emerging applications in the connected home · 2002. 1. 8. · full-service basic subscription...
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Emerging Applicationsin the Connected Home
Andrew Wolfe, Ph.D.CTO
SONICblue Incorporated
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Overview
� The post-PC era in processors� The Connected Home� Growth drivers for next-generation products� Current and emerging applications� System architectures � Impact on CPU microarchitecture
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Why were there 50 people last time Yale ran Micro and there are
350 here today?
Importance of computers in the general economy
Business Productivity
Increasingly more efficient production of goods and services� Lower cost� Faster response
Greenspan - �PC drove productivity gains�
Growth of Intel, IBM, HP, etc.
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Post-Greenspan Economy
More efficient consumption of goods and services
� Individual targeting (goods & services you want)� Increased utility� More effective delivery (where & when you want them)� Extracting value from personal information� Anticipating needs and desires� Creating needs and desires
Consumption Productivity
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Changes in communication
Broadcasting
Mass Media
Mass Production
Narrowcasting
Targeted Messaging
Mass Customization
Entertainment content will lead the change
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The Connected Home
� Digital technology -> new class of consumer electronics
� Networked digital audio� Networked digital video� Information appliances
� Networking connects devices - content is shared� Personalization cusomizes user experiences� Capabilities driven by software and services� Constant direct feedback improves targeted products
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What does “Connected Home” mean?
� Always-on broadband service� Whole-house distribution (just like AC power)� Networked digital audio & video� Application-specific information appliances � Distributed content database - seamless storage� Internet-based content services� Personalized interfaces for each family member� Legacy system and content compatibility� No administration or maintenance
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The Connected Home - 2001
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The Evolving Connected HomeAudio
Services
VideoServices
Home
ReplayTV PVR
Internet
PVP
Musicnet PressplayRioport Full audioNapster Real One
Other CE’s
Cable STB’s
MovieBox MovieFlyReal One
ReplayPC PVR
Thin A/V ClientsOther Services
EPG Data servicesWeb control
A/V Clients
Other
Home Media Server
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Broadband deployment
05
1015202530354045
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004Broadband Households (millions) IDC data
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05
1015202530354045
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
Or maybe not...
Broadband Households (millions) IDC data
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 20030%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%100%
Millions of PC HouseholdsPC PenetrationPercentage of Households Online via PC
Home PC deployment
Source: Jupiter Projections
Hou
seh
olds
(in millions)
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Cable/Satellite
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
2000 2001 2002
Over AirDBSCable
Homes in millions
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Entertainment spendingKagan Consumer Media Index(All Figures Are Per Month) 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001Full-service basic subscription rev./U.S. home $16.87 $18.01 $18.81 $19.12 $19.95Cassette sales & rental rev./U.S. home 12.99 13.94 14.47 15.42 17.47Location-based entertainment rev./U.S. home 15.13 16.31 16.40 16.67 17.44Recorded Music rev./U.S. home 8.60 9.36 9.85 9.27 9.26Newspaper subscription rev./U.S. home 8.66 8.80 8.76 8.49 8.54Magazine subscription rev./U.S. home 8.10 8.59 8.47 8.09 8.02Movie spending/U.S. home 6.98 7.59 8.64 7.96 8.63Spectator sports admission rev./U.S. home 5.46 6.67 6.57 7.14 7.34Premium TV subscription rev./U.S. home 5.96 6.38 6.67 6.94 7.30Internet subscription rev./U.S. home 3.03 4.19 5.35 6.09 7.07Pay-per-view purchases/U.S. home 0.91 0.86 1.17 1.34 1.87Media Spending Per Household $92.68 $100.71 $105.15 $106.51 $112.89
Target households are 3-5x higher
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Technology drivers
� High-bandwidth data delivery to the home� But still no reliable QOS
� Cheap LAN technology� Leveraging PC technology - still no QOS� �No New Wires� solutions (10Mb/s class)
� 802.11b� HPNA� HomePlug
� Residential gateways (home routers/firewalls)
� Ubiquitous protocols (TCP/IP, DHCP, etc.)� Datacasting
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Technology Drivers� Low cost storage
� Hard Disk - $1-$2/GB � DRAM - $60/GB
� �Push� content models� Massive buffering to overcome QOS issues
� Effective data compresion� Satisfactory quality for 90+% of consumers
� Economically effective Digital Rights Management� for closed systems
� Cheap CPU cycles� Improved SW development environments
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High Growth Opportunities for Processors
� Network signal processing� hardwired ASP -> ILP signal processors� demodulation, filtering, FEC, etc.
� Sports Cars - fast, lightweight, simple, price-point driven
� Entertainment systems processors� hybrid multiprocessors -> fast uniprocessors� CODECs, A/V filtering/equalization, communication protocols� UI, database, I/O streaming, scheduling, OS
� Minivans - high capacity, flexible, ready for any situation
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The Rio Digital Audio Center
� Digital Audio Server� Rip CDs� Serve compressed music� Burn CDs� Upload portables� Internet streaming
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Application Mix
� Signal Processing� Codecs� Equalizers� Decryption� Visualizations� Signaturing
� Networking� TCP/IP and HTTP stacks� Samba
� UI & graphics
� Sequential algorithms� Linux� File system� Stream management
� Playback� Client streaming� CD burning
� Behavior prediction� SQL server
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A “Sports Car” Architecture
ADC
ADC
DAC
DAC
Baseband DSP MAC
PreambleDetection,
Gain Control
ChannelEqualization
VLIWor
Vector CPU
Output Filter
Inte
rleav
e / D
e-in
terl
eave
Conv
olut
ion
Enco
de /
Vite
rbi D
ecod
e
Scra
mbl
er /
Des
cram
bler
WEP
+ P
HY
I/F
RISCCore
DMAControl
PCI / CardbusInterface
WirelessLAN
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Processor Characteristics
� DSP-style operations� vector arithmetic� lots of MACs� streaming memory accesses� advanced addressing modes
� C/C++ programmable @ ~100% performance� Sustained performance >1Gop/s (real arithmetic ops)� < 0.5W
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A “Minivan” Architecture
DRAM
Boot ROM
DAC
R/C
LCDDisplay
Switches
PowerSupply
Ethernet
AMP
Clocks &Reset
DebugPort
Rio Receiver
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Processor Characteristics
� High Peripheral Integration� Rich I/O capability� As much computing power as I get for free� Caches� Full MMU
� Linux, MP3/WMA decode, DRM, TCP/IP stacks� 74MHz, ~90mW� CPU performance limits feature set
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A “PT Cruiser” Architecture
Boot ROM
DAC
LCDDisplay
Switches
PowerSupply
USB
Clocks &Reset
DebugPort
Data Flash
Rio 600 Handheld
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Processor Characteristics
� High Peripheral Integration� Reduced pin count (same die)� Any processor available cheap in high volume
� MP3/WMA decode, DRM, UI� 74MHz, 50mW (sleep mode used heavily)� CPU power limits feature set
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Emerging Applications� Adaptive transcoding
� Limited BW networks� Device adaptation
� Speech recognition (UI navigation)� Content identification � Preference recognition - adaptive behaviors� Image insertion (product placement)� Software-configurable radio
� multistandard support
� Antenna diversity� Steerable antenna arrays
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Embedded - Myths & Realities
� Traditional Embedded CPU concerns� Cost� Performance� Power� Real-time behavior� Development Environments
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Cost� Still more important than everything else put together� But not CPU cost - total cost
� System HW cost (processor, memory, I/O)� Packaging costs (power driven)� Development cost
� Almost all embedded development is moving to HLL� Validation costs dominate
� Service costs
� Die size is seldom the most important issue� Pins still tend to dominate over mm2
� $100 product = <$5 integrated processor (10 mm2 CPU)
� $1000 product = <$35 processor (40 mm2 CPU)
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Power� Battery powered systems - total energy is critical
� Lower power is always better
� AC-powered systems - airflow concerns dominate� Just need to hit power target
� But - CPU power is not the current bottleneck for connected home products - analog I/O is.
Total Power CPU PowerLaptop PC 20W 6W Webpad 12W 2W PDA 2W 500mW Rio MP3 player 150mW 50mW
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Real-time� Hard real-time constraints are no longer an issue
� No QOS on disks or networks� Communication errors� Caches are manditory and modeling tools don�t exist
High-level compensation mechanisms are already in place
� Large buffers� Unchanged human perception
� law of large numbers - most timing problems smooth out
� Existing failure rates - within consumer tolerance threshold
Yet - limiting performance variation speeds validation
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Development
� Software development efficiency drives cost� Rio MP3 player - ~ 2M units sold.� CPU cost ~$9/unit� Fully burdened SW development cost ~$12/unit� Schedule is even more important than cost
� HLL code is used for almost everything� OS becoming common; Heavy use of library code� Still few tools for validation
� Primarily in-situ testing
Better tools are the most important problem
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Research Directions
1
10
100
1000
1985 1990 1995 2000
Best Microarchitecture Ideas
Obvious Stuff
Obvious StuffFaster transistorsMore memory BWBigger caches32-bit instructionsWider datapathsMore registersDeeper PipelinesMultiplier/Shifter/FP
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Tools and Methodology
� Quantitative Microarchitecture still critical� Processors and memory systems must be highly optimized
� performance/$� performance/mW
� Compilers - stable code characteristics� predictable performance� predictable code size� predictable numerical accuracy
� Full system simulation/verification� power and performance� including analog components
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Advanced Tools
� Algorithm level compilation (i.e. Matlab)� Automated float-fixed mapping� Compiling I/O streams/DMA� Specification-driven code synthesis
� Compile to deadline� Compile to power budget� Compile to code size� Compile to accuracy� Multiple constraints
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Microarchitectural Features� Appropriate Data Types
� fixed-point� complex� bit-fields� big-endian data
� Appropriate Operations� MAC� fast multiply & divide� bit reversal� GF multiply� Byte permutation� Bit-field extraction/insertion� Pop count/first one
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Microarchitectural Features� ILP is good
� Vectors ofter win cost/performance� VLIW - stable high performance across code base� Superscalar - power/area tradeoffs are difficult
� Multiprocessors? � work great with tool support
� Subword Parallelism (ala MMX) (i.e. - cheap vectors)� Adequate precision
� Accumulators� Need extra precision� Subword parallel operations need them too
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Microarchitectural Features� Software prefetching� Static branch prediction/prepare to branch� Predication� Lockable set-associative caches� Low-temporal-variation MMU
� separate paging/protection granularity
� Architecture-level security � Code compression� Data compression
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One more challenge
� Reliability� Availability� Servicability
� How do I build 4-6 Σ systems - including software
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Likely Dead Ends
� Aggressive speculation� aggressive branch prediction� multiple-path execution� value prediction� trace caches
� Dynamic compilation/optimization� Temporal correctness becomes untestable� User impression are formed a time of purchase� Automated code updates would slow down systems
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Profiling
� Standard profile-driven optimization is impractical
Develop Validate Profile Optimize ReleaseRegress
� Validation depends on final code properties� performance� code & data size
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Conclusions� Networked home entertaiment will drive the next wave of
CPU growth� Home networking � Multimedia systems
� Device capabilities drive service revenue� Processor capabilities are limited by cost & power� Compelling features will continue to drive performance� Process of quantitative CPU design and analysis is still
valid� Performance/cost/power tradeoffs are different� More predictable behaviors
� Better design tools are the greatest challenge