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Emerging Viruses Sue Delos CWA Jan 23, 30, and Feb 6 2018

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Page 1: EmergingViruses · All(Virions(Complete(aCommon(Setof(Assembly(ReacCons(Formaon(of(individual(structural(units(of(the(protein(shell(from(one(or(several(viral(proteins

Emerging  Viruses  

Sue  Delos  CWA  

Jan  23,  30,  and  Feb  6  2018  

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Part  I  IntroducCon  to  Virology        What  is  a  virus?    Viral  Lifecycle    Common  Needs      Unique  soluCons    Transmission  Routes    ClassificaCon    Methods  of  Visualizing    Virion  Components    Capsid  Structures    Viral  Envelopes  

FuncCons  of  Structural  Proteins  FuncCons  of  Nonstructural  Proteins  

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Part  II  Virus-­‐Host  InteracCons,  Vaccines  and  Ihibitors      

 The  Immune  System      Innate      AdapCve    Viral  Countermeasures    Vaccines      Vaccines  Improve  Life  Expectancy      Dependence  upon  Herd  Immunity      Passive  Vaccines      AcCve  Vaccines        InacCvated  Virus        Subunit  Vaccines        Subunit  Vaccines    AnCvirals      Requirements  for  success      PotenCal  Targets      The  Path  of  Drug  Discovery      The  HIV  experience      The  HCV  experience  

 

Part  III  Emerging  Viruses      

 Zoonoses  and  Why  They  Occur    Influenza,  A  Respiratory  Virus    Ebola,  A  Blood-­‐Borne  Virus    Zika,  A  Mosquito  Transmi[ed  Virus  

 

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Emerging  Viruses  

Part  I  IntroducCon  to  Virology  

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What  is  a  Virus?  

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A  virus  is  an  organism  with  two  phases.  What  would  you  do  if  you  were  a  parasite  that  could  only  reproduce  inside  a  cell?  

Cell  

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Stable  parCcle  

Extracellular  

Intracellular  A  Virus  is  an  Organism  with  Two  Phases  

Disassembly  ReproducCon  New,  stable  parCcle  assembly  and  release  

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Common  Needs  2  phases  of  viral  lifecycle:  extracellular  and  intracellular  

•  Find  permissive  cell  •  Bind  cell  •  Penetrate  membrane  •  Uncoat    •  Reprogram  Cell  for  own  replicaCon  

•  Establish  replicaCon  center  

•  Synthesize  viral  mRNA  (transcripCon)  

•  Synthesize  viral  proteins  (translaCon)  

•  Replicate  genome  •  Assemble  and  mature  virion  

•  Release  stable  virion  (lysis  or  budding)  

Structural  Protein  FuncCons   Nonstructural  Protein  FuncCons  

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Unique  SoluCons  

ENTRY:  •  MulCple  receptors  •  MulCple  modes  of  entry  •  Surface  proteins  •  Site  of  membrane  penetraCon  

•  UncoaCng  •  ReplicaCon  site  •  Assembly  •  Egress  •  (Cell-­‐to-­‐cell)  transmission  

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Sites  of  Viral  Entry  into  the  Host  

V.  Raconelli,  MID  31  

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Image  credit:  "PrevenCon  and  treatment  of  viral  infecCons:  Figure  1,  by  OpenStax  College,  Biology,  CC  BY  4.0.  ModificaCon  of  original  work  by  Mikael  Häggström.

In  humans  

Viruses  cause  a  wide  range  of  misery

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Viruses  are  Nature’s  NanoparCcles  

1  μM  =  1000  nM  

(too  small  to  be  observed  by  tradiConal  microscope)  

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The  Tools  of  Viral  Structural  Biology  

•  X-­‐ray  Crystallography  (must  have  crystals)  

•  Electron  microscopy  (can  see  parCcles)  

•  CryoEM  and  Tomography  (structures  of  flexible  virions  and  proteins)  

•  NMR  (structures  of  regions  within  protein)  

•  But  most  viruses  and  their  proteins  are  flexible  and  do  not  crystallize    

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The  Structural  Proteins  

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Capsid  FuncCons  

•  Encases  and  protects  geneCc  material  •  Contains  the  budding  funcCon  •  Maintains  stable  structure  during  transit  to  new  host/cell  

•  Undergoes  orderly  disintegraCon  during  entry  and  travel  to  replicaCon  site  

•  For  non-­‐enveloped  viruses,  the  capsid  is  the  outer  shell,  contains  the  receptor  binding  site,  and  is  the  target  for  immune  responses  

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(cores  have  icosahedral  symmetry)  

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Icosahedral  Capsid  Structures  

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HPV  16  VLPs            

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Viral  Envelopes  •  Membranes  derived  from  Host  Cell  Membranes  •  Contain  Viral  Proteins  termed  Surface  Proteins  •  Surface  Proteins    

–  bind  target  cells  –  define  internalizaCon  pathways  –  Fuse  viral  and  cellular  membranes  – Are  targets  of  the  immune  response  

•  Because  capsids  usually  contain  budding  informaCon,  enveloped  viruses  are  promiscuous  for  surface  protein  incorporaCon    

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Receptors  Come  in  Many  Forms  

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What  we  study:    How  enveloped  viruses  bind  to,  (enter),  and  fuse  with  cell  membranes  

Any thoughts on why we study this?

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INFLUENZA  HA:    ConformaConal  Changes  During  Fusion

Native: metastable structure

First change:

Head-group separation

Activated:

prehairpin

Post-fusion:

6-helix bundle

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During  fusion,  fusion  proteins  convert  from  unique  conforma:ons  to  6-­‐helix  bundles  

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Common  Viral  Fusion  Mechanism  

Model  is  for  a  Class  I  fusion  protein  (flu  HA,  HIV  Env,  Ebola  GP)  

target  membrane  

virus  membrane  

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Journal of General Virology (2002), 83, 1535–1545.

Influenza, VSV, SFV

Adenovirus(induces)

SV40, polyoma,

MLV?

Picornaviruses ?, Influenza,

Sendai?

Viruses  Exploit  All  Modes  of  InternalizaCon  

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ReplicaCon  

•  DNA  viruses  replicate  in  the  nucleus  •  Most  RNA  viruses  replicate  in  the  cytoplasm  •  Retroviruses  reverse  transcribe  their  RNA  into  DNA  which  then  integrates  into  the  host  DNA  for  replicaCon  

•  Viral  polymerases  make  mRNAs  •  Many  viral  proteins  are  synthesized  as  single  polymer  which  must  be  cleaved  into  separate  proteins  for  virus  funcCon  

•  Unique  viral  proteins  include  reverse  transcriptases  (RT),  integrases  (IN),  polymerases  (Pol),  and  proteases  

 

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All  Virions  Complete  a  Common  Set  of  Assembly  ReacCons  

FormaCon  of  individual  structural  units  of  the  protein  shell  from  one  or  several  viral  proteins  

Assembly  of  the  protein  shell  by  appropriate,  and  someCmes  variable,  interacCons  among  structural  units  

SelecCve  packaging  of  the  nucleic  acid  genome  and  other  essenCal  virion  components  

AcquisiCon  of  an  envelope  

Release  from  host  cell  

MaturaCon  of  the  virus  parCcles  

Common  to  all  viruses  

Unique  to  enveloped  viruses  

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The  HIV  Life  Cycle  

All  Steps  in  the  Viral  Life  Cycle  are  Targets  for  IntervenCon  

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QuesCons?  

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Emerging  Viruses  

Part  IIa  Virus-­‐Host  InteracCons  

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The  Two  Arms  of  the  Immune  Response:  Innate  vs  AdapCve  Immunity  

Innate  •  PrimiCve:  In  all  mulCcellular  

organisms  •  Directed  toward  classes  of  

molecules  •  Effectors  broadly  reacCve  •  No  anamnesCc  response  •  Effectors  =  epithelial  cells,  

phagocytes,  endothelial  cells,  fibroblasts  

Adap:ve  •  Only  in  vertebrates  

•  Directed  toward  specific  epitopes  on  molecules    

•  Effectors  highly  specific  •  Memory  persists  •  Effectors  =  lymphocytes,  

AnCgen  PresenCng  Cells  (APCs)  

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Interferons  (IFN)  are  major  components  of  innate  immune  response  

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NIH  PublicaCon    No.  03-­‐5423    

B-­‐Cells    Make  AnCbodies  Make  Cytokines  to  SCmulate  

   Innate  Immunity    Steady-­‐state  Immune  Readiness    Regulate  Immune  Response    SCmulate  T-­‐cells  

     

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NIH  PublicaCon    No.  03-­‐5423    

Three  broad  categories  of  T  cells    Helper  T  cells  augment  the  immune  response  by  recognizing  the  presence  of  a  foreign  anCgen  and  then  sCmulaCng  anCbody  producCon  and  producing  cytokines  that  “turn  on”  or  acCvate  other  T  cells.    Regulatory  T  cells  funcCon  in  an  opposite  manner:  they  dampen  or  turn  off  the  immune  response  .  Cytotoxic  or  “killer”  T  cells  directly  a[ack  and  destroy  cells  bearing  anCgenic  material.  

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Viral  Interference  with  Early  B-­‐cell  AcCvaCon  

M.  Kuka  and  M.  Iannacone

,  doi:  10.1038/nr,  2017.133i    

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Viral  Interference  with  AnCbody  ProducCon  and  High  Affinity  MaturaCon  

M.  Kuka  and  M.  Iannacone,  doi:  10.1038/nr,  2017.133i    

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M.  Kuka  and  M.  Iannacone,  doi:  10.1038/nr,  2017.133i    

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M.  Kuka  and  M.  Iannacone,  doi:  10.1038/nr,  2017.133i    

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QuesCons?