Emerging Standards for Emerging Standards for Libraries and PublishersLibraries and Publishers

Cliff Morgan, John Wiley & Cliff Morgan, John Wiley & Sons LtdSons LtdUKSG briefing session, 15-17 April UKSG briefing session, 15-17 April 20022002

What I’ll be coveringWhat I’ll be covering

IdentifiersIdentifiers MetadataMetadata E-booksE-books

What I won’t be coveringWhat I won’t be covering

Graphics (e.g. Graphics (e.g. JPEG, GIF, PNG, SVGJPEG, GIF, PNG, SVG)) Character sets (Character sets (ASCII, UnicodeASCII, Unicode)) Relationship models (Relationship models (RDF, Topic Maps/XTMRDF, Topic Maps/XTM)) E-commerce (E-commerce (UN/EDIFACT, XML-edi, ebXMLUN/EDIFACT, XML-edi, ebXML)) XML stuff (XML stuff (Schemas, Xlink, XSL, XSLTSchemas, Xlink, XSL, XSLT, etc.), etc.) Usage stats standards (e.g. Usage stats standards (e.g. COUNTER, COUNTER,

ANSI/NISO Z39.7-1995) Rights metadata (XrML, ODRL)

IdentifiersIdentifiers

ISSNISSN ISBNISBN SICISICI BICIBICI PIIPII DOIDOI ISTCISTC Multimedia identifiersMultimedia identifiers

ISBNISBN

International Standard Book NumberInternational Standard Book Number ISO 2108ISO 2108 e.g. e.g. 0-471-92755-40-471-92755-4 Geog location/language - Geog location/language -

publisher/imprint - title (print publisher/imprint - title (print format) - check characterformat) - check character

Has been a standard for > 30 yearsHas been a standard for > 30 years

New ISBNNew ISBN

ISBN is being revised - 13 digits from 1/1/05ISBN is being revised - 13 digits from 1/1/05 Can double capacity by giving a 979 prefixCan double capacity by giving a 979 prefix Issues:Issues: - -

hexadecimal or decimal?hexadecimal or decimal? - limit - limit ISBN to print - do something else ISBN to print - do something else for for electronic? versions? formats?electronic? versions? formats? - assign to - assign to components (e.g. chaps)?components (e.g. chaps)? - should - should number be completely dumb?number be completely dumb? - metadata - metadata deposit at assignment?deposit at assignment?

ISSNISSN

International Standard Serial NumberInternational Standard Serial Number ISO 3297ISO 3297 e.g. e.g. 0749-503X0749-503X If publisher has not applied for an ISSN, If publisher has not applied for an ISSN,

any 3rd party can applyany 3rd party can apply for their own for their own data management needsdata management needs

Different media get different ISSNs, e.g. Different media get different ISSNs, e.g. print ISSNprint ISSN is different from CD-ROM ISSNis different from CD-ROM ISSN

But different file formats don’t get But different file formats don’t get different ISSNs, so offline is different different ISSNs, so offline is different from online, but PDF is same as HTMLfrom online, but PDF is same as HTML

If online contains only abstracts of print If online contains only abstracts of print full text, no new ISSN for e-versionfull text, no new ISSN for e-version

If use print and eISSNs, must change If use print and eISSNs, must change both if title changesboth if title changes

http://www.issn.org:8080/English/pub/getting-http://www.issn.org:8080/English/pub/getting-checkingchecking

SICISICI

Serial Item and Contribution IdentifierSerial Item and Contribution Identifier ANSI/NISO Z39.56-1996 - reaffirmedANSI/NISO Z39.56-1996 - reaffirmed e.g.e.g. issueissue==0749-0749-

503X(20010115)18:1<>1.0.TX;2-X503X(20010115)18:1<>1.0.TX;2-X Art. = Art. = 0749-503X(20010115)18:1<1:YGPIWG>2.0.TX;2-X0749-503X(20010115)18:1<1:YGPIWG>2.0.TX;2-X

(Check digits in above examples have not been calculated.)(Check digits in above examples have not been calculated.)

Well used at issue level - bar codesWell used at issue level - bar codes Less used at article level Less used at article level

SICIs at Article LevelSICIs at Article Level

Requires publication info - but publishers Requires publication info - but publishers want to assign article Ids before pubwant to assign article Ids before pubnn

Long-windedLong-winded

Unfortunate syntax for Internet transfer (Unfortunate syntax for Internet transfer (<><>, , ##) - needs SGML entifying and hex encoding) - needs SGML entifying and hex encoding

Unclear what to do with special characters in Unclear what to do with special characters in Title CodeTitle Code

Not unique ID if two untitled articles on same Not unique ID if two untitled articles on same page (e.g. Letters)page (e.g. Letters)

C = Contribution, not C = Contribution, not ComponentComponent

SICI allows identification of article, issue SICI allows identification of article, issue ToC, issue Index and article abstract ToC, issue Index and article abstract (DPIs of 0, 1, 2, 3 respectively)(DPIs of 0, 1, 2, 3 respectively)

No way of using SICI to identify any No way of using SICI to identify any other component (such as Figure, Table, other component (such as Figure, Table, Section)Section)

Not surprising since it’s a Not surprising since it’s a canonicalisation nightmarecanonicalisation nightmare

http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/SICI/version2.htmlhttp://sunsite.berkeley.edu/SICI/version2.html

BICIBICI

Book Item and Component IdentifierBook Item and Component Identifier ISO DSFTU (Draft Standard for Trial Use)ISO DSFTU (Draft Standard for Trial Use) e.g. e.g.

0387119787(1982)<174:ADTATO>2.2.TX;1-Q0387119787(1982)<174:ADTATO>2.2.TX;1-Q ISBN, date, location, title, component type, etc. ISBN, date, location, title, component type, etc. Trial was Aug 2000 to Jan 2002 - not Trial was Aug 2000 to Jan 2002 - not

much evidence of usemuch evidence of use Many issues the same as for SICI, but Many issues the same as for SICI, but

also less business pushalso less business push

PIIPII

Publisher Item IdentifierPublisher Item Identifier Proposed in 1995 by ACS, AIP, APS, IEEE Proposed in 1995 by ACS, AIP, APS, IEEE

and Elsevier, but never became a and Elsevier, but never became a standardstandard

e.g. e.g. S0749-503X011234S0749-503X011234 Some publishers use as internal id since Some publishers use as internal id since

doesn’t suffer from any of the SICI doesn’t suffer from any of the SICI problemsproblems

But no registration/maintenance agencyBut no registration/maintenance agency

DOIDOI

Digital Object IdentifierDigital Object Identifier ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2000ANSI/NISO Z39.84-2000 e.g. issue = e.g. issue = 10.1002/yea.v18:110.1002/yea.v18:1

article = article = 10.1002/yea.123410.1002/yea.1234 Well established in academic journals Well established in academic journals

publishing - esp. ‘cos of CrossRefpublishing - esp. ‘cos of CrossRef 4.2 million DOIs deposited to date4.2 million DOIs deposited to date http://www.doi.orghttp://www.doi.org

Some publishing issues Some publishing issues regarding DOIsregarding DOIs

What are they assigned to? What are they assigned to? Need for Need for matching URLmatching URL, so can’t assign , so can’t assign

to anything you wouldn’t give a URL toto anything you wouldn’t give a URL to Individual publishers need to decide their Individual publishers need to decide their

DOI structureDOI structure Doesn’t have to be human-friendly but Doesn’t have to be human-friendly but

must be unique, easily generated, and must be unique, easily generated, and matched with URLmatched with URL

Application profiles for different genresApplication profiles for different genres

ProcessesProcesses

Apply to Registration Agency (Apply to Registration Agency (IDF, CDI, IDF, CDI, CrossRef, Enpia, LONCrossRef, Enpia, LON) for Registrant ) for Registrant PrefixPrefix

For individual DOIs, batch-process - For individual DOIs, batch-process - generate DOIs and URLs from electronic generate DOIs and URLs from electronic metadata and send to RA for depositmetadata and send to RA for deposit

DOIs never change (even if journal DOIs never change (even if journal changes ownership) but matched URLs changes ownership) but matched URLs (or other locators) can(or other locators) can

ISTCISTC

International Standard Textual Work CodeInternational Standard Textual Work Code ISO Committee Draft 21047 - circulated Oct ISO Committee Draft 21047 - circulated Oct

01, voting finished Jan 02: progressed to 01, voting finished Jan 02: progressed to Enquiry stageEnquiry stage

http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/21047.htmtc46sc9/21047.htm

E.g. E.g. 0A9-2002-1223F332-00A9-2002-1223F332-0(RA+year+WorkID+check)(RA+year+WorkID+check)

A A WorkWork (= abstract creation) id - replaces (= abstract creation) id - replaces the ISWC(L)the ISWC(L)

Creator-centric - authors may apply Creator-centric - authors may apply to ISTC Agency directly or via to ISTC Agency directly or via agents or via publisheragents or via publisher

Requires metadata deposit tooRequires metadata deposit too Publishers therefore need to Publishers therefore need to

capture these numbers if they’ve capture these numbers if they’ve been assigned to Worksbeen assigned to Works

Will authors really bother with this?Will authors really bother with this?

A couple of non-text, non-A couple of non-text, non-graphic Ids you might graphic Ids you might want to know aboutwant to know about

ISANISAN ISWCISWC

ISANISAN

International Standard Audiovisual NumberInternational Standard Audiovisual Number ISO Draft International Standard 15706 ISO Draft International Standard 15706 E.g. E.g. 153C-7365-B36F-844C-N153C-7365-B36F-844C-N Can be issued to movies, trailers, TV Can be issued to movies, trailers, TV

programmes, episodes or series, ads, programmes, episodes or series, ads, multimedia works if A/V component is multimedia works if A/V component is significantsignificant

http://www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isan.htmhttp://www.nlc-bnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/isan.htm Work has also started on a V-ISAN for VersionsWork has also started on a V-ISAN for Versions

ISWCISWC

International Standard Musical Work International Standard Musical Work Code (used to be ISWC(T))Code (used to be ISWC(T))

ISO 15707ISO 15707 e.g. e.g. T-034524680-1T-034524680-1 Identifies any musical work, including Identifies any musical work, including

arrangements, movements, medleys, arrangements, movements, medleys, samplessamples

http://www.iswc.org/iswc/iswc/en/html/http://www.iswc.org/iswc/iswc/en/html/home.htmlhome.html

MetadataMetadata

Resource discovery (Resource discovery (Dublin Core, Dublin Core, OAI-PMH), incl. Linking (CrossRefOAI-PMH), incl. Linking (CrossRef))

Product metadata (Product metadata (ONIX and ONIX ONIX and ONIX for Serialsfor Serials))

Preservation metadata (Preservation metadata (OAISOAIS)) I am not going to talk about library-specific I am not going to talk about library-specific

sets such as MARC, Z-3950, AACR2, etc.sets such as MARC, Z-3950, AACR2, etc.

Dublin Core Dublin Core

Defined Universal Bibliographic Language Defined Universal Bibliographic Language for Internet Navigation and Coherent for Internet Navigation and Coherent Online Resource Exploration Online Resource Exploration [not really!][not really!]

ANSI Z-3985ANSI Z-3985 DC 1.1 (simple, unqualified set of 15 DC 1.1 (simple, unqualified set of 15

elements) elements) Qualified set (DCQ? dcterms?) needed to Qualified set (DCQ? dcterms?) needed to

do anything more than basic - not do anything more than basic - not standard yetstandard yet

DC has been mandated by UK DC has been mandated by UK Government (“e-GMS”)Government (“e-GMS”)

Application Profiles will deal with Application Profiles will deal with defined local extensions via defined local extensions via namespace declarationsnamespace declarations

OAI-PMHOAI-PMH

Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata Open Archives Initiative Protocol for Metadata HarvestingHarvesting

Not really an archive in the sense of repository, more of Not really an archive in the sense of repository, more of a political statement and a metadata harvesting a political statement and a metadata harvesting protocolprotocol

Came out of the E-print community, but they welcome Came out of the E-print community, but they welcome commercial publisherscommercial publishers

Supported by DLF and CNISupported by DLF and CNI Uses simple (unqualified) Dublin Core as its metadataUses simple (unqualified) Dublin Core as its metadata E.g. E.g. <creator><creator>Cliff MorganCliff Morgan</></> Version 2 of protocol due for release June 2002Version 2 of protocol due for release June 2002 http://www.openarchives.orghttp://www.openarchives.org

CrossRef metadata setCrossRef metadata set

CrossRef matches the metadata in a CrossRef matches the metadata in a citation with the metadata in its citation with the metadata in its Metadata Database (MDDB), which Metadata Database (MDDB), which includes the DOI for the resourceincludes the DOI for the resource

Participating publishers (91 of ‘em) Participating publishers (91 of ‘em) deposit the m/data with DOI into the deposit the m/data with DOI into the MDDBMDDB

To date, 3.7M DOIs, covering 5000+ jnlsTo date, 3.7M DOIs, covering 5000+ jnls http://www.crossref.orghttp://www.crossref.org

New versionNew version

Version 2 much more complicated Version 2 much more complicated - full schema is 113 pages long- full schema is 113 pages long

In addition to journals, covers In addition to journals, covers books and conference books and conference proceedings, at whole title and proceedings, at whole title and chapter levelchapter level

Some element names are different Some element names are different from CrossRef 1.0from CrossRef 1.0

ONIXONIX

OnLine Information eXchangeOnLine Information eXchange Latest release is 2.0Latest release is 2.0 Original focus was message format for Original focus was message format for

books through the trade, but is fast books through the trade, but is fast becoming a universal metadata set for becoming a universal metadata set for describing publicationsdescribing publications

http://www.editeur.orghttp://www.editeur.org

ONIX being championed by a ONIX being championed by a number of publishers and online number of publishers and online retailersretailers

Swedish Royal Library using ONIX Swedish Royal Library using ONIX as an input mediumas an input medium

ONIX for SerialsONIX for Serials

Provides rich cataloguing information Provides rich cataloguing information for agents, librarians, usersfor agents, librarians, users

Supports alerting, despatch and Supports alerting, despatch and library check-inlibrary check-in

Structured, multi-level bibliographic Structured, multi-level bibliographic descriptions, including ToCsdescriptions, including ToCs

Descriptions for library holdings Descriptions for library holdings (direct to OPACs)(direct to OPACs)

Draft 2 just released this monthDraft 2 just released this month Subscription Package Record provides Subscription Package Record provides

product catalogue info about product catalogue info about subscription packagessubscription packages

Serial Title Record provides catalogue Serial Title Record provides catalogue info about an individual serial info about an individual serial

Serial Item Record provides structured Serial Item Record provides structured multi-level bibliographic description of multi-level bibliographic description of serial partsserial parts

So is the CrossRef set like the So is the CrossRef set like the ONIX for Serials set?ONIX for Serials set?

NoNo They both include metadata that can They both include metadata that can

be used to describe journals, issues be used to describe journals, issues and articlesand articles

But they don’t use the same element But they don’t use the same element namesnames

CrossRef has mapped to ONIX but not CrossRef has mapped to ONIX but not to ONIX for Serials yet - but has said to ONIX for Serials yet - but has said will support when releasedwill support when released

OpenURLOpenURL

NISO Work Item NISO Work Item Separates metadata for resource from Separates metadata for resource from

metadata for locationmetadata for location Resolver services (such as SFX, CrossRef) Resolver services (such as SFX, CrossRef)

make the context-sensitive linkmake the context-sensitive link Solves the “appropriate copy” problem, Solves the “appropriate copy” problem,

where more than one legit copy of an article where more than one legit copy of an article may be available to a library, e.g. local may be available to a library, e.g. local holding, consortium, aggregator service, holding, consortium, aggregator service, mirror site, publisher mirror site, publisher

OpenURL metadataOpenURL metadata

OpenURL comprises BASEURL and QUERYOpenURL comprises BASEURL and QUERY BASEURL identifies the resolver; QUERY is BASEURL identifies the resolver; QUERY is

a resource descriptiona resource description e.g. (simplified): e.g. (simplified):

http://resolver.ukoln.ac.ukhttp://resolver.ukoln.ac.uk/genre=article/genre=article&atitle=Information%20gateways:…&atitle=Information%20gateways:…

&issn=14684527&volume=24&spage=4&issn=14684527&volume=24&spage=400 &aulast=Heery&aufirst=Rachel&aulast=Heery&aufirst=Rachel

Genres defined as “referent-Genres defined as “referent-types”, such as book, chapter, types”, such as book, chapter, journal, article, conf proc and journal, article, conf proc and paper, dissertation, patent, report - paper, dissertation, patent, report - each has its own metadata speceach has its own metadata spec

High-level concept is the Bison-High-level concept is the Bison-Futé model Futé model http://www.dlib.org/dlib/july01/vandesompel/07vandesohttp://www.dlib.org/dlib/july01/vandesompel/07vandesompel.htmlmpel.html

Preservation metadataPreservation metadata

OAIS (Open Archival Information System) OAIS (Open Archival Information System) underlies all digital preservation modelsunderlies all digital preservation models

Nothing to do with OAINothing to do with OAI Based on SIPs (Submission Info Based on SIPs (Submission Info

Packages), AIPs (Archival Info Packages) Packages), AIPs (Archival Info Packages) and DIPs (Dissemination Info Packages)and DIPs (Dissemination Info Packages)

The Producer wraps the stuff up in a SIP, The Producer wraps the stuff up in a SIP, it gets ingested into an AIP, and sent out it gets ingested into an AIP, and sent out as a DIPas a DIP

Some other metadata Some other metadata activitiesactivities

LOMLOM - Learning Object Model - Learning Object Model IMSIMS - Instructional Management Set (builds - Instructional Management Set (builds

on LOM)on LOM) PRISMPRISM - Publishing Requirements for Industry - Publishing Requirements for Industry

Standard MetadataStandard Metadata MEGMEG - cross-sectoral Metadata for Education - cross-sectoral Metadata for Education

GroupGroup SCORMSCORM - Shared Contents Objects Reference - Shared Contents Objects Reference

Model - US DoD project, also builds on Model - US DoD project, also builds on IMS/LOMIMS/LOM

How are we supposed to How are we supposed to cope with all these metadata cope with all these metadata sets?sets?

A publisher’s metadata becomes an important A publisher’s metadata becomes an important asset for describing product to the outside asset for describing product to the outside world, esp. for trading and linkingworld, esp. for trading and linking

If publishers have their publications in If publishers have their publications in electronic form, the metadata will be in there electronic form, the metadata will be in there in the file so it just needs extracting and in the file so it just needs extracting and mapping to whatever metadata set the mapping to whatever metadata set the publisher choosespublisher chooses

Production issue: who checks the metadata?Production issue: who checks the metadata?

E-booksE-books

OEBPS - Open E-Book Publication StructureOEBPS - Open E-Book Publication Structure Three components:Three components: a) a)

XML DTD for contentXML DTD for content b) b) DC-based metadata (but some non-DC-based metadata (but some non-compliant qualifier attributes)compliant qualifier attributes) c) c) description of package’s structure, description of package’s structure, reading order, navigationreading order, navigation

Many OEB files are just (a)Many OEB files are just (a) Version 2 being worked on, esp. M&I, and Version 2 being worked on, esp. M&I, and

RightsRights

FormatsFormats

Front runners are Adobe E-Book Front runners are Adobe E-Book Reader (PDF based) and Microsoft Reader (PDF based) and Microsoft Reader (.lit based)Reader (.lit based)

.lit limited to simple stuff, and not .lit limited to simple stuff, and not as robust as PDF, but can’t as robust as PDF, but can’t underestimate M/softunderestimate M/soft

New versions of Adobe will have New versions of Adobe will have built-in DOI capabilitybuilt-in DOI capability

Text reflow Text reflow

Acrobat 5 introduced sructured PDFAcrobat 5 introduced sructured PDF The Holy Grail synthesis of structure and The Holy Grail synthesis of structure and

presentationpresentation Writes a PDF file in XML(ish)Writes a PDF file in XML(ish) Asserts reading orderAsserts reading order Allows for reflow into different reader Allows for reflow into different reader

devicesdevices Works best for simple only, but good startWorks best for simple only, but good start

ConclusionsConclusions

There are lots of standards out thereThere are lots of standards out there Some of them compete with one anotherSome of them compete with one another Not all of them are formal Not all of them are formal They may change over timeThey may change over time Publishing industry standards are not Publishing industry standards are not

only developed by the publishing only developed by the publishing industryindustry

Not always easy to judge the winnersNot always easy to judge the winners