emf question paper

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Code No: W0103/R05 Set No. 1

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011SURVEYING

(Civil Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80

Answer any FIVE QuestionsAll Questions carry equal marks

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1. (a) Describe plane Table intersection method with the help of neat sketches. Un-der what circumstances this method is resorted to.

(b) Explain the various sources of errors in plane Table Surveying. [8+8]

2. (a) Explain the procedure of chaining. How will you record the measurements ofChain Survey. Enumerate the points to be kept in view while booking thefield notes.

(b) A Survey line BAC crosses a river, A and C being on the near and oppositebanks respectively. A perpendicular AD 40m long is set out at A. If thebearings of AD and DC are 380 451 and 2780 451 respectively and the chainageat A is 862m. find the chainage at C. [8+8]

3. A dumpy level was set up at C exactly mid way between two pegs A and B 100mapart. The readings on the staff when held on the pegs A and B were 2.250 and2.025 respectively. The instrument was then moved and set up at a point D on theline BA produced, and 20m from A. The respective staff readings on A and B were1.875 and 1.670. Calculate the staff readings on A and B to give a horizontal lineof sight. [16]

4. With the help of neat sketches explain briefly the theory of “planimeter”coveringZero circle, Multiplier constant and Instrument constant. [16]

5. What is Gale’s traverse table? Discuss the procedure for recording the variousentries in the table. [16]

6. Derive an expression for the horizontal distance of a vertical staff from a tacheome-ter, if the line of sight is inclined. [16]

7. (a) List out different methods of setting out simple curves. Explain Rankine’smethod of deflection angles for setting out a simple curve.

(b) Calculate the offsets at 15m intervals along the tangents to set out a simplecircular curve of 300m radius. [8+8]

8. (a) What is Geodetic Surveying? How it is different from Plane surveying.

(b) Explain the importance of electronic surveying in the field of surveying.[8+8]

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1. (a) Give a detailed classification of Surveys.

(b) A line 3.2 km long is measured with a steel tape which is 20m under no pullat 30oC. The tape in section is 1/8 cm wide and 1/20 cm thick. If one half ofthe line is measured at a temparature of 40oc and the other half at 50oC andthe tape is attached to a pull of 200N, find the corrected total length of theline given the coefficient of expansion is 11.5 × 10−6 per degree C, weight oftape per Cubic cm of steel = 0.77504N, and E = 2.1× 105N/mm2. [7+9]

2. (a) Define Dip, Magnetic Declination, Azimuth, Isogonic Lines.

(b) The following bearings are observed with a compass. Where do you suspectlocal attraction. Find the correct bearings.

Line F.B B.BAB 74o00′ 254o00′

BC 91o00′ 271o00′

CD 166o00′ 343o00′

DE 177o00′ 0o00′

EA 189o00′ 9o00′ [8+8]

3. (a) Describe the test for the adjustments of level tube giving neat sketches.

(b) Give the desired relation, object and necessity of the adjustment of level tube[10+6]

4. A railway embankment, 500m long has a width at formation level of 9m with sideslopes of 2 to1. The ground levels at every 100m along the center line are givenbelow. The embankment has a listing gradient of 1.2m per 100m and the formationlevel is 110.5 at zero chainage. Assuming the ground to be level across the centreline, compute the volume of earthwork. [16]

Distance(m) 0 100 200 300 400 500Ground level(m) 107.8 106.3 110.5 111 110.7 112.2

5. (a) Differentiate between

i. Transiting and swinging of the telescope.

ii. Face left and face right readings.

iii. Clamp screw and tangent screw.

iv. Telescope normal and telescope inverted.

(b) In a theodolite traversing, the distances are to be measured to a precision of1 in 15,000. Determine the accuracy measurements. [12+4]

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6. A tacheometer was set up at a station A and the readings on a vertically heldstaff at B were 2.255, 2.605 and 2.955, the line of sight being at an inclination of+8024’. Another observation on the vertically held staff at B.M. gave the readings1.640, 1.920 and 2.200, the inclination of the line of sight being +106’. Calculatethe horizontal distance between A and B, and the elevation of B if the R.L of B.Mis 418.685 m. the constants of the instruments were 100 and 0.3. [16]

7. (a) List out different methods of setting out simple curves. Explain Rankine’smethod of deflection angles for setting out a simple curve.

(b) Calculate the offsets at 15m intervals along the tangents to set out a simplecircular curve of 300m radius. [8+8]



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1. (a) a) Explain clearly the points of difference between the prismatic compass andSurveyor’s compass.

(b) What are the sources of errors in compass Surveying and what precautionsare to be taken to eliminate them. [8+8]

2. (a) Explain the procedure of chaining. How will you record the measurements ofChain Survey. Enumerate the points to be kept in view while booking thefield notes.

(b) A Survey line BAC crosses a river, A and C being on the near and oppositebanks respectively. A perpendicular AD 40m long is set out at A. If thebearings of AD and DC are 380 451 and 2780 451 respectively and the chainageat A is 862m. find the chainage at C. [8+8]

3. What is the principle of the indirect methods of locating contours? Briefly explainany 3 methods giving their merits and demerits [16]

4. (a) List the general methods of calculating are as,

(b) Explain any one methods giving its advantages, limitation and suitability fora given type of work. [4+12]

5. (a) Draw a neat sketch of a transit theodolite and explain the functions of itsvarious components.

(b) In a traverse survey, the angular measurements were made with an error of20”. What is the relative accuracy in the linear measurements? [12+4]

6. The following readings were taken on a vertical staff with a tacheometer fitted withan analytic lens:Staff station Bearing Vertical angle Staff reading

A 34020′ +110 0.850 1.410 1.970B 202050′ -40 0.755 1.885 3.015

The value of k for the instrument is 100, calculate the difference of level betweenA and B and the distance AB. [16]

7. (a) What are the elements of a simple circular curve. Give their relationships.

(b) Two roads meet an angle of 127030′. Calculate the necessary data for settingout a curve of 15 chains radius to connect two straight portions of the road ifit is intended to set out the curve by chain and offsets only. Take length ofchain as 30m [7+9]

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8. (a) Describe the object and methodology of Geodetic Surveying.

(b) What impact did the creation of electronic angle measurement (like in TotalStations) have on surveying procedures? [8+8]

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1. (a) List out the different accessories of plane table Surveying. Also explain thepurpose for which they are used.

(b) State Three point problem in plane Table Surveying and describe how it issolved by Bessel’s method. [8+8]

2. (a) Explain compensating and cumulative errors in chain Surveying.

(b) What are the Survey stations. How will you select them.

(c) A Survey line CD intersects a high building. To prolong the line beyond thisobstacle, a perpendicular DE, 200m long is set out at D. From E, two lines EFand EG are set out at angles of 450 and 600 with ED respectively. Determinethe length of EF and EG in order that the points F and G may lie on theprolongation of CD, and also find the obstructed length DF. [4+4+8]

3. The following observations were made during the testing of a dumpy level:

Instrument at Staff reading onA B

A 1.702 2.244B 2.146 3.044

Distance AB=150m Is the instrument in adjustment? To what reading shouldthe line of collimation be adjusted when the instrument was at B? If the R.L ofA=432.052, what should be the R.L. of B. [16]

4. A rectangular plot ABCD forms the plan of a pit excavated for road work. E ispoint of intersection of diagonals. Calculate the volume of excavation from thefollowing data if length AB = 50m and BC = 80m: [16]

Point A B C D EOriginal level 45.2 49.8 51.2 47.2 52.0Final level 38.6 39.8 42.6 40.8 42.5

5. (a) Discuss the relationships between the various axes of a transit.

(b) What are the different types of errors which can occur in theodolite surveying?How would you avoid them? [4+12]

6. (a) Explain how to determine the constants k and C of a tacheometer.

(b) Two distances of 20 and 100 meters were accurately measured out and theintercepts on the staff between the outer stadia webs were 0.196 m at theformer distance and 0.996 at the latter. Calculate the tacheometric constants.

[8+8]

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7. (a) What is a compound curve. If in a compound curve, the direction of the twostraights and one radius are known, deduce the formula for other radius.

(b) Tabulate the necessary data to set out a right handed simple circular curve of600m radius to connect two straights intersecting at a chainage of 3605m byRankine’s method of deflection angles. The angle of deflection of the curve is250 and the peg interval is 30m. [7+9]



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Code No: X0204/R05 Set No. 1

II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS

( Common to Electrical & Electronic Engineering and Electronics & ControlEngineering)

Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80Answer any FIVE Questions

All Questions carry equal marks? ? ? ? ?

1. (a) i. Distinguish between electric potential and potential difference.

ii. Express electric field of static charges in terms of potential.

(b) Derive Poisson’s equation in electrostatics.

(c) In cylindrical co ordinates, the potential v = 500 V at r = 50 cm and theelectric field intensity E = 500 ar V/m at r = 1 m. Determine the location ofthe voltage reference if E (r, φ, z) = K

rar V/m. [6+6+4]

2. (a) A conducting body is in the electric field of static charges. Explain why thenet electric field at any point inside the conducting body will be zero.

(b) Use the result of (a) to show that

i. the net volume charge density at any point inside the conductor is zero,and

ii. the conductor is an equipotential body. [8+4+4]

3. (a) A certain volume of dielectric has a polarization P C/m2. Write the integralexpression for the potential at any point due to this dielectric. Explain thedifferent terms in this expression through a figure,

(b) A spherical dielectric shell has its center at origin, and its internal and externalradii are 49 cm and 50 cm respectively. The shell has a polarization of 3arnC/m2 (spherical coordinates). Considering only the bound surface densityon the outer surface, find the potential of the dielecltric shell. [8+8]

4. (a) State Biot-Savart’s law for the field B due to a steady line current in freespace.

(b) Find the magnetic field B at the center of the axis of a solenoid of radius Rm, axial length ` m, and N turns per meter closely wound, which is carryinga steady current I A.(Hint: In figure 4b, magnetic field B at P = µ0Ir

2

2(r2+z2)3/2az T ). [4+12]

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Figure 4b

5. (a) How Amperes current law differs from Biot - Savart Law.

(b) Evaluate the closed line integral of H from (5,4,1) to (5,6,1) to (0,6,1) to(0,4,1) to (5,4,1) using straight line segments, if H = 0.1y3 ax + 0.4x az A/m.

[6+10]

6. (a) What is Ampere’s force law? Derive the expression.

(b) Two long parallel wires separated 2 meters apart carry currents of 50 A and 100A respectively in the same direction. Determine the magnitude and directionof the force between them per unit length. [10+6]

7. Explain the term vector magnetic potential and obtain the expression for vectormagnetic potential. [16]

8. (a) Explain the concept of Displacement current density

(b) Find JD inside a large oil filled power capacitor whereεr = 6 and E = 100 sin [1.257* 10 - 6(3*108t - 2.45z)]ax kV/m. [6+10]

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1. (a) State and explain Coulomb’s law expressing the force between point chargesin free space as a vector.

(b) Find the electric field at a point outside a sphere of radius R m which carriesa uniform charge density ρ C/m3 in free space. Use Gauss’s law.

(c) Charges of -1 µC and 2 µC are located in free space at the origin and at(0,2,0) m respectively. Find the point on the line joining the charges wherethe electric field is zero. [6+6+4]

2. (a) i. Define capacitance. Express its units in 2 different ways.

ii. As per the usual definition, show that a capacitance is always positive.

iii. Sometimes, capacitance of a single conductor is referred to. What doesthis mean?

(b) Two large parallel conducting plates are separated by a distance 5 mm in air.The +ve and -ve terminals of a 100 V battery are connected, one terminalto each of the plates. The battery is then removed, and a plane conductingsheet, 2 mm thick, is introduced between the two plates parallel to them andwithout touching them.

i. Find the original potential difference between the plates.

ii. After the introduction of the conducting sheet will the potential differencebetween the two outer plates increase or decrease? Explain.

iii. Find the new potential potential difference between the two outer plates.[8+8]

3. (a) A certain volume of dielectric has a polarization P C/m2. Write the integralexpression for the potential at any point due to this dielectric. Explain thedifferent terms in this expression through a figure,

(b) A spherical dielectric shell has its center at origin, and its internal and externalradii are 49 cm and 50 cm respectively. The shell has a polarization of 3arnC/m2 (spherical coordinates). Considering only the bound surface densityon the outer surface, find the potential of the dielecltric shell. [8+8]

4. (a) State Biot - Savart’s law for the magnetic field B due to a steady line currentelement in free space. Use superposition to obtain the field of any line currentconfiguration.

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(b) Steady current I A extends from the origin to z = ` m along the z-axis. Findthe magnetic field B at a distance y m from the origin along the y-axis. [6+10]

5. (a) State and explain Amperes circuital current law.

(b) Given J = 103 sin θ ar A/m2, find the current passing through spherical shell

of r = 0.2 m. [6+10]

6. In region 1, where r. (2ax - 3ay + az) > 5, let µr1 = 10 and in region 2 where r(2ax - 3ay + az) < 5, let µr2 = 2. B1 = 10ax + 20ay + 30az mT everywhere in re-gion 1.

(a) Find the angle θ1 that B1 makes with the unit normal aN21.

(b) Find the angle θ2 that B2 makes with the unit normal aN21. [8+8]

7. Let A = (3y2- 2z) ax - 2x2z ay + (x + 2) az Wb/m in free space. Find ∇ × A and∇ × B. [16]

8. (a) State and explain Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.

(b) If E = 200 e(4y - kt)ax V/m in free space, use Maxwell’s equation to find H,knowing that all fields varying harmonically for which∇X E = - jωµH .[6+10]

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1. (a) State and explain Coulomb’s law for the vector force between two point chargesin free space.

(b) Two straight lines, each of length ` m are situated parallel to each other infree space, with a distance y m between them. P is a point lying on theperpendicular bisector of the two lines, equidistant from the lines. If the linescarry charges of uniform density λ C/m and -λ C/m respectively, find the netelectric field at P. [6+10]




(b) i. Two large parallel conducting plates are separated by a distance d m inair. Find the capacitance per unit area.

ii. A conducting sheet of thickness s m (s<d) is now introduced between theplates, parallel to them but not touching them. Find the new capacitanceper unit area between the outer plates. [6+6+4]

3. (a) Define polarization. Explain how a dielectric acquires polarization.

(b) A long straight line of uniform charge density λ C/m is surrounded by aninsulating medium out to a radius R m. Find D. Also find the electric fieldin the region outside the insulation. Explain why the electric field cannot befound in the insulation region. [8+8]

4. Starting from Bit-Savart’s law, find the magnetic field B at the center of a squareloop of 5000 turns, carrying a steady current of 1 A. The area of the loop is 0.25m2 and it is in free space in the yz-plane. [16]

5. (a) Explain the physical interpretation of curl.

(b) The region 0 < z < 0.1 and 0.3 < z < 0.4 are conducting slabs carrying uni-form current densities of 10 A/m2 in opposite direction. Find Hx at z = -0.04&0.36. [6+10]

6. (a) What is torque? How torque and force are co-related?

(b) Three infinitely long parallel filaments each carry 50 A in the az direction. Ifthe filaments lie in the x = 0 plane with a 2 cm spacing between wires, findthe vector force per meter on each filament. [8+8]

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7. (a) Obtain the expression for inductance of a toroid.

(b) A solenoid of 10 cm in length consists of 1000 turns having the cross sectionradius of 1 cm. Find the inductance of solenoid. What is the value of currentrequired to maintain a flux of 1 mWb in the toroid. Take µr = 1500. [8+8]

8. If σ = 0, ε = 2.5εo and µ = 10µo determine whether following pairs of field satisfyMaxwell’s equation or not.

(a) E = 2y ay v/m, H = 5x ax A/m

(b) E =100 sin 6 * 107 t sin z ay V/m, H = - 0.1328 cos 6 * 107t cos z ax A/m.[8+8]

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1. (a) Derive Poisson’s and Laplace’s equations.

(b) The infinite zx-plane carries a uniform surface charge density and is in freespace. Find the potential in the region y > 0, by solving Laplace’s equation,given that the potential at y = 0 is 100 V; and at y = 1 m it is 0 V. Also findthe charge density on the plane. [Hint: For y > 0; the electric field will beonly in the y - direction]. [8+8]




(b) Two large parallel conducting plates are separated by a distance 5 mm in air.The +ve and -ve terminals of a 100 V battery are connected, one terminalto each of the plates. The battery is then removed, and a plane conductingsheet, 2 mm thick, is introduced between the two plates parallel to them andwithout touching them.

i. Find the original potential difference between the plates.

ii. After the introduction of the conducting sheet will the potential differencebetween the two outer plates increase or decrease? Explain.

iii. Find the new potential potential difference between the two outer plates.[8+8]

3. (a) Obtain the electrostatic boundary conditions for the normal components of theelectric field at the boundary of a linear dielectric and free space the boundarysurface having no externally placed charge.

(b) The region y < 0 contains a dielectric with relative permittivity 2.5, while theregion y > 0 is free space. The electric field in the region y < 0 is (-30ax +50ay +70az) V/m. Find the polarization in the region y < 0. Find D in theregion y > 0, assuming D to be uniform in this region. ( There is no externallyplaced charge on the y=0 plane). [8+8]

4. (a) State Biot-Savart’s law for the field B due to a steady line current in freespace.

(b) Find the magnetic field B at the center of the axis of a solenoid of radius Rm, axial length ` m, and N turns per meter closely wound, which is carrying

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a steady current I A.(Hint: In figure 4b, magnetic field B at P = µ0Ir

2

2(r2+z2)3/2az T ). [4+12]

Figure 4b

5. (a) State and explain Amperes circuital current law.

(b) Given J = 103 sin θ ar A/m2, find the current passing through spherical shell

of r = 0.2 m. [6+10]

6. Explain the nature and behavior of magnetic material. Define and explain the termmagnetization. [16]

7. (a) Explain the terms scalar and vector magnetic potentials. What is the role ofthese quantities in solution of magnetic fields? Give the units and expressionsfor these potentials.

(b) Given the vector magnetic potential A = −( s2

4)az Wb/m in cylindrical system.

Calculate the flux crossing the surface ϕ = π/2, 1 < s < 2m, 0 < z < 5m.[8+8]

8. (a) State and explain Faradays law of electromagnetic induction.

(b) If E = 200 e(4y - kt)ax V/m in free space, use Maxwell’s equation to find H,knowing that all fields varying harmonically for which∇X E = - jωµH .[6+10]

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II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011THERMODYNAMICS

( Common to Mechanical Engineering and Automobile Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


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1. A gas expands according to the equation PV=100, where P is the pressure in KPaand V is the specific volume in m3/kg. The initial pressure of the gas is 1000 KPaand the final pressure is 500 KPa. The gas is then heated at constant volume backto its original pressure of 1000 KPa. Determine the work of combined process. Alsosketch the process on P-V coordinates. [16]

2. (a) What are the practical difficulties associated with the use of ideal gas ther-mometer?

(b) A new temperature scale in Degree N is desired with freezing point at 1000

N and the boiling point at 4000N. Establish a correlation between degreesCentigrade and degrees N. What will be the absolute temperature at 00N?

[6+10]

3. (a) State the limitations of first law of thermodynamics.

(b) What is a thermal energy reservoir?

(c) An engine operating on a Carnot cycle works with in temperature limits of600 K and 300 K. If the engine receives 2000 KJ of heat, evaluate the workdone and thermal efficiency of the engine. [6+2+8]

4. (a) Define saturation temperature state the effect of pressure on saturation tem-perature.

(b) Steam at 18 bar is throttled to 1 bar and the temperature after throttling isfound to be 1500C calculate the initial dryness fraction of steam. [8+8]

5. (a) State the characteristics of.

i. An isothermal and

ii. An adiabatic expansion

(b) One kg of ideal gas is heated from 200C to 960C. Assuming R = 287 J / kg.K and γ = 1.18 for the gas, find out

i. Specific heat

ii. Change in internal energy and

iii. Change in enthalpy. [7+9]

6. A mixture of ideal gases consists of 3 kg of Nitrogen and 5 kg of carbon dioxide ata pressure of 4 bar and temperature of 250 C .Find

(a) mole fraction of each constituent

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(b) equivalent molecular weight of the mixture

(c) Equivalent gas constant of the mixture

(d) Partial pressure and partial volumes

(e) volume and density of the mixture

(f) Cp&Cv of the mixture. [16]

7. (a) What is a cycle? What is the difference between an ideal and actual cycle.

(b) Derive an expression for efficiency of Brayton cycle in terms of pressure ratio.[8+8]

8. A 5 ton vapour compression refrigeration system using ammonia work between400C and −100C temperatures. There is no sub cooling of liquid and the gas isdry and saturated at athe end of compression. calculate C.O.P and flow rate ofrefrigerant. Properties of Ammonia are as follows: [16]

Temp Enthalpy kJ/kg EntropykJ/kgLiquid(h) Vapour(Hs) Liquid(ϕ1) Vapour(ϕ1)

−100C 154.0 1450 0.8296 5.735400C 390.5 1490 1.6440 5.156

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1. (a) What are different forms of work energy? Explain each briefly.

(b) Why does free expansion have zero work transfer? [10+6]

2. (a) What are the practical difficulties associated with the use of ideal gas ther-mometer?

(b) A new temperature scale in Degree N is desired with freezing point at 1000

N and the boiling point at 4000N. Establish a correlation between degreesCentigrade and degrees N. What will be the absolute temperature at 00N?

[6+10]

3. Two reversible heat engines A and B are arranged in series. Engine A rejects heatdirectly to engine B. A receives 200 KJ at a temperature of 4210C from the hotsource while engine B is in communication with a cold sink at a temperature of50C.If the work output of A is twice that of B find

(a) intermediate temperature between A and B and

(b) efficiency of each engine. [16]

4. (a) Explain briefly the following processes as applied to steam.

i. Constant volume heating and cooling

ii. Constant pressure heating.and cooling

(b) A vessel having a volume of 0.6 m3 contains 3.0 kg of liquid water and water

vapour mixture in equilibrium at a pressure of 0.5 MPa calculate [6+10]

i. Mass and volume of liquid

ii. Mass and volume of vapour.

5. 1 kg of air at 1.2 bar pressure and 180C is compressed isentropic ally to 7 bars.Find the final temperature and the work done. If the air is cooled at the upperpressure to the original temperature of 180C ,what amount of heat is rejected andwhat further work of compression is done. [16]

6. (a) Define

i. Humidification

ii. Dehumidification

iii. sensible heating

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(b) Avessel of 6m3 capacity contains two gases ?A? and ?B? in proportion of 45%respectively at 300C.If the value of ?R? for the gases is 0.288 Kj /kg. k and0.295 Kj /kg. K and if the total weight of the mixture is 2 kg, calculate

i. Partial presser

ii. The mean value of ?R? for the mixture. [6+10]

7. A closed cycle ideal gas turbine plant operates between temperature limits of 800Cand 30C and produces a power of 100kW. The plant is designed such that there isno need for a refrigerator. A fuel of calorific value 45000kJ/kg is used. Calculatethe mass flow rate of air through the plant and rate of fuel consumption. (Take cp= 1.0 kJ/kgK andγ =1.4.). [16]

8. A refrigerator working on bell-Coleman cycle operates between pressure limits of1.05 bar and 8.5bar. Air is drawn from the cold chamber at 100C, compressed andit is cooled to 300C. before entering the expansion cylinder. The expansion andcompression follows the law pv

1.3=constant. Determine the theoretical C.O.P. ofthe system. [16]

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1. (a) Explain mechanical, chemical and thermal equilibriums with suitable exam-ples.

(b) The pressure ? volume correlation for a non-flow quasi-static process is givenby P = (8-4V) bar, where V is in m3 If 150 KJ of work is supplied to thesystem, determine the final pressure and volume of the system. Take initialvolume = 0.6 m3. [6+10]

2. A piston and cylinder machine contains a fluid system which passes through acomplete cycle of four processes. During a cycle, the sum of all heat transfers is?170 kJ. The system completes 100 cycles per minute. Complete the following tableshowing the method for each item, and complete the net rate of work output inKW. [16]

Process δQ(KJ/min) δW(kf/min) ∆E(kj/min)a-b 0 2,170 —–b-c 21,000 0 —–c-d -2,100 —– -36,600d-a —– —– —–

3. (a) State the limitations of first law of thermodynamics.

(b) What is a thermal energy reservoir?

(c) An engine operating on a Carnot cycle works with in temperature limits of600 K and 300 K. If the engine receives 2000 KJ of heat, evaluate the workdone and thermal efficiency of the engine. [6+2+8]

4. (a) What is the critical point., Explain briefly?

(b) Steam at 6 bar and 2000C enters a convergent-divergent nozzle with a velocityof 50 m/ sec and leaves at 1.5 bar and wit a velocity of 600 m/sec. Assumingthat there is ho heat loss, determine the quality of the steam leaving the nozzle.

[6+10]

5. (a) Express the Vander waal’s constant in terms of critical properties.

(b) Atmospheric air is sucked in an internal combustion engine cylinder. The pres-sure, temperature and volume of air after suction are 1bar, 750Cand800cm3

respectively. The air is then reversibly compressed to 15bar and 1/8th of itsvolume. Heat of combustion of fuel is then added to air at constant volumeuntil its pressure is 50bar

i. Determine the index of compression process

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ii. Calculate the change in entropy of air during each process.

iii. Determine if there is any heat exchange between air and cylinder wallsduring compression. state the direction of heat flow. [7+9]

6. (a) Explain psychometric chart .

(b) 100m3 of air per min at 400 DBT and 15% relative humidity is passed throughadiabatic humidifier. The air is coming but at 250C DBT and 200C WBT Find

i. Dew point temperature

ii. Relative humidity

iii. Water carried by the air per min [6+10]

7. (a) With the help of P-V diagram and T-s diagram explain Otto cycle clearlyshowing the pressure during which the heat is supplied and rejected.

(b) The minimum pressure and temperature in a Otto cycle are 100 kPa and 27oC.The amount of heat added to the air per cycle is 1500 kJ/kg.

i. Determine the pressure and temperatures at all points of air standardOtto cycle.

ii. Calculate the specific work and thermal efficiency of the cycle for a com-pression ratio of 8:1. [6+10]

8. In an open cycle air refrigeration machine, air is drawn from a cold chamber at-20C and 1 bar and compressed to 11 bar. It is then cooled at this pressure, to thecooler temperature of 200C and then expanded in expansion cylinder and returnedto the cold room. the compression and expansion are isentropic, and follows thelow pv1=constant. Sketch the p-v and T-s diagrams of the cycle and the for arefrigeration of 15 tonnes, find:

(a) theoretical C.O.P;

(b) rate of the air in kg/min;

(c) piston displacement per minuter in the compressor and expander;

(d) theoretical power per tonne of refrigeration. [16]

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1. (a) Define the term property. State the differences between extensive, intensiveand specific properties of a thermodynamic system. Give few example foreach.

(b) A mass of 2.5 kg of air is compressed in a quasi static process from 0.1 MPa to0.7 MPa for which PV = constant. The initial specific volume is 0.80 m3/kg.Find the work done by the piston to compress the air. [8+8]

2. A fluid is contained in a cylinder by a spring loaded, frictionless piston so thatthe pressure in the fluid is linear function of volume (p = a+bv). The internalenergy of the fluid in kJ is given by the expression u = 32 + 3pv, where p is in kPaand v is in m3. The initial and final pressures are 150 KPa and 350 KPa and thecorresponding volumes are 0.02m3 and 0.05m3. Make calculations for the directionand magnitude of work and heat interactions. [16]

3. In a steam boiler, hot gases from a fire transfer heat to water which vaporizesat constant temperature. In a certain case, the gases are cooled from 11000C to5500C while the water evaporates at 2200C. The specific heat of gases is 1.005KJ/Kg-K, and the latent heat of water at 2200C, is 1858.5 KJ/Kg. All the heattransferred from the gases goes to the water. How much does the total entropyof the combined system of gas and water increase as a result of the irreversibleheat transfer? Obtain the result on the basis of 1 kg of water evaporated. If thetemperature of the surroundings is 300C, find the increase in unavailable energydue to irreversible heat transfer. [16]

4. (a) Explain entropy of evaporation?

(b) Find the enthalpy and entropy of steam when the pressure is 2 MPa and thespecific volume is 0.09m3/Kg [7+9]

5. (a) Derive an expression for heat transfer in a non-flow constant volume process.

(b) A spherical shaped of 14 M diameter contain ’H2’ at 330C and 1.3 bar. Find

the mass of ’H2’ in the balloon using real gas equation. [7+9]

6. Dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of moist air are found as 290C and 200 Crespectively. From the psychometric chart obtain:

(a) Humidity ratio

(b) Specific enthalpy

(c) Dew point temperature

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(d) Specific volume of the mixture. [16]

7. A gas engine operating on the ideal Otto cycle has a compression ratio of 6:1. Thepressure and temperature at the component of compression are 1 bar and 270C.The heat added during the constant volume combustion process is 1170 kJ/kg.Determine the peak pressure and temperature , work output per kg of air andair-standard efficiency. Assume Cv =0.717 kJ/kg K and γ = 1.4 for air. [8+8]

8. (a) Describe the working of a Bell-Coleman refrigeration system with a neatsketch. what are its merits over other refrigeration systems?

(b) What are the various desirable properties of a refrigerant? State any twocommercially used refrigerants? [8+8]

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II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

( Common to Electronics & Communication Engineering, Electronics &Telematics, Electronics & Computer Engineering and Aeronautical

Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


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1. Write a detailed note on the various institutions and organizations in the field of?preservation of wildlife and knowledge of natural history. [16]

2. (a) Write a detailed note on the problems arising out of overexploitation of forestresources.

(b) Describe how forest management is being done in India by citing any example.[6+10]

3. (a) What do you understand by food chain in an ecosystem?

(b) How does a complex food web protect the ecosystem from degradation? [10+6]

4. (a) List the main biogeographic zones in India and state where they are located.

(b) What are the different values of biodiversity and write briefly on them. [6+10]

5. (a) Oceans are ultimate sink for most of the waste we produce. Explain.

(b) List off shore sources of Marine Pollution.

(c) Explain the effects of oil pollution on the ocean. [8+4+4]

6. (a) What are the major issues associated with resettlement and rehabilitation?

(b) Bring out the main elements of water conservation. [8+8]

7. (a) Though population growth shows a global decline, there is still cause for worry.Explain why.

(b) What are the reasons for differences in the rate of population growth in variouscountries. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain the step by step procedure to record and document the environmentalfeatures and resource assets of an ecosystem during a field visit.

(b) Describe, in the format given above, the features of any type of any ecosystemyou have studied during field visit. [8+8]

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1. (a) What do you understand by 3Rs principle?

(b) What is the role played by UKSN and BSI in environment protection?

(c) Write about Chipko movement. [4+8+4]

2. Write about any two :

(a) Water resources

(b) Forest resources

(c) Mineral resources. [8+8]

3. (a) Write a detailed note on the forest ecosystem, bringing out its functions.

(b) How do forests get degraded and what is the outcome of deforestation? [8+8]

4. Discuss the aesthetic value of nature with respect to the following statements.

(a) A true wilderness experience is an incredible learning experience.

(b) The beauty of nature encompasses every aspect of the living and non-livingpart of our earth. [8+8]

5. (a) List the wastes that are prohibited from processing along with municipal solidwaste. Discuss.

(b) Briefly describe the methods of heating and disposal of solid waste. [8+8]



7. (a) Write a detailed note on the causes of diarrhea and the effects of this on humanhealth.

(b) Explain the various measures by which this can be prevented and treated.[10+6]

8. What are the problems encountered in the disposal of solid waste from varioussources. Describe the outcome of poor management of solid waste, illustratingyour answer with any case-study. [16]

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1. Explain the different areas of environmental conservation to which people belongingto different disciplines can contribute. [16]

2. Discuss natural resources and associated problems by focusing your attention on :

(a) The unequal consumption of natural resources.

(b) Planning land use.

(c) The need for sustainable life styles. [5+5+6]

3. (a) Briefly write about the different kinds of grasslands in India, also stating themain activities in such areas.

(b) What steps can be taken to conserve grasslands and what are the commonreasons for destruction of these ecosystem? [8+8]

4. (a) What is India’s position in the world with respect to biodiversity? Whatcondition led to this?

(b) List the various plants and animals found in India which contribute to thisstatus. [8+8]

5. (a) Oceans are ultimate sink for most of the waste we produce. Explain.

(b) List off shore sources of Marine Pollution.

(c) Explain the effects of oil pollution on the ocean. [8+4+4]

6. (a) Define watershed management and explain its objectives.

(b) Discuss various water conservation techniques that can be practiced by indi-viduals. [8+8]

7. Explain the position/ role of man in scheme of environment and vice versa. [16]

8. (a) Explain the aspects to be studied and the procedure for collecting informationwhen you want to document the environmental features and resource assetsof a water resoure ecosystem during a field visit.

(b) Describe, in the format given above, the features of any such ecosystem youhave studied during field visit. [8+8]

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1. Write a detailed note on the various institutions and organizations in the field ofEnvironment Education and training, their activities and focal areas. [16]

2. (a) What is the necessity for a rational land use policy as pant of the environmentalpolicy?

(b) Write briefly about the unequal consumption patterns of the developed anddeveloping countries. [8+8]

3. Write briefly about the following types of ecosystems. Bring out the unique char-acteristics, threats and also the action needed to overcome threats:

(a) Marine ecosystem

(b) Desert ecosystem

(c) Grasslands. [16]

4. Discuss the aesthetic value of nature with respect to the following statements.

(a) A true wilderness experience is an incredible learning experience.

(b) The beauty of nature encompasses every aspect of the living and non-livingpart of our earth. [8+8]

5. (a) Define air pollution and classify major sources of air pollution.

(b) List the major physiological effects of air pollution on plants and human be-ings. [8+8]



7. (a) Describe the problems created by the growing population of the earth.

(b) Explain briefly the pattern of global population growth in recent years whichis causing alarm to environmental experts. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain the aspects to be studied and the procedure for collecting informationwhen you want to document the environmental features and resource assetsof a water resoure ecosystem during a field visit.

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(b) Describe, in the format given above, the features of any such ecosystem youhave studied during field visit. [8+8]

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II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

( Common to Computer Science & Engineering, Information Technologyand Computer Science & Systems Engineering)



1. (a) Explain about sign magnitude and 2’s complement approaches for representingthe fixed point numbers. Why 2’s complement is preferable.

(b) Give means to identify whether or not an overflow has occurred in 2s comple-ment addition or subtraction operations. Take one example for each possiblesituation and explain. Assume 4 bit registers.

(c) Distinguish between tightly coupled microprocessors and tightly coupled Mi-croprocessors. [16]

2. (a) Design a circuit transferring data from a 4bit register which uses D flip-flopsto another register which employs RS flip-flops. [8]

(b) What are register transfer logic languages. Explain few RTL statement forbranching with their actual functioning. [8]

3. (a) How do we reduce number of microinstructions?. What are micro-subroutines?[8]

(b) Explain nanoinstructions and nanometry. Why do we need them. [8]

4. (a) How many bits are needed to store the result addition, subtraction, multipli-cation and division of two n-bit unsigned numbers. Prove. [8]

(b) What is overflow and underflow. What is the reason?. If the computer isconsidered as infinite system do we still have these problems?. [8]

5. Explain the following:

(a) Optical Disc

(b) Cache Memory

(c) RAID technology. [5+5+6]

6. What are the different kinds of I/O Communication techniques? What are therelative advantages and disadvantages? Compare and contrast all techniques. [16]

7. Explain the following with related to the Instruction Pipeline

(a) Pipeline conflicts

(b) Data dependency

(c) Hardware interlocks

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(d) Operand forwarding

(e) Delayed load

(f) Pre-fetch target instruction

(g) Branch target buffer

(h) Delayed branch [8×2=16]

8. What are the different kinds of Multi stage Switching networks? Explain with neatsketch. Compare their functioning. [16]

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1. (a) Explain about sign magnitude and 2’s complement approaches for representingthe fixed point numbers. Why 2’s complement is preferable.

(b) Give means to identify whether or not an overflow has occurred in 2s comple-ment addition or subtraction operations. Take one example for each possiblesituation and explain. Assume 4 bit registers.

(c) Distinguish between tightly coupled microprocessors and tightly coupled Mi-croprocessors. [16]

2. Design a circuit which can be used to transfer data from any register to any otherregister out of four 4-bit registers A,B,C,D which uses D flip-flops. [16]

3. (a) Why do we need subroutine register in a control unit?. Explain. [8]

(b) Support or oppose the statement ? the control unit is a firmware?. [8]

4. Explain the computational errors. Why do they occur?. Give some problems wherethese errors are catastrophic. Also, give some practical examples (algorithms) whereerror gets

(a) accumulated and

(b) multiplies. [16]

5. (a) What is Locality of Reference? Explain [6]

(b) What is the need of Replacement Algorithms for a Cache Memory? Explainany two Cache Replacement Strategies. [10]

6. What are the different kinds of I/O Communication techniques? What are therelative advantages and disadvantages? Compare and contrast all techniques. [16]

7. (a) What is Flynn’s classification? Categorize the different streams in it.

(b) Explain SIMD array processor prganization. [8+8]

8. (a) What are the different physical forms available to establish an inter-connectionnetwork? Give the summary of those. [6]

(b) Explain time-shared common bus Organization [5]

(c) Explain system bus structure for multiprocessors [5]

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1. (a) Explain the terms computer architecture, computer organization and com-puter design in a detailed fashion. [8]

(b) Explain about MIPS, FLOPS rating of a processor. How do we arrive at thesevalues. [8]

2. Design register selection circuit to select one of the four 4-bit registers content onto bus. Give fuller explanation. [16]

3. (a) Explain the variety of techniques available for sequencing of microinstructionsbased on the format of the address information in the microinstruction. [8]

(b) Hardwired control unit is faster than microprogammed control unit. Justifythis statement. [8]

4. (a) Represent two n-bit unsigned numbers multiplications with a series of n/2-bitmultiplications. [8]

(b) Explain how we can identify arithmetic overflow has occurred or not whileadding/subtracting two signed numbers. Draw the circuit for performing ad-dition/subtraction of two 4-bit numbers that checks the overflow. [8]

5. (a) ”In paged segmentation, the reference time increases and fragmentation de-creases”, Justify your answer.

(b) A Virtual Memory System has an address space of 8K words and a Memoryspace of 4K words and page and block sizes of 1K words. Determine thenumber of page faults for the following page replacement algorithms: 1) FIFO2) LRU if the reference string is as follows: 4,2,0,1,2,6,1,4,0,1,0,2,3,5,7 [8+8]

6. (a) What is polling? Explain in detail.

(b) What is daisy chaining? Explain. [8+8]

7. Explain array processors. Explain SIMD array processor organization in detail.[16]

8. (a) What are the different physical forms available to establish an inter-connectionnetwork? Give the summary of those. [6]

(b) Explain time-shared common bus Organization [5]

(c) Explain system bus structure for multiprocessors [5]

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1. (a) Explain the terms compiler, linker, assembler, loader and describe how a Cprogram or any other high level language program is executed in a system.Indicate entire process with a figure.

(b) Distinguish between high level and low level languages?. What are the re-quirements for a good programming language? [16]

2. Describe commonly employed bit shift operators such as shift left, right and arith-metic shift left/right. Design a circuit for register length of 4 bits using D Flip-Flops. [16]

3. (a) Give the typical horizontal and vertical microinstruction formats. [8]

(b) Describe how microinstructions are arranged in control memory and how theyare interpreted. [8]

4. Draw a flowchart to explain how two IEEE 754 floating point numbers can beadded, subtracted and multiplied. Assume single precision numbers. Give examplefor each [16]

5. (a) A two-way set associative cache memory uses blocks of 4 words. The cache canaccommodate a total of 2048 words from main memory. The main memorysize is 124K x 32

i. Formulate the information required to construct cache Memory

ii. What is the size of cache Memory. [8]

(b) The access time of cache memory is 100ns and that of main memory is 1000ns.It is estimated that 80% of memory requests are for read and the remaining20% for write. The hit ratio for read access only is 0.9. A write throughprocedure is used.

i. What is the average access time of the system considering only read cycles?

ii. What is the average access time of the system considering both read andwrite cycles? [8]

6. (a) What is polling? Explain in detail.

(b) What is daisy chaining? Explain. [8+8]

7. Explain the following with related to the Instruction Pipeline

(a) Pipeline conflicts

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(b) Data dependency

(c) Hardware interlocks

(d) Operand forwarding

(e) Delayed load

(f) Pre-fetch target instruction

(g) Branch target buffer

(h) Delayed branch [8×2=16]

8. What is cache coherence and why is it important in shared memory multiprocessorsystems? How can the problem be solved with a snoopy cache controller? [16]

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II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011CHEMICAL PROCESS CALCULATIONS

(Chemical Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


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1. (a) The analysis of magnesite ore obtained from chalk hill area, Salem districtyields 81% MgCO3, 14% SiO2 and 5% H2O (by weight). Convert the analysisinto moleAtomic weights: Mg : 24.3, Si: 28.08, H: 1.007, O: 16, C: 12

(b) Write short notes on the following: Normality, molality, limiting reactant andexcess reactant [8+8]

2. (a) A gas mixture contains 0.274 gm-mole of HCl, 0.337 gm-mole of N2 and 0.089gm-mole of O2. Calculate the volume occupied by the mixture, density andpartial pressure of each component at a pressure of 2.7 atm and a temperatureof 30oC.

(b) Explain any equation of state [12+4]

3. The following is the vapor pressure of benzene and chloro-benzene

Temperature (0C) 79.6 90 100 110 120 132.3Benzene (mmHg) 760 1013 1340 1744 2235 2965

Chloro-benzene (mmHg) 85 208 293 408 542 760

Assuming the Raoult?s law is valid use the above data to plot T-x-y and x-y ata total pressure of 760 mmHg. Where T is the temperature, x is the liquid phasemole fraction and y is vapor phase mole fraction [16]

4. Define the following terms and give their respective equations explaining the sym-bols used in the equations

(a) Humidity

(b) Saturated gas

(c) Relative humidity

(d) Percentage humidity [16]

5. A rich copper ore analysis gives the following constituent percent: CuS ? 10%;FeS2 ? 30% and inert ? 60%. By crushing and floating, 2/3 inert is eliminated.The ore is roasted with carbon. Inert are unchanged. In the reduction of the Cu2Oto Cu, there is 5% loss. Find the weight of copper obtainable from 1 tonne of ore.2CuS + 2.5O2 → Cu2O + 2SO2

2FeS2 + 5.5 O2 → Fe2O3 + 4SO2

Cu2O + C → 2Cu + CO [16]

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6. Methanol is produced by the reaction of CO with H2 according to the equation .CO + 2H2 → CH3OH

Only 15% of the CO entering the reactor is converted to methanol. The methanolproduct is condensed and separated from the un-reacted gases, which are recycled.The feed to the reactor contains 2 mole of H2 for every mole of CO. The fresh feedenters at 350C and 300 atm. To produce 6,600 kg/hr of methanol calculate

(a) Volume of fresh feed gas and

(b) The recycle ratio. [16]

7. Chlorinated diphenyl is heated from 313 0K to 553 0K at the rate of 4000 Kg/hr.in an indirectly fired heater. In this particular temperature range the heat capacityof the fluid is given by the equation Cp = 0.7511 + 1.465 * 10−3 T KJ /KMol TheCp at of diphenyl at 313 0K is 1.1807 KJ /Kg 0K and Cp at of diphenyl at 553 0Kis 1.5198 KJ /Kg 0K. Calculate the heat to be supplied in the fluid in the heaterusing the heat capacity equation. Also, calculate the % error involved in using themean heat capacity data for the heat change calculations. [16]

8. The sulphate process for the production of hydrochloric acid is described by follow-ing reaction:2NaCl + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2HCl . Calculate the heat of reactionand the consumption of the coke oven gas for the production of 500 kg of HCl. Theheats of formation in MJ/kmol are NaCl = 410.9; H2SO4 =811.3; Na2SO4 =1384and HCl = 92.3. The calorific value of coke oven gas is 19.0 MJ/m3 ; [16]

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1. If 5 kg of methanol and 2 kg of ammonia are reacted to form mono ethyl amine bythe reaction:CH3OH +NH3 → CH3NH2 + H2O

(a) Which is the limiting reactant?

(b) What is the percent excess of other reactant?

(c) Find the degree of completion?

(d) If the conversion is 90% find the composition of product stream? [16]



3. (a) Write short notes on group contribution method and write its applications

(b) Draw and explain the schematic diagram of vapor liquid equilibrium diagramfor a binary system when total pressure is constant. [8+8]

4. Air at a temperature of 200C and pressure 750 mm Hg has a relative humidity of80%

(a) Calculate the molal humidity of air.

(b) Calculate the humidity of this air if its temperature is reduced to 100C andits pressure increased to 2.38 atm, condensing out some of the water.

(c) Calculate the weight of water condensed from 28 m3 of gas.

(d) Calculate the final volume of wet air leaving. Data: Vapor pressure of H2O at200C is 17.5 mm Hg and at 100C is 9.2 mm Hg. [16]

5. In the common process for the production of nitric acid sodium nitrate is treatedwith 95% H2SO4. In order that the resulting ?niter cake? may be fluid, it isdesirable to use excess acid, so that final cake contains 34% sulfuric acid. It maybe assumed that the cake will contain 1.5% water and that the reaction will go tocompletion. 2% of HNO3 formed will remain in the cake.

(a) Calculate the composition of niter cake by weight %, formed per 100 kg ofsodium nitrate charged.

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(b) Calculate the weight of sulfuric acid to be used.

(c) Calculate the weight of HNO3 and water vapor distilled from the niter cake.[16]

6. Ethylene oxide is produced by catalytic oxidation of ethylene and oxygen. Thetotal feed to the catalytic bed of the reactor contains 10:1 volume ratio of oxygento ethylene and the conversion per pass is un-reacted ethylene is recycled. Theoxygen for the reaction is supplied from air. Calculate: [16]

(a) inlet and outlet composition of the streams and

(b) moles of fresh oxygen required for recycle gasesReaction: C2H4+0.5O2 → C2H4O.

7. (a) What is Kopp’s rule

(b) Define heat capacity, specific heat, enthalpy

(c) Write a note on heat capacities of liquids and gases . [4+6+6]

8. (a) What is heat of hydration. [5+5+6]

(b) Differentiate between heat of solution and heat of salvation.

(c) Calculate the standard heat of reaction of the following:HCl (g) + NH3(g) = NH4Cl (s)Standard heat of formation of HCl(g) ∆Hf = -22,063calStandard heat of formation of NH3(g), ∆Hf = -11,040calStandard heat of formation of NH4 Cl (s), ∆Hf = -75,380cal

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1. A natural gas has the following composition on volume basis CH4-83.5%,C2H2 -9%and N2-7.5%. Calculate: [16]

(a) composition in mole %.

(b) the composition in weight %,

(c) average molecular weight of the gas and

(d) specific gravity of the mixture.

2. (a) Nitric acid is produced in the Ostwald process by the oxidation of ammoniawith air. In the first step of the process ammonia and air are mixed togetherand passed over a catalyst at a temperature of 7000C. The following reac-tion takes place: 4NH3+5O2 → 6H2O +4NO The gases from this process arepassed into towers where they are cooled, and the oxidation is completed ac-cording to the following theoretical reactions 2NO+O2 → 2NO2 3NO2+H2O→ 2HNO3+NO The ammonia and air enters the process at a temperature of200C and a pressure of 755 mmHg. The air is present in a such proportionthat the oxygen will be 20% of that required for complete oxidation of theammonia to nitric acid and water.

i. Calculate the volume of air to be used per 100 m3 of ammonia enteringthe process

ii. Calculate the percentage composition by volume of the gases entering thecatalyzer

(b) Define partial pressure and pure component volume [12+4]

3. Assuming Raoults law to be valid for the system of Benzene (1) and ethyl benzene(2).Prepare T-x-y and x-y diagram at a pressure of 101.33Kpa.Vapour pressure ofpure species is given byInPsat

2 = 13.8858− 2788.51

t+220.79

InPsat

2 = 14.0045− 3279.47

t+213.20

Where vapor pressure is in Kpa and t is in OC. x is the liquid phase mole fractionand y is vapor phase mole fraction. [16]

4. Air at a temperature of 200C and pressure 750 mm Hg has a relative humidity of80%

(a) Calculate the molal humidity of air.

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(b) Calculate the humidity of this air if its temperature is reduced to 100C andits pressure increased to 2.38 atm, condensing out some of the water.

(c) Calculate the weight of water condensed from 28 m3 of gas.

(d) Calculate the final volume of wet air leaving. Data: Vapor pressure of H2O at200C is 17.5 mm Hg and at 100C is 9.2 mm Hg. [16]

5. (a) 500 kg/hr of pure sulfur is burnt with 20% excess air (based on S to SO2) 5%S is oxidized to SO3 and rest to SO2. Find the exit gas analysis.

(b) A gas containing 80% ethane and 20% oxygen is burnt with 200% excess air.80% ethane goes to CO2; 10% to CO2; and 10% remains unburnt. Calculatethe stack gas composition. [8+8]





7. (a) What is Kopp’s rule

(b) Define heat capacity, specific heat, enthalpy

(c) Write a note on heat capacities of liquids and gases . [4+6+6]

8. When 16 g of copper sulphate were dissolved in 384 g of water, the temperatureraised by 3.95 0C. Determine the enthalpy of formation of copper sulphate with fivemolecules of water of crystallization from anhydrous salt and water, if the enthalpyof solution of the crystal hydrate is 11.7 kJ/mol, and the specific heat of solutionis 4.18 kJ/kg 0K. The molar mass of copper sulphate is 159.6 g/mol. [16]

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1. An aqueous solution of ammonium chloride contains 25gms of ammonium chlorideper 100 cc of solution at 200C. It is given that density of ammonium chloridesolution at 20oC is 1.246 g/ml). Calculate the following:-

(a) weight percent of ammonium chloride.

(b) mole percent.

(c) normality.

(d) Kgs of solute per 100 m3 of solution at 200c.

(e) Kg moles of solute per kg of solvent. [16]



3. The following is the vapor pressure of benzene and chloro-benzene

Temperature (0C) 79.6 90 100 110 120 132.3Benzene (mmHg) 760 1013 1340 1744 2235 2965

Chloro-benzene (mmHg) 85 208 293 408 542 760

Assuming the Raoult?s law is valid use the above data to plot T-x-y and x-y ata total pressure of 760 mmHg. Where T is the temperature, x is the liquid phasemole fraction and y is vapor phase mole fraction [16]

4. (a) Helium contains 12% by volume of ethyl acetate.Calculate

i. the percent relative saturation and

ii. the percent absolute saturation of the mixture at a temperature of 300Cand a pressure of 98 kPa

(b) The percent absolute humidity of air at 860F and a total pressure of 750 mmHg is 20%. Calculate

i. the percent relative humidity and

ii. the partial pressure of the water vapor in the air.

iii. What is the dew point of the air? [16]

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5. (a) A cotton mill dries a water soaked fabric in a drier from 54% to 9% moisture.How many kg of water are removed by drying operation per 1200 kg of feed.

(b) A gas containing 2% NH3, 25.4% N2 and the rest H2 is flowing in a pipe. Tomeasure the flow rate an ammonia rich gas containing 96% NH3, 3% H2 and1% N2 is sent at a rate of 100 cc/min. The concentration of NH3 in the downstream is 6%. Find the flow rate of gas at inlet. [8+8]





7. Four kilograms of water at 27 0C and 200 kpa is heated at constant pressure untilthe volume of the water becomes 1000 times the original value. What is the finaltemperature of water. Use steam tables. [16]

8. Write short notes on

(a) Standard heat of reaction

(b) Standard heat of formation. [8+8]

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II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES

(Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering)Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80


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1. (a) Derive an expression for the electric field intensity due to a finite length linecharge along the z-axis at an arbitrary point Q(x, y, z).

(b) Find the force on a 100µC charge at (0, 0, 3)m if four like charges of 20µCare located on x and y axes at ± 4m. [8+8]

2. (a) State Biot- Savart law

(b) Derive an expression for magnetic field strength, H, due to a finite filamentaryconductor carrying a curent I and placed along Z- axis at a point ’P’ on y-axis. Hence deduce the magnetic field strength for the length of the conductorextending from - ∞ to + ∞. [4+12]

3. A perfectly conducting filament containing a small 500Ω resistor is formed into asquare as illustrated by figure 3. Find I (t) if [16]B = 0.3cos(120πt− 30o)azTB = 0.4cos[π(ct− y)]azµTwhereC = 3× 108m/s

Figure 3

4. (a) For good dielectries derive the expressions for α, β, ν and η.

(b) For a uniform plane wave in space λ =12cm. In a loss less material of unknowncharacteristics λ=8cm. In this material E=50V/m, H = 0-1 A/M find f,µr ∈ r. [8+8]

5. (a) Define plane of incidence , Horizontal polarization, Vertical polarization, forthe case of a plane wave incident on a dielectric obliquely.

(b) Derive an expression for reflection when a wave is incidence on a dielectricobliquely with parallel polarization. [8+8]

6. (a) Derive the relation λ = λc λg√λ2g

+ λ2c

where λ is free space wave length, λg is

the wave length measured in the guide, and λc is the cut off wave length.

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(b) For a parallel plane wave guide having z-propagation, explain the nature ofvariation and sketch the variation of E and H for TM10 waves. [8+8]

7. (a) Define characteristic impedance and propagation constants of transmissionlines and obtain lossless conditions.

(b) A lossless transmission line of length 100m has an inductance of 28 µ H andcapacitance of 20 nF. Find out.

i. propagation velocity

ii. phase constant at an operating frequency of 100 KHz [8+8]

iii. characteristic impedance of the line.

8. (a) Explain what is meant by voltage reflection coefficient in a transmission lineThe voltage reflection coefficient due to load connected to a lossless transmis-sion line of characteristic impedance 100 Ω and working at 3 GHz is 0.5?450.Assuming the load voltage to be 10 V, calculate the r.m.s voltage and currentat intervals of one ?fourth wave length from the load up to a distance 5 cm.

(b) A 75 Ω line is terminated by a load of 120 + j80 Ω . Find the maximum andminimum impedances on the line. [10+6]

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1. (a) Derive an expression for the electric field strength, E, due to an infinite sheetof uniform charge density in x-y plane at a point ‘P’ located ‘L’ distance awayfrom the sheet.

(b) Find the force on a 200µC charge located at (0, 0, 4) m if four like chargeseach of20µ C are located on both the x-and y-axes at ± 4m. [8+8]

2. (a) State Maxwell’s equations for magneto static fields.

(b) Show that the magnetic field due to a finite current element along Z axis ata point P, ?r? distance away along y- axis is given by H = (I/4πr)(sinα1 −

sinα2).aφ where I is the current through the conductor , α1 and α2 are theangles made by the tips of the conductor element at ?P?. [6+10]

3. (a) Obtain the integral form of Maxwell?s equation from amperes circuital law inthe generalized form

(b) Determine the total magnetic flux through the rectangular loop shown inthe figure 3. The source of the magnetic field is the long straight conductorcarrying a current I [8+8]

Figure 3

4. (a) Derive wave Equations for source free regions.

(b) The electric field in free space is given by E=50 cos (108t+ βx)ay V/m

i. Find the direction of propagation

ii. Calculate b and the time it takes to travel a distance of λ/2

iii. Sketch the wave at t=0, T/4 and T/2 [8+8]

5. (a) Define surface impedance and explain how it exists.

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(b) Derive expression for Reflection and Transmission coefficients of an EM wavewhen it is incident normally on a dielectric. [8+8]

6. (a) Define and derive the equations for phase and group velocities in a parallelplane guide. On which factors do they depend ?.

(b) A parallel plate wave guide made of two perfectly conducting infinite planesspaced 3 cm apart in air operates at a frequency of 10 GHz. Find the maximumtime average power that can be propagated per unit width of the guide forTE1andTM1 modes. [8+8]

7. (a) Explain the different types of transmission lines. What are limitations to themaximum power that they can handle.

(b) A coaxial limes with an outer diameter of 8 mm has 50 ohm characteristicimpedance. If the dielectric constant of the insulation is 1.60, calculate theinner diameter.

(c) Describe the losses in transmission lines [8+4+4]

8. (a) In uniform line there exists, in general two traveling waves . Explain howthe Superposition of the two waves produces standing waves of voltage andcurrent in a short circuit transmission line.

(b) An open wire unloaded line, 75 km is operated at a frequency of 1000 Hz. Theopen circuit Impedance if found to be 330,−300Ω and short circuit impedanceis 540, 70Ω. Calculate the parameters of line. [8+8]

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1. (a) Derive an expression for the field strength due to a volume of uniform chargedensity at an arbitrary point P(r, θ, φ).

(b) A point charge Q is located at the center of a neutral spherical conductingshell. Find the surface charge density at the inner surface and also at theouter surface. Assume the inner and outer diameters of the spherical shell tobe ‘2a’ and ‘2b’ respectively. [8+8]

2. (a) Obtain an expression for differential magnetic field strength dH due to differ-ential current element I dl at the origin in the positive Z- direction.

(b) Find the magnetic field strength, H at the centre of a square conducting loopof side ‘2a’ in Z=0 plane if the loop is carrying a current , I, in anti clock wisedirection. [6+10]

3. A square filamentary loop of wire is 25 cm on a side and has a resistance of 125Ωper meter length. The loop lies in z=0 plane with its corners at (0,0,0) (0.25,0,0),(0.25,0.25,0) and (0,0.25,0) at t=0 the loop is moving with velocity vy = 50m/sin the field Bz = 8cos(1.5 × 108t − 0.5x)µT . Develop a function of time whichexpresses the ohmic power being delivered to the loop. [16]

4. (a) Explain about uniform plane waves.

(b) In a loss less medium for which η = 60π, µr = 1 and H=-0.1 cos (wt-z)ax+0.5sin (wt-z)ay A/m. calculate ∈ r and w. [8+8]

5. (a) Define surface impedance and explain how it exists.

(b) Derive expression for Reflection and Transmission coefficients of an EM wavewhen it is incident normally on a dielectric. [8+8]

6. (a) Define and explain the significance of the following terms as applicable toparallel plane guides:

i. Wave impedance

ii. Phase and group velocities

iii. Principal wave and its characteristics

(b) Explain the impossibility of TEM wave propagation in wave guides. [8+8]

7. (a) Derive an expression for the attenuation factor for the TM10 wave betweenparallel Conduction planes.

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(b) For a wave guide derive the relation between λ, free space wave length, λg

guide wave Length and λc cut off wave length. [8+8]

8. (a) Explain the significance and Utility of λ/8, λ/4, and λ/2 Line.

(b) A low transmission line of 100 Ω characteristic impedance is connected to aload of 400 Ω. Calculate the reflection coefficient and standing wave ratio.Derive the Relationships used. [8+8]

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1. (a) Using Gauss’s law derive expressions for electric field intensity and electricflux density due to an infinite sheet of conductor of charge density ρ C/cm

(b) A parallel plate capacitance has 500mm side plates of square shape separatedby 10mm distance. A sulphur slab of 6mm thickness with ∈r = 4 is kept onthe lower plate find the capacitance of the set-up. If a voltage of 100 volts isapplied across the capacitor, calculate the voltages at both the regions of thecapacitor between the plates. [8+8]

2. (a) Obtain an expression for differential magnetic field strength dH due to differ-ential current element I dl at the origin in the positive Z- direction.

(b) Find the magnetic field strength, H at the centre of a square conducting loopof side ‘2a’ in Z=0 plane if the loop is carrying a current , I, in anti clock wisedirection. [6+10]

3. (a) Develop Maxwell?s equation involving ∇×Efrom fundamental considerationsof closed circuit

(b) A square loop of side 20 Cm is located in free space adjacent to a straightconductor that carries a sinusoidal current of 0.5 A (rms) at 5KHz. If a smallgap of 5cm is introduced in to the loop what is the induced voltage across thegap. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain wave propagation in a conducting medium.

(b) A large copper conductor (σ = 5.8× 107s/m, εr = µr = 1)support a unifomplane wave at 60 Hz. Determine the ratio of conduction current to displace-ment current compute the attenuation constant. Propagation constant, in-trinsic impedance, wave length and phase velocity of propagation. [8+8]

5. (a) Explain the difference between the Intrinsic Impedance and the Surface Impedanceof a conductor. Show that for a good conductor , the surface impedance isequal to the intrinsic impedance.

(b) Define and distinguish between the terms perpendicular polarization, parallelpolarization, for the case of reflection by a perfect conductor under obliqueincidence. [8+8]

6. (a) Derive the relation λ = λc λg√λ2g

+ λ2c

where λ is free space wave length, λg is

the wave length measured in the guide, and λc is the cut off wave length.

(b) Explain the impossibility of TEM wave propagation in wave guides. [10+6]

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7. (a) What are the different types of losses in transmission lines?

(b) A co-axial cable has following parameters Z0 = 50 ohms, L= 20KM if thepower input is 1 watt and the attenuation constant is 1.5dB/km, find theoutput power of the cable provided it is terminated by Z0. Also determine theout put current. [8+8]

8. (a) Derive the expression for the input impedance of a transmission line of lengthL

(b) Explain the application of smith’s chart. [8+8]

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II B.Tech I Semester Supplementary Examinations, April/May 2011MICROBIOLOGY(Bio-Technology)



1. Explain microbial diversity with suitable examples. [16]

2. Describe in detail the cell wall of Bacteria. [16]

3. Discuss about any 2 animal viruses of special interest. [16]

4. Discuss the steps in the process of penetration of bacteriophage into the host cell.[16]

5. Briefly describe in general terms the morphology and nucleic acids of the majorphage types. [16]

6. How do you measure microbial growth. Explain about measurement of cell numbersand measurement of cell mass. [16]

7. What are the various principal dyes used to stain microorganisms and explain howthey work. [16]

8. Briefly explain how the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents varies with populationsize, population composition, concentration or intensity of the agent, treatmentduration, temperature and local environmental conditions. [16]

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1. Describe the staining technique used to differentiate Gram +ve and Gram-ve bac-teria. [16]

2. Briefly describe the endospore formation and germination in Bacteria. [16]

3. Give an account of viruses pathogenic to plants. [16]

4. Explain the entry of viruses into host cells. [16]

5. How is a one step growth experiment carried out ? Summarize what occurs in eachphase of the resulting growth curve. Define latent period, eclipse period, rise periodand burst size. [16]

6. How the uptake of nutrients take place by the cell. Explain facilitated diffusion,active transport and group translocation. [16]

7. Discuss the applications and limitations of various methods of preservation of mi-croorganisms. [16]

8. How will you measure the killing rates of microorganisms? Explain some tests formeasurement of killing rates. [16]

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1. Describe the staining technique used to differentiate Gram +ve and Gram-ve bac-teria. [16]

2. Describe different methods of classification of Bacteria. [16]

3. What are RNA viruses? Explain with suitable examples. [16]

4. Explain the types of interactions occurring between the Virion and cell surfaceduring attachment [16]

5. How can you find virus concentration both directly and indirectly by particle countsand measurement of infectious unit concentration. Define plaque forming units,lethal dose and infectious dose. [16]

6. Write short notes on:

(a) Growth factors.

(b) Aerobes.

(c) Anaerobes.

(d) Nutrients. [4+4+4+4]

7. What are the various morphological, physiological and metabolic characters usedin classification and identification of microorganisms. [16]

8. Explain various methods to control microorganisms growth. [16]

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1. What were the most important discoveries in the development of microbiology?[16]

2. Describe the prokaryotic diversity with suitable examples. [16]

3. Write short notes on:

(a) Tobacco Mosaic Virus

(b) Poliovirus. [8+8]

4. Discuss the steps in the process of penetration of bacteriophage into the host cell.[16]

5. Briefly describe in general terms the morphology and nucleic acids of the majorphage types. [16]

6. What are aerobes and anaerobes? Discuss in detail about aerobic and anaerobicmetabolism. [16]

7. Define water activity and briefly discuss how it can be determined. Why is itdiffcult for microorganisms to grow at low water activity (aw) values. [16]

8. Explain various methods to control microorganisms growth. [16]

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