmoT da ara iseT moralur Zalaze,

romelsac religiebi eTayvanebian. sinamdvileSi, Zalaufleba, romelsac

anxorcielebs sazogadoeba gonebaze emyareba ara marto fizikur upiratesobas,

aramed ufro moralur avtoritets. Tu Cven vasrulebT sazogadoebis moTxovnebs,

ara mxolod imitom, rom is Zlieri da SeuiaraRebelia, aramed imitom, rom is aris

namdvilad pativiscemis obieqti.

sazogadoeba CvenSi aRZravs RvTaebriv grZnobebs. is, erTis mxriv, aris

aucilebeli xelisufleba da meores mxriv is aris individebze maRla mdgomi

realoba, romelic iwvevs pativiscemas, Tayvaniscemas d mzadyofnas

TavganwirisaTvis. is agreTve xels uwyobs rwmenis gaRvivebas, radgan rodesac

individebi erTmaneTs uaxlovdebin da erTad cxovroben, sazeimo lxenis dros

aqvT unari RvTaebrivis Seqmnis. am mimarTulebiT sainteresoa ori fragmenti:

erTSi diurkemi aRwers avstralieli pirvelyofili sazogadoebis cxovrebidan

egzaltaciis scenebs, meoreSi ki is miuTiTebs did frangul revoluciaze. Aai

fragmenti, romelic eZRvneba avstralielebs: “Ramis dadgomasTan erTad

yvelanairi procesebi: cekvebi, simRerebi anTebuli maSxalebis qveS mimdinareobda.

amasTan xalxic ufro aRegzneboda. raRac momentSi, Tormeti damxmaredan

TiToeulma xelSi aiRo anTebuli maSxala da erT-erTma maTganma am maSxaliT,

rogorc SubiT, miitana ieriSi ucxo tomTa jgufze. daiwyo saerTo Setakeba.

adamianebi aRgznebulebi daxtodnen, raRac veluri xmiT Rrialebdnen. es

yvelaferi, rogorc spenseri da gileni amboben, aris iseTi veluri suraTi,

romelic SeuZlebelia sityvebiT gadmoices.

advili warmosadgenia, rom egzaltaciis aseT mdgomareobaSi adamians ar axsovs

Tavisi Tavi. ganicdis ra igi raRac garegani Zalis zemoqmedebas, romelic mas

aiZulebs ifiqros da imoqmedos ise, rogorc is ar imoqmedebda Cveulebriv

situaciaSi, igi, ra Tqma unda, fiqrobs, rom gardaiqmna axal adamianad. is

mosarTavebi da niRbebi, romelic mas ukeTia, yvelaferi misi Sinagani

transformaciis materialuri formaa, xolo is, rom mis garSemo yvelani igive

mdgomareobaSi arian, maT afiqrebinebs, rom isini sxva samyaroSi gadavidnen.

SeeZlo amgvar gamocdebs, gansakuTrebiT roca is kviris ganmavlobaSi yovel dRe

meordeboda, am pirvelyofil adamianSi ar gaeCina is azri, rom arsebobs ori

gansxvavebuli samyaro, erTi yoveldRiuri, xolo meore RvTaebrivi.

rac Seexeba meore magaliTs safrangeTis revoluciasTan dakavSirebiT:

safrangeTis revoluciis dros xalxi Sepyrobili iyo raRac religiuri

enTuziazmiT. sityvebma “nacia”, “revolucia”, “Tavisufleba” SeiZines raRac

RvTaebrivi Rirebuleba, rasac adgili hqonda avstraliur tomebSi sityva

“Curingas”.

“es unari sazogadoebis, Svas sxvadasxva RmerTebi, ise arasodes gamovlenila,

rogorc revoluciis pirvel dReebSi. marTlac, am dros saerTo enTuziazmis

zegavleniT, wminda RvTaebrivi mniSvneloba miiRes sityvebma “samSoblo”,

“Tavisufleba”, “goni” .aRiniSneboda tendencia religiebis Seqmnis- Tavisi

dogmebiT, simbolikiT, zeimebiT.

bergsoni Tavis naSroms “moralis da religiis ori wyaro” amTavrebs Semdegi

fraziT: “universumi_RmerTebis warmoebis manqana”. diurkemi ityoda: sazogadoeba,

es aris RmerTebis damamzadebeli manqana, magram es yvelaferi warmatebiT rom

ganxorcieldes, individebma unda datovon TavianTi Sinagani samyaro, yoveldRiuri

cxovreba da gadavidnen egzaltaciis mdgomareobaSi.

amrigad, diurkemis religiis socialuri interpretacia iRebs or formas:

pirvel SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeba unarze, rom totemizmis dros adamianebi, ise

rom ar uwyian amas, muxls iyrian Tavisi sazogadoebis winaSe. meore

interpretaciiT sazogadoebas SeuZlia Svas RmerTebi an religia, roca adamianebi

koleqtiuri cxovrebis Zlieri daZabulobis Sedegad arian egzaltaciis

mdgomareobaSi. avstraliur tomebSi es egzaltacia warmoiqmneboda sxvadasxva

ritualebis Catarebis dros, romelic dResac SeimCneva. Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi ki, miuTiTebs diurkemi, aseTi mdgomareoba warmoiqmneba

politikuri da sxvadasxva krizisebis dros.

gamomdinare am ZiriTdi ideebidan, diurkemi xsnis RmerTs, sulis mcnebas,

cdilobs Teoriulad gaiazros religiuri warmodgenebi. religiaSi Sedis rwmenis

sistema, xolo rwmena gamoixateba sityvebiT, anu Rebulobs azrebis formas.

diurkemi cdilobs daadginos totemuri sistematizaciis sazRvrebi da

amavdroulad gviCvenos SesaZlebloba totemuri samyarodan ufro gviandel

religiebSi gadasvlis.

garda amisa, diurkemi aRniSnavs ori saxis sazogadoebrivi

fenomenis simboloebisa da wes-Cvevebis mniSvnelobas. socialuri qmedebebidan

umravlesoba mimarTulia ara uSualod sagnebis mimarT, aramed maTi

simboloebisadmi: mag. totemizmSi akrZalvebi vrceldeboda ara uSualod

totemuri cxovelebisa da mcenareebis mimarT, aramed sagnebisadmi maTi

gamosaxulebebiT, iseve rogorc Tanamedrove cxovrebSi. mag. droSa_samSoblos

simbolo.

diurkemma SeimuSava wes-CveulebaTa Teoria da gamoavlina maTi sxvadasxva

tipebi da saerTo funqciebi. igi ganasxvavebs sami saxis wes-Cveulebas: negatiuri,

pozitiuri da rogorc igi ambobs monaniebiTi. negatiuri es aris akrZalvebi: ar

SeiZleba Wama, Sexeba; pozitiuri_piriqiT. Mmag. gamaspinZleba. yvela es Cveulebebi

asruleben mniSvnelovan sazogadoebriv funqcias. maTi funqcia mdgomareobs

sazogadoebis arsebobaSi. maTi mizania, rom sazogadoeba arsebobdes.

daskvnaSi diurkems totemizmis analizidan gamoyavs Semecnebis

sociologiuri Teoria. marTlac, is ar ifargleba mxolod imiT, rom gavigoT

avstraliuri tomebis wes-Cveulebebi. is agreTve cdilobs gaigos azrovnebis

meTodebi, romelic dakavSirebulia samyaros religiur rwmenebTan. Ees Semecnebis

sociologiuri Teoria Seicavs sam safexurs:

1) klasifikaciis pirveladi formebi dakavSirebulia samyaros

religiur warmodgenasTan, romelic gamomdinareobs ori samyaros arsebobidan:

miwieris da aramiwieris, anu RvTaebrivis. am Teziss ase ganmartavs diurkemi: “ rom

mivyolodiT srul sinamdviles, Cven verasodes vifiqrebdiT gagveerTianebina

arsebebi, romlebic cxovroben samyaroSi gomogenur, anu rogorc veZaxiT_gvarebad.

Tvalwin rom ar gvqonoda magaliTi adamianuri sazogadoebebisa. ase rom,

Tavidanve iqna areuli jgufebi adamianebisa da logikuri jgufebisa. Mmeores

mxriv, es klasifikacia warmoadgens sistemas, romlis nawilebi ewyobian

ierarqiulad. arseboben mTavari niSnebi da niSnebi, romlebic winazea

damokidebuli. maTi ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebebi damokidebulia maT gvarze,

amasTan, erTi da igive gvaris sxvadasxva saxeobebi erT doneze mdebareoben.”

xSir SemTxvevaSi diurkemi msjelobs, rom dasaxlebuli samyaros klasificireba

jgufebad movaxdineT imitom, rom gvqonda magaliTi adamianis sazogadoebis.

ierarqiis idea, romelic aucilebelia gvarebisa da saxelebis logikuri

klasifikaciisTvis, TiTon sazogadoebisgan gamomdinareobs. ierarqia

sazogadoebrivi movlenaa, vinaidan mxolod sazogadoebaSia maRla, qveviT

Tanabrad. aqedan gamomdinare, am aRniSnuli cnebebis analizi sakmarisi maTi

pirveli wyaros gamosavlenad.

2) diurkemi amtkicebs, rom iseTi idea, rogoric aris mizezobrioba,

gamomdinareobs sazogadoebidan da mxolod iqedan. koleqtiuri cxovreba Sobs

Zalis ideas. TviTon es sazogadoeba adamianTa Soris Sobs am warmodgenas da es

Zala aRemateba individebs.

3) diurkemi, erTi sityviT, cdilobs daamtkicos, rom Semecnebis sociologiuri

Teoria im saxiT, rogorsac is ganixilavs, gvaZlevs saSualebas gadavlaxoT

winaamRdegoba empirizmsa da apriorizms Soris.

empirizmi_es aris swavleba, romlis Tanaxmad, kategoriebi xSir SemTxvevaSi

uSualod gamomdinareoben grZnobiTi gamocdilebidan, maSin rodesc apriorizmis

Tanaxmad isini mocemulia TviTon adamianis gonSi. Diurkemis mixedviT, empirizmi

yalbia imitom, rom ar SeuZlia axsnas konceptebi an kategoriebi rogor

gamomdinareoben grZnobebidan. apriorizmi yalbia imitom, rom ver xsnis verafers,

vinaidan is Tavidanve devs adamianis gonSi.

apriorizmma daafiqsira, rom SegrZnebebisagan ver warmoiqmneba konceptebi an

kategoriebi da rom gonSi aris raRac ufro meti, vidre grZnobebi. magram, arc

apriorizmma da arc empirizmma ar aRniSna, rom es aris ufro meti, vidre es

grZnobebi da unda hqondes mas pirvelmizezi da Seicavdes axsnas. zustad

koleqtiuri cxovreba gvaZlevs saSualebas gavigoT konceptebisa da kategoriebis

buneba. konceptebi racionalizmis Teoriis Sesabamisad aris raRac usaxo

warmodgena. koleqtiuri azrovneba gansxvavdeba Tavisi bunebiT individisagan da

konceptebi ki aris Sexedulebebi, romlebsac Tavs axveven individebs.

sinamdvileSi sazogadoebas ar ainteresebs wvrilmanebi da erTeulebi. is aris

meqanizmi, romlis saSualebiTac ideebi xdeba saerTo da, amave dros, axdens

zegavlenas konceftebze da kategoriaze.

mecniereba batonobs Cvenze imitom, rom ase surs sazogadoebas, romelSic Cven

vcxovrobT. “miuxedavad imisa, rom zogjer koncefti agebulia mecnierebis yvela

kanonis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini Tavisi gansakuTrebuli obieqturobis wyalobiT

sargebloben didi zegavleniT. imisaTvis, rom sargeblobdes ndobiT,

konceptisTvis ar aris sakmarisi iyos gulwrfeli. Tu isini ar Tanxmdebian sxva

azrebTan, xva rwmenebTan, an koleqtiur SexedulebebTan, maSin isini iqnebian

uaryofilni. maTTvis yvela goneba iqneba daketili da iqneba ise, TiTqos isini

saerTod arc yofilan. Tu dRes isini sargebloben Cveni ndobiT, maSin es niSnavs,

rom Cven gvjera mecnierebis, magram es rwmena Tavisi bunebiT aris religiurobis

msgavsi. Rirebuleba, romelsac Cven vaniWebT mecnierebas, mTlianobaSi

damokidebulia Cvens mier gamomuSavebul koleqtiur Sexedulebaze da mis rolze

cxovrebaSi. es niSnavs, rom is gamoxatavs azris mdgomareobas. sinamdvileSi,

rogorc yvelaferi sazogadoebriv cxobvrebaSi, mecniereba mainc damyarebulia

Sexedulebebze. ra Tqma unda es Sexeduleba SegviZlia ganvixiloT rogorc

mecnierebis obieqti, aseve SeiZleba gnvixiloT sociologiac. Mmagram mecniereba

Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb ar qmnis imis azrs, rom mas SeuZlia mxolod naTeli

mohfinos, saSualeba misces ukeT Seicnos Tavisi Tavi. Aam gzaze is marTlac

SeiZleba iyos mizezi misi cvlilebis, magram mecniereba ganagrZobs iyos

damokidebuli Sexedulebaze da amave dros, TiTqos maTze zemoqmedebs kidec _

vinaidan es Sexedulebebi mas amaragebs ZaliT, romelic aucilebelia masze

zemoqmedebisaTvis.

amrigad, yvela mtkicebuleba iqneboda uSedego, Tu mocemul sazogadoebaSi ar

iqneboda rwmena mecnierebisadmi. Ees mdgomareoba aris erTdroulad cxadic da

afsurdulic. TvalsaCinoa, rom es mtkicebulebebi ar iqneboda sarwmuno iq, sadac

xalxs mtkicebulebebis ar sjera. Magram es ganxilvebi mudam iqneboda WeSmariti

im SemTxvevaSic ki, rom xalxs Savi TeTrad CaeTvala. Tu saqme exeba rwmenis

fsiqologiur mxares, diurkemi marTalia, xolo Tu saqme exeba logikur mxares,

maSin igi aSkarad ar aris marTali.

am gamokvlevisas me moviyvane bevri citata magaliTad, radgan sakuTari Tavis

bolomde ar mjera. sinamdvileSi, me ganvicdi garkveul siZneleebs diurkemis

azrovnebis meTodebiT azrovnebaSi, albaT imis gamo, rom ar gamaCnia simpaTia,

romelic ase aucilebelia imisaTvis rom gavugo mas.

sazogadoeba, gveubneba diurkemi, aris erTdroulad realuri da idealuri

Ffenomeni da Tavisi SinaarsiT aris idealuris Semomqmedi. Aamrigad, Tu me vixilav

sazogadoebas individebis koleqtivis saxiT, mag. Avstraliuli klani, ra Tqma

unda vadgen imas, rom am sazogadoebam, rogorc bunebrivma realobam, SeiZleba

xeli Seuwyos rwmenis warmoqmnas. Znelia warmovidginoT calkeuli individebis

mxridan raime religiurobis warmoqmnis praqtika. ufro metic, yvela adamianuri

fenomeni gviCvenebs socialur cvlilebebs da nebismieri religia warmoudgenelia

jgufis gareSe, sadac is daibada. magram Tu davumatebT imas, rom sazogadoeba ara

marto realuria, aramed idealuric da eTayvanebian mas, me miWirs daveTanxmo

diurkems. Tu religia sabolood dadis siyvarulze raime konkretulisadmi, maSin

me es siyvaruli meCveneba rogorc kerpisadmi Tayvaniscema, xolo religia am

SemTxvevaSi meCveneba galucinaciad.

Tu sazgadoeba, rogorc religiuri kultis konkretuli obieqti SeigrZnoba,

Sedgeba individebisagan da iseve arasrulyofilia, rogorc TviTon individebi,

maSin es individebi, romlebic mas Tayvans scemen arian galucinaciis msxverplni

iseve, rogorc maT rom Tayvani ecaT mcenareebisaTvis, cxovelebisaTvis,

sulebisaTvis. Tu sazogadoeba ganixileba, rogorc bunebrivi realoba, maSin

diurkemi religiis sagans “icavs” ara imaze metad, vidre nebismieri axsna-

ganmarteba am sagnisa. Aan is sazogadoeba, romelsac gulisxmobs, ar aris

realuri, is gansxvavdeba imaTgan, romelic Cven SegviZlia davinaxoT da maSin Cven

vSordebiT totemizms da vaRiarebT kacobriobis religiis msgavs raRac sxva

religias. sazogadoeba, romelic am SemTxvevaSi warmoadgens Tayvaniscemis obieqts

aRar aris konkretuli realoba. Ees aris idealuri realoba, romelSic

gamoxatulia is, rac rCeba realur sazogadoebaSi arasrulad realizebuli

idealisagan. Aam SemTxvevaSi ki sazogadoeba ki ar gansazRvravs RvTaebrivs, aramed

adamianis tvinisaTvis momadlebuli RvTaebrivis cneba gansazRvravs sazogadoebas

iseve, rogorc mas SeuZlia gansazRvros nebismieri sxva realoba.

diurkemi aRniSnavs, rom sazogadoeba aRtkinebul, agznebul mdgomareobaSi

qmnis religias. aq laparakia konkretul garemoebebze. individebi midian iseT

fsiqikur mdgomareobamde, roca isini SeigrZnoben raRac uxilav Zalebs,

erTdroulad immanenturs da transcendenturs; aseTi axsna iZleva swored im

ganmartebas, rom sazogadoebrivi aRtkineba iwvevs religiis warmoqmnas. Mmagram am

SemTxvevaSi xom araferi rCeba im ideidan, rom TiTqos religiis sociologiuri

interpretacia iZleva saSualebas “gadavarCinoT” misi sagani imiT, rom vaCvenoT

rogor aRmerTebs adamiani imas, rac Rirsia Tayvaniscemis. amasTan Cven tyuilad ar

vaxsenebdiT sazogadoebas mxolobiT ricxvSi, vinaidan diurkemis azriT, aris

mxolod sazogadoeba. Aamitom Tu laparakia sazogadoebriv kultze, igulisxmeba

mxolod tomebis religia an nacionaluri religiebi. Aam SemTxvevaSi religiis

arsi xdeba CaenergoT adamianebs fanatikuri erTguleba garkveuli jgufebis

mimarT da piriqiT - siZulvili sxva jgufebis mimarT.

da bolos, CemTvis miuRebelia religiis arsis gansazRvra rogorc individis

Tayvaniscemisa, vinaidan Cems TvalSi swored sazogadoebrivi wyobisadmi

Tayvaniscema aris uRmerTobis da urwmunoebis arsi. imis mtkiceba, rom religiuri

grZnobebis obieqti aris gardasaxuli sazogadoeba, niSnavs imas, rom ki ar

SemovinaxoT aramed davakninoT adamianis is gamocdileba, romelis axsnasac

cdilobs sociologia.

religiis sociologia (emil diurkemis mixedviT)

sakvanZo sityvebi da gamoTqmebi; religiis roli adamianisTvis; monoTeizmi da

poliTeizmi; religia rogorc soc.iluzia; religiis funqcionaluri midroma;

religia da erToba, solidaroba ritualis safuZvelze; religia da soc.

Ddinamika; religia-soc. cvlilebebis motivi; religia da inovacia.

religiuri rwmenebi da Sexedulebebi dakavSirebulia adamianis bunebis

siRrmiseul, individualur aspeqtTan, rac adamianuri bunebis iracionalobis,

grZnobad sferos warmoadgens. religiuri rwmenebi adamianis cxovrebaSi

aqtualuria, ramdenadac ukavSirdeba iseT rames, rac individisTvis yvelaze sakraluria (wminda).

religia cxovrebis gasazrisianebis garda sazogadoebis wevrebisTvis

uzrunvelyofs jgufuri identobis gancdas. religiuri warmodgenebi

individisTvis warmoadgenen koleqtiuri cnobierebis fenomenebs. isinia

koleqtiuri warmodgenebi mTlianobaSi samyarosa da socialuri sinamdvilis

Sesaxeb, rac socialuri erTobisadmi maTi kuTvnilebis, wevrobis

gamaSualebelia. religiuri Sexedulebebi gamodian rogorc socialuri

mediaciis instrumentebi, romlebic individisTvis aioleben misTvis

Tavsmoxveuli sazogadoebrivi wesebis, normebisa da Rirebulebebis, agreTve,

sxvadasxva artefaqtebisa da socialuri konstruqtebis, rogoricaa, enobrivi

kategoriebi, sivrcis, drois, adgilis, wesrigis da a.S.

arsebobs monoTeisturi da poliTeisturi religiebi.

xSirad, religiis gaigivebas axdenen monoTeistur sistemebTan iudaizmi,

qristianoba, islami da a.S. sadac figurirebs erTi RmerTis idea. Secdomaa

religiis gaigiveba monoTeizmTan. es eTnocentristuli poziciaa. fridrix

nicSes Tezisi RmerTis sikvdilis Sesaxeb (nicSes ekuTvnis

cnobili gamoTqma “RmerTi mokvda”, rac misi socialuri gavlenis Sesustebi

procesis _ sekularizaciis aRmniSvneli iyo) dakavSirebulia dasavleTis

religiuri ideebis eTnocentristul ganxilvasTan, rogorc prioritetuli

religiuri sistemisa. bevr religiaSi arsebobs mraval RvTaebaTa panTeoni

(induizmSi, Zvel berZnul religiaSi). miuxedavad imisa, figurirebs Tu ara masSi

RmerTis idea, yvela religiaSi arsebobs iseTi arsebebi, romelic iwveven

mowiwebisa da Tayvaniscemis grZnobas. aris religiebi, sadac saerTod ar

monawileobs RmerTis gageba da sakraluri Tvisebebis miwera personebisTvis,

rogorc RvTaebrivi Tayvaniscemis figurebisTvis, romelic TavisTavad ar

warmoadgens RvTaebas (budizmSi buda, konfucianelobaSi _ konfuci), an

abstraqtuli “RvTaebrivi Zalebisa” an eTikuri RirebulebebisaTvis, romelic

sulac ar gulisxmobs personificirebul RvTaebas (konfucianelobaSi _sikeTe,

daosizmSi _ dao (samyaros bunebrivi harmonia _ ian da ini urTierTsapirispiro

sawyisebis erTianoba).

religia sxvadasxva sakraluri komponentebisagan Sedgeba. maT Sorisaa

socialuri komponenti, romelic warmodgenilia jgufis saxiT. religia

yovelTvis jgufis, morwmuneTa erTobis arsebobas gulisxmobs. miuxedavad imisa,

rom religiuri Rrmad individualurad ganicdeba, igi upirveles yovlisa,

erToblivi, sxvebTan saerTo grZnobas warmoadgens, romelic erTad yofnis,

jgufSi yofnis gansakuTrebuli emociuri mdgomareobidan amoizrdeba da

mimarTulia am mdgomareobis gaZlierebisa da warmoqmnisaken. ramdenadac

religiuri rwmena ukavSirdeba sakralurs, igi mxolod erTi adamianis

kuTvnilebas ar SeiZleba warmoadgendes, es aris iseTi ram, rac maRldeba

individualur gamocdilebaze da warmoadgens ufro momcveli, masStaburi,

erToblivi gamocdilebis Sedegs. religia ar SeiZleba warmoqmniliyo erTi

pirovnebis gamocdilebis sazRvrebSi, aramed mxolod iq, sadac ikribeba jgufi.

amdenad sociologs ainteresebs religiuri jgufebi da maTi sxva

gaerTianebebisgan ganmasxvavebeli Taviseburebebi sazogadoebaSi. religiis

sociologiuri kvleva eyrdnoba

konkretuli religiuri erTobebis, magaliTad., kaTolikeebis, protestantebis,

iudevelebis, indiustebis, musulmanebis, budistebisa da a.S. da agreTve,

religiuri organizaciis sxva formebis (seqtebi, kultebi, denominaciebi)

Seswavlas.

religiis sociologiuri midgomis formirebaSi mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia

klasikosi sociologebis _ emil diurkemis, karl marqsis, maqs veberis, zigmund

froidis naSromebma, romlebmac gansazRvres religiis sociologiis ganviTarebis

ZiriTadi mimarTulebebi. religiis sociologia Camoyalibda me-19 saukunis meore

naxevarSi da mis ganviTarebaze arsebiTi gavlenis mqonea sociologiis iseTi

fundamenturi Sromebi, rogoricaa, “religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli

formebi” (emil diurkemi), “protestantuli eTika da kapitalizmis suli”,

“msoflio religiebis sameurneo eTika” (maqs veberi) da sxva. niSandoblivia, rom

am sociologebidan Tavad arc erTi warmoadgenda morwmunes da isini Tvlidnen,

rom Tanamedrove samyaroSi religiis mniSvneloba TandaTan mcirdeba. es

sociologebi miiCneven, rom religia Tavisi bunebiT warmoadgens iluzias.

religia warmoadgens socialuri iluziis erT-erT formas da amgvari iluziebis

moTxovnileba obieqturad nebismier sazogadoebaSi arsebobs, rogorc pirovnul

doneze, aseve socialur doneze. miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva religiis

warmomadgenlebi amtkiceben TavianTi religiis erTaderTobas, maTi ritualebis

safuZvlianobas, romelSic morwmuneTa jgufi monawileobs, Tavad religiebis

mravalferovnebis faqti da misi cxadi kavSiri sazogadoebis tipTan, romelSic

gavrcelebas poulobs esa Tu is religia, morwmuneebis mxridan am erTaderTobis

gancxadebas kritikis qveS aqcevs. avstraliaSi adamians, romelic iZulebulia

arsebobis saSualebebis mosapoveblad misdios nadirobas da Semgroveblobas,

gansxvavebuli religiuri Sexedulebebi gaaCnia, kastur sistemaSi mcxovrebi

indusisgan, an evropis Suasaukuneebis kaTolicisturi eklesiis

warmomadgenlisgan.

foerbaxi iyenebs gaucxoebis termins, raTa miuTiTos RvTaebrivi Zalebisa da

foierbaxi wers: “sanam adamianebi ar gaicnobiereben religiuri simboloebis

arss, romlebic maT miervea Seqmnili, Cven viqnebiT ganwiruli, aRmovCndeT

istoriis Zalebis mZevalni, romlebic Cvens nebaze ar aris damokidebuli”.

RmerTebis gansxvavebuli buneba. adamianebis mier Seqmnili ideebi da

Rirebulebebi ganixileba gaucxoebuli damoukidebeli arsebebis _ RvTaebrivi

Zalebisa da RmerTebis moqmedebis Sedegi.

karl marqsi iziarebs Tvalsazriss religiis rogorc TviTgaucxoebis fenomenis

Sesaxeb. xSirad gamoiTqmis mcdari mosazreba marqsis mier religiis uaryofis

Taobaze, magram es WeSmaritebas ar Seesabameba. igi aRiarebs religiis

mniSvnelobas sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi. igi wers: “religia ugulo samyaros

gulia, TavSesafari sastiki realobisgan”. marqsis TvalsazrisiT, religia ki ar

gaqreba, aramed igi Tavisi tradiciuli formiT Seicvleba. es SeiZleba moxdes

ara imis gamo, rom es Rirebulebebi da idealebi mcdaria, aramed isini SeiZleba

aRmoCndnen gzamkvlevi socialuri idealebi kacobriobis srulyofis procesSi

da Caanacvlon maTi religiuri mniSvneloba.

marqsis cnobili gamoTqma, “religia xalxis opiumia”, xazs usvams imas, rom

religia iluziaa. igi xalxs aswavlis moTminebasa da Seguebas cxovrebis

arsebuli pirobebisadmi, romlis jildos miReba SesaZlebelia saiqio

cxovrebaSi. momavali bednierebis amgvari imedi misi azriT, adamianis

orientirebas ufro metad moTminebaze axdens, vodre brZolaze uTanasworobisa

da usamarTlobis winaaRmdeg, rasac qmnis arsebuli gansxvavebebi socialur

mdgomareobaSi.

zigmund froidi religias aseve ganixilavs rogorc iluzias. misi azriT,

religia asrulebs Zalze mniSvnelovan socialur funqcias. igi aZlevs adamians

egzistencialuri SfoTvis gadalaxvis SesaZleblobas, romlis winaSec adamiani

yovelTvis marto dgas. religia aZlevs SesaZleblobas adamians, gadalaxos

sakuTari ususurobis gancda, romelic bavSvobis

dros aris gancdili. religias igi adarebs mamas, mSobels, romlis qveSac bavSvi

nugeSiscemasa da daculobas grZnobs. igive rols asrulebs misi azriT,

sazogadoebac, romelSic adamiani ufro daculad grZnobs Tavs. Tavisufleba

amZafrebs egzistencialur SfoTvas, romlis winaSec marto dgas adamiani.

adamiani TiTqos gadagdebulia am uzarmazar samyaroSi Tavisi TavisuflebiT da

ganwiruli martoobisa da SfoTvisTvis. amitom xSirad adamiani gaurbis

Tavisuflebas, romelic tvirTad gadaiqceva misTvis.

religia asrulebs mniSvnelovan socialur funqcias, rac socialuri konsensusis

miRwevaSi gamoixateba. cnobili frangi sociologi emil individis

fsiqologiuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebasTan erTad diurkemi Tavis

naSromSi “religiuri cxovrebis elementaruli formebi” (1912 w.) xazgasmiT

aRniSnavs erT mniSvnelovan Taviseburebas _ adamianebs ufro uadvildebaT

swamdeT religia da dakavSirebuli RvTaebrivi (sakraluri) da masTan

asocirebuli gansakuTrebuli ritualebi, vidre aRiaron sazogadoebis

Zalaufleba maTs cxovrebaze. ramdenadac religia sazogadoebis mxardamWeria,

igi asaxavs mis struqturebsa da normebs, romlebic ucxoa da individze

maiZulebeli efeqtis mqone. “Cven vsaubrobT enaze, romelic Cvens mier ar aris

Seqmnili da viyenebT instrumentebs, romlebic Cven ar gamogvigonebia.

civilizaciis am sikeTeebs Cven viRebT sazogadoebisgan”, ramdenadac yoveli

momdevno Taoba am sikeTeebs iRebs mza saxiT da mas ar qmnis xelaxla, mas amitom

uneburad hgonia, rom arsebobs raRac uzenaesi Zala da swored mas miewereba

RvTaebrioba. “SesaZloa adamiani uneburad fiqrobs, rom misi nebisgan

damoukideblad arseboben aqtiuri Zalebi, romlebic mas aniWeben damaxasiaTebel

bunebriv Taviseburebebs, mfarveloben, icaven da aZleven bednieri cxovrebis

garantias, uzrunvelyofen mis bednierebas da ra Tqma unda, adamiani cdilobs

ganadidos es Zalebi, ramdenadac misTvis Zalze mniSvneladia yvela sikeTe, rac

am Zalebis mier boZebulad miaCnia”.

diurkemis religiis sociologia SeiZleba ganvixloT rogorc Caketili wre,

romlis makavSirebel rgols warmoadgens socialuri organizacia. pirvel rigSi,

sazogadoeba axdens adamianuri gamocdilebis organizebas. xolo amis Semdeg

adamianebi cdiloben axsnan gare Zalebis gavlena, rac xels uwyobs kidec

religiis formirebas, romelic asaxavs sazogadoebis Sesabamis struqturas. da

bolos, religiuri rwmenebis gamoxatvis mizniT yalibdeba ritualebi. es

ritualebi axdenen jgufis erTianobisa da saerTo religiuri rwmenebis

ganmtkicebas, misi wevrebis moqmedebis regulirebasa da sazogadoebis

struqturis gamyarebas.

emil diurkemi xazgasmiT aRniSnavs im garemoebas, rom religia arasodes

warmoadgens mxolod rwmenebis erTobliobas. nebismieri religiisTvis

damaxasiaTebelia mudmivad ganmeorebadi ritualebi, romelSic monawileobas

iRebs morwmuneTa jgufi. koleqtiuri ritualebis meSveobiT mxardaWeras iRebs

jgufuri solidarobis grZnoba da mtkicdeba. religiuri ritualebi adamianebs

aTavisuflebs amqveyniuri zrunvisa da yoveldRiurobis tvirTisgan da gadahyavs

igi im sferoSi, romelSic grZnobs RvTaebrivTan erTianobiT gamowveul

amaRlebul sulier mdgomareobas – eqstazs. es RvTaebrivi Zalebi (totemebi),

sinamdvileSi asaxaven koleqtivis, erTobis, sazogadoebis gavlenas individze.

ritualebs e. diurkemi sazogadoebis struqturis mTavar mainstitucionizebel

mniSvnelobas aniWebs. ritualebi diurkemis azriT, arsebiTi instrumentebia

socialuri jgufebis wevrebis solidarobis gamyarebaSi. es aris imis mizezi, rom

ritualebi gvxvdeba ara mxolod regularuli RvTismsaxurebis standartul

situaciebSi, aramed yvela umniSvnelovanesi movlenis dros, romelic sociumSi

dakavSirebulia individisa da misi axloblebis cxovrebaSi socialuri

poziciebis cvlilebasTan, rogoric aris dabadeba, qorwineba an gardacvaleba. am

saxis ritualebi praqtikulad yvela sazogadoebaSi gvxvdeba. diurkemi akeTebs

daskvnas, rom ritualebi yvela mniSvnelovani cvlilebis dros, rodesac

adamianebi dganan axal situaciasTan adaptaciis aucileblobis

winaSe, amyareben jgufur solidarobas. magaliTad., dasaflavebis rituali

TvalsaCinod gviCvenebs, rom calkeuli individis cxovreba erTobasTan

SedarebiT gardamaval Rirebulebas warmoadgens, ritualis Sesrulebis

aucilebloba maT uadvildebs TavianTi axloblebis dakargvasTan Seguebas.

maTTvis, visac piradad exeba glova, es ar aris TviTneburi moqmedeba, aramed

valdebuleba, romelsac jgufi erTobis wevrs akisrebs.

sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis progresis Sesabamisad religiis gavlena

sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis sxvadasxva sferoze sustdeba. mecnieruli azrovneba

sul ufro anacvlebs religiur axsnas. religiuri ritualebi da ceremoniebi

sul ufro nakleb adgils ikaveben adamianis cxovrebaSi. diurkemi eTanxmeba

marqss imaSi, rom tradiciuli formiT religia, romelSic figurireben RmerTebi

da RvTaebrivi Zalebi, sul ufro sustdeba. diurkemi wers, rom Tanamedrove

sazogadoebaSi “Zveli RmerTebi kvdebian”. Tumca igi amave dros amtkicebs, rom

marTalia religia aRara aris is centraluri dominanturi simbolo, rogoric is

gvxvdeba traibalur da primitiul religiebSi, romelic gansazRvravda

individualur da koleqtiur cnobierebas sazogadoebaSi, magram igi Secvlili

formiT inarCunebs Tavis mniSvnelobas individis yofierebaSi.

religiis Sesaxeb diurkemis ideam ganviTareba hpova maqs veberis konceptualur

paradigmaSi, aq religia ganixileba rogorc individis subieqturad mniSvneladi

sazrisi m. vebers ZiriTadad ainteresebs sazogadoebis dinamikuri aspeqti anu

socialuri procesis mamoZravebeli faqtorebis analizi. veberTan detalurad

warmodgenilia religiis kavSiri sociumis dikamikasTan. veberi religiur

faqtors ukavSirebs socialur cvlilebebs, riTac diurkemi naklebad

interesdeboda. religiuri rwmenebi da Rirebulebebi individis socialuri

moqmedebis motivia. veberi miuTiTebs miuxedavad imisa, rom tradiciul CineTsa

da indoeTSi SeiniSneboda mniSvnelovani gamococxleba vaWrobaSi, warmoebasa da

qalaqmSeneblobaSi, maT ar gamouwveviaT raime sagrZnobi radikaluri

socialuri cvlileba, rac niSandoblivi da damaxasiaTebeli iyo mzardi

dasavluri tipis samrewvelo kapitalizmisTvis. religia gamodis ZiriTad

winaaRmdegobad am tipis cvlilebebis gzaze. magaliTad., induizmSi, romelsac

veberi uwodebs “miRmur religias”, ZiriTadi Rirebulebebi mimarTulia

materialuri samyaros Zalebisgan gaTavisuflebaze, rac ganapirobebs gadasvlas

sulieri ganviTarebis axal, Tvisebrivad maRal safexurze. religiuri grZnobebi

da motivebi, romelsac badebs induizmi ar aris mimarTuli materialuri

samyaros Zalauflebis mipovebisken, rac Tavis mxriv, gamoiyeneba misi

gardaqmnisTvis. piriqiT, induizmi materialur realobas ganixilavs rogorc

safarvels, moCvenebiT realobas, romlis qveSac imaleba kacobriobis WeSmariti

interesebi. konfucenelTa Zalisxmevac mimarTulia iqiTken, rom SeaCeros

ekonomikuri ganviTareba dasavluri azriT, ramdenadac aq xazgasmulia

samyarosTan harmoniis miRwevis mniSvneloba da ara masSi aqtiuri Careva.

miuxedavad imisa, rom didi xnis manZilze warmoadgenda yvelaze mZlavr da

kulturuli TvalsazrisiT ganviTarebul msoflio civilazias, masSi

damkvidrebuli religiuri Rirebulebebi gamodiodnen muxruWebad ekonomikuri

ganviTarebis gzaze.