emerging styles of governance
TRANSCRIPT
EMERGING STYLES OF GOVERNANCE:A GLOBAL CONTEXTKenneth H. Ellison*
Reporter: Edwin B.R. GbargayeFDM 202 Ethics and Accountability in Public Service
Master in Development Management
Kenneth H. Ellison The Philippines is the center of some of the
richest experiments exploring new ways of governing based on decentralization, local autonomy and large-scale participation of the nongovernmental community in democratic processes. This is an attempt to provide a sense of various shifts taking place in global governance, in order to place these Filipino experiments in a wider context of global change.
Outline• Observations on Global Governance• The Shift from a Centralized, Uniform, Top-Down
Service Delivery to Decentralized, Diverse, Localized Service Delivery
• Shift from Self-Sufficiency to Interlinked Sectors• Shift from Hierarchical Control to Stakeholder
Empowerment• Shift from “Upward” Accountability to “Outward”
Accountability
Outline• The Shift from Standardized Procedures to
Performance Orientation• The Shift from an Apolitical to an Advocacy-
Oriented Civil Service• The Shift from Individual Skill Building to
Organizational Competence
Observations on Global Governance• Momentous Governance Reform Movement
last part of the 20th century• New Global Order of change –fundamental
shift of governance (old order-new order).• Societies and key Sectors opting for
transparent and accountable covenant between citizen and government
• This movement usher into the new milleniun (21st century)
Observations on Global Governance• The collapse of centrally planned economies- Soviet Union and much of Eastern Europe * Developing Countries desiring need for new Public
Management Models due to failures of bulky, ineffectual, centralized bureaucracies , etc.
*Good practices and experience of highly functional bureaucracies shown in UK, New Zealand and the US
*Involvement of the Developed and Developing worlds (capitalist and noncapitalist systems)
Impact on the Philippines • Devolution through the Local Government
Code-1991• Post EDSA revolution • Pressure from the bottom-up making
governments to restructure system. (China, Bolivia, Philippines, etc.)
• Decentralization and local autonomy were some of the quest
• All in the name of Good Governance
The Shift from PA to PM
• Change in government management (rules, regulations, standards and systems)
• Practically top-down, command -control notions of supervision
• “New Manageralism” as derived from the private sector
• Government prioritizes citizens’ interest• NGOs greater emphasis on the citizens best interest - implementing, managing and evaluating delivery of
services Government must be more responsible
The Shift from Centralized to Decentralized
• Centralization ----Decentralization• Centralized and uniform service delivery ---
decentralized and diverse modes of service delivery
• System of chaos --- diverse systems of service delivery
• Top-down VS Bottom-up (inefficiency-efficiency)• Decentralization-world wide web (internet) no
one in control
Shift from Self-Sufficiency-Interlinked Sectors
• From self-sufficiency –enabling interlinked services (private sector)
• Government involvement of the private sector into service delivery
• Privatization became the order of the day (Cory & FVR) (1986-1998) It reduces state ownership of the means of producing services
• Subcontracting especially at the local government level
• Competition (deregulation) Telephone industry (PLDT)
Shift from Hierarchical Control-Stakeholder Empowerment
• Hierarchical control -People follow order from superiors
• Stream flow model of governance (top-middle-down)• Empowerment concept-street level bureaucracy • Lower level bureaucrats in charge and on top of things• Local government in charge of many administrative
responsibilities • Accountability in executing policies, plans and
management to the people
Shift from Upward Accountability-Outward Accountability
• Structure of Accountability (bottom –top)• New structure (Accountability flow outward)• New order (Accountability is multi-form)• Accountability viewed as Democratic, direct and
outward• Public officials are held accountable for their
performance • Government is more directly accountable
outward to the people (citizenry)
The Shift from Standardized Procedures - Performance Orientation• Standardized Procedures –Performance -
orientation• Protection of Civil Servants (Prevalent in the
LGA)• Meritocracy (Professionalism) at work and in
action• Reward for performance not tenure of service
The Shift from an Apolitical –Advocacy Oriented Civil Service
• Civil service being nonpolitical organization• Political neutrality• An Advocacy role of the Civil Service• Both administrative and political organization
The Shift from Individuals Skill Building-Organizational Competence
• Capability building • Local Governments inability to perform certain
assigned task• Capability –building has been individual- based • Conventionally, technical skill values over managerial
competence• Improvement needed in organizational effectiveness• Reward system for competent staff and incentives for
institutions (DOH, DEPED, DSWD)
Conclusion• The global movement to invent the new
governance is placing a fresh demand on all sectors. There is a need to reexamine our assumptions, redefine our approach and retool our expertise. Whether politicians, members of government apparatus, citizens involved in governance issues, or development professionals dedicated to providing relevant technical assistance to enhance government processes and services, we all must heed these trends and respond with new energy.
Observation• As PA matures in the realm of service it is well
noted that the field itself has tremendously contributed to the democratic politics of nations around the globe no matter where they are found. Despite the public’s failure to accredit PA for what it does, the field must and will never rest in attempting to increase its level of performance.
PA see itself as a major contributor to democratic life. Its agencies bear important responsibilities for anchoring the networks of governance.
A democracy means that the citizens have effective influence on decision making; it is a system that is inclusive, participatory, representative, accountable, transparent and responsive to citizens’ aspirations and expectations.
Today, the Philippines is getting better off than it were
some decades ago due to the shift in its governance reform program that have afforded the full participation of its citizens to get involve in its development aspect.
References
• Brillantes, Alex B., Jr. 1997 Decentralized Democratic Governance
Under the Local Government Code: A Government Perspective….
• Diamond, Larry 1994 Rethinking Civil Society: Toward
Democratic Consolidation. Journal of Democracy. 5 (3) July
• Edralin, Josefa S. 1996/97 The New Local Governance and
Capacity-Building: A Strategic Approach. Examples from Africa, Asia and Latin America…
Greer, P. 1994 Transforming Central Government: The
Next Steps Initiative. Buckingham: Open University Press
• Nabli, Mustapha K., and Jeffrey B. Nugent 1989 The New Institutional Economics and Its
Applicability to Development. World Development. 17(9): 1333-1347.
• Oakerson, Ronald J. 1994 Institutional Analysis and the Conduct of
Policy Reform : Seeking New Rules of Economic Organization in Cameroon.
• Osborne, David and Ted Gaebler 1992 Reinventing Government: How the
Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley
* Ostrom, Elinor 1990 Governing the Commons. The Evolution
of Institutions for Collective Action. Cambridge. Cambridge University Press
• Ostrom, Elinor. L. Schroeder and Susan Wynee 1993 Institutions Incentives and Sustainable
Development. Infrastructure Policies in Perspective. Boulder, CO. Westview Press
Ostrom, Vincent, David Freny and Harmut Picht (eds)
1988 Rethinking Institutional Analysis and Development: Issues, Alternatives and Choices
San Francissco International Center for Economic Growth