Emergency Responses & Safety in Hazards, Fire and Arson on

University CampusBeing a presentation at a 4-Day Training Programme for Security Personnel of Federal University

of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State.

21st -23rd December, 2015By Babatunde Olowookere

Session objectives1. Identify Threats/Hazards.2. Understanding the classes of fire and its spread.3.Types of fire Extinguishers.4. Fire hazard prevention, protection and safety.

STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION

Concepts Objectives of Disaster Management Prevalent Hazard in Nigeria, with special Reference to 81 Div.

AOR National Emergency Management Ageny (NEMA) Pragmatic Policies, Systems, Strategies & Procedures for

Effective Disaster Management In Nigeria, with special Reference to 81 Divi. AOR

Institutional Framework for Disaster Management In Nigeria Policies, Procedures, Systems & Strategies Resources, Facilities and Infrastructures Current Status What is the Problem The Way Forward

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INTRODUCTIONThe University is a diverse workplace, and some locations and/or types of work may involve particular hazards with its associate risks. Numerous natural or man-made hazards can affect the University and pose an actual or potential threat to public health and safety on the university campus. A comprehensive emergency plan is needed to ensure the protection of students, employees and the public from the effects of critical incidents and emergencies. This plan may be activated in response to a regional or national crisis that affects the University. Any emergency that affects our students, faculty, and/or staff community is considered a University emergency..

AIM OF THE PRESENTATION

To highlight:-i. Typical Hazards in University

Campus; ii.Flammable and combustible

materials;

FOCUS:

Causes of Fire in High-Rise Building; Fire Life Safety and Security Management;

andFire Hazard: Prevention, Protection.

A disaster is a serious disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society to cope using only its own resources

Source: UNDP

DISASTERConcepts

7

EMERGENCY

Concept s –cont.

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• Life threatening situation.

•people at risk of death or severe deterioration in their health status /living conditions.

•These could arise due to accident, explosion, ocean surge, flooding, wind storm, war, insurgency, and a host of other hazardous situations.

HAZARD A natural or other

phenomenon, human activity with potential to bring harm”. include hidden conditions that may represent future threats and can have different origins.

• Example Rain… too much … too little

VULNERABILITY

Weakness or gap in a security program that can be exploited by threats to gain unauthorized access to an asset.

Concepts - cont

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HAZARDS IN THE

UNIVERSITY CAMPUS

ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION

HUMAN-INDUCE

D

NATURAL

Hazards(trigger events)

Vulnerability(exposure)

D = H x V

The “Crunch” Diagram

RISK• Risk may be defined

as the expected damage or loss caused by any hazard. (lives lost, persons injured, damage to property or destruction of an asset and/ or the environment, livelihood lost, disruption of economic activity or social system as a result of a threat exploiting vulnerability).

• Risk usually depends on a combination of two factors:

1.How often and severe the hazard (e.g., a flood or drought).

2.Vulnerability of the people exposed to these hazards.

Concepts - cont

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RISK REDUCTION• Measures

taken to reduce long-term risks associated with human activity or natural events.

• RISK MANAGEMENT1.Avoidance2.Mitigation3.Transfer4.Retention5.Residual

Concepts - cont

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Concepts-cont

Threat:An indication of possible violence, harm or danger that includes both intent and capabilities

1. Threat analysis Identifying the sources of the threats, potential adversaries with the desire to commit crime, release or obtain hazardous chemical. Threat source (Intent and method targeted at the intentional exploitation of a vulnerabilityA situation and method that may accidentally trigger vulnerability. (crime opportunity theory) all crimes require opportunity but not every opportunity is followed by crime. Strategy for crime control is to provide no opportunity.2. Identifying the types of threats, i.e deciding on the potential objectives of the adversariesAssessing the likelihood of the threats( measured in terms of motivation and capability).

Concepts-cont

Fire is defined “as a process involving rapid oxidation at elevated temperatures accompanied by the evolution of heated gaseous products of combustion, and the emission of visible and invisible radiation”.

Composition of heat, oxygen and fuel reacting simultaneously.

Fire

Concepts-cont

High-Rise BuildingAny building having an occupied floor located more than 75 feet above the lowest level of fire Department vehicle access.

Means of EscapeThe routes by which persons may escape from a fire, and the means by which these routes are keep useable. e.g. fire- doors to prevent smoke and flame from spreading to an escape route, signage to indicate the direction to safety.

Concepts-cont

Fire Warning SystemsThese include fire alarms, fire detection equipment, and connection to remote terminals. The system alert occupants of building and others in case of fire outbreak.Escape Lighting

Lighting shows the means of escape from a building engulfed by fire.

Typical Hazards in Universities Campuses• Biological Hazards – anthrax, plague, small pox,

viral, and hemorragic fever• Chemical Hazards- solvents, dust (sand,

asbestor ,cotton), paints, • Ergonomic Hazards –work posture/chairs, space per

work shift, working surface height, • Physical Hazards – falling from Heights, Slips, Trips

and Falls, Noise and vibration, • Mechanical Hazards- poor maintenance, unsafe

designs, slippery/wet floors• Electrical Hazards- electrocution, overload,

inadequate insulation • Violent crimes- civil disorder• Harassment-sexual•  Mass Shootings

Other HazardsCompressed gases- explosionFlammable and combustible materials (gases, aerosols, liquids, solidsOxidizing substances

Flammable substances are substances that are likely to quite easily catch fire. Ex: gasoline, diesel fuel, paper

All gases in containers are under pressure. Ex: a balloon.They are likely to explode if:

puncturedcompressed, dropped or dentedheated

Pressurized gas explosions, especially flammable ones, (ex: propane, butane or acetylene) are very dangerous..

Pressurized Gases

Basic Element of Fire/ Triangle of Combustion

Fuel

Heat

Fire

1. Oxygen 2. Heat 3. Fuel Oxygen: is one of the

constituents of the atmospheric air, accounting for about 21% by volume, it is free for breathing and supporter of combustion.Heat: When the body temperature of a substance is raised high. Heat can be produced by a violent chemical reaction.Fuel: This is anything that can burn. It can be solid, liquid or gas, eg wood, petrol, etc

Oxy

gen

Causes of fire in High-rise BuildingsIn the history of building fires, the cause of fire outbreak are usually due to Carelessness, faulty electricity smoking, arson, cooking or renovation. All this could be attributed to:i.Overloading of electrical sockets;ii. Careless storage of flammable liquids;iii.careless discarding of cigarette end and smoking where not allowed;iv.Keeping electrical apparatus in the vicinity of combustible materialsv.Through enemy action, sabotage with fraudulent intentions.

Classes of FiresFor effective management of any fire outbreak, it is necessary that one understand the type of fire. Fire is classified into Four (4) types.Class “A”: this involves free burning materials such as wood, papers, textile materials etc. Water is used as extinguishing medium.Class “B”: These are those category of fire involving flammable substances. e.g. Petrol, paraffin, paints, grease . Dry chemical powder or CO2 fire extinguisher forms the extinguishing media.Class “C”: These categories of fire are those involving combustible gases or gas leakage cylinders. Dry chemical or CO2 types of fire extinguisher forms the extinguishing media.Class “D”: These are fire involving metals. e.g. Potassium, Aluminum, Silver and Zinc or Gold. These categories of fire are best extinguished using dry power and dry sand.

Fire ExtinctionTo extinct fire, or combustion what is simply needed is to take such steps as are necessary to collapse the triangle. As the triangle is cut i.e. When one of the element is removed, fire will be out.

Method of Extinction:i.Cooling ii.Smoothering, and iii.Starvation or Isolation

Cont’d….

Fire

HEATFU

EL

OX

YG

EN

TRIANGLE A (COMBUSION)

TRIANGLE B (EXTINCTION)

FIRE EXTINCTION

SMOO

THER

ING

STARVATI

ON

COOLING

Systems to enhance Fire Safety

1. Stair Pressurization- is to limit smoke migration into the stairs.

2. Lobby Pressurization- is to provide a relatively safe area of refuge for occupants on the floor of fire origin

3. Lobby Extraction- Depending on the building characteristics and system configuration. Lobby extraction maybe considered.

4. Sprinkler System- Sprinkler system is needed for buildings greater than 25 meter in effective height. If it is omitted, the likelihood of smoke and fire spread is greater.

5. Alarm Sequence- the designed alarm sequence in high-rise commercial and residential building is crucial.

Cont’d….6.Signage- it is important that the signage within stairs, hallways and building elements is simple to understand.7. Public Address system and occupant Intercommunication- Public address system i.e intercommunication, PA system, occupant/emergency warning system are functioning according to evacuation plan.

Fire Drill and Simulation

• Plan for large scale emergencies. (Fires, explosions...)• An emergency plan will save lives (of workers and

community) and property• In your plan make sure that:

– all emergency exits accessible and known to workers – there is more than one exit – all fire extinguishers, safety valves are in working

order– workers know how to use safety equipment– all the chemicals you are using are known– emergency staff know how to deal with the chemicals

Cont’d…

Emergency Response Management-Fire preventionFire control1.Identify fire risks2.Determine precaution required3. Installed fire protection equipment4. Plan action in the event of fire5. Prepared fire precaution manual and brief all concerned6.Compile checklist and institute a rewiew

Laboratory Safety Orientation, 2009 30

Personal Protective Equipment

The Strategy of The Strategy of Last ResortLast Resort• Respiratory Protection• Eye, Face, Hand, Foot• Protective Clothing• Hearing • Head Protection• Barrier creams

What is First Aid?

The initial care, given to a casualty, prior to the arrival of professional medical assistance.

What is your obligation to provide first aid?

Aims of first aid

• 1. Preserve lifeAssessAirwayBreathingChest CompressionsControl Bleeding

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2. Limit the worsening of the condition

Examination of the casualtyMake diagnosisGive priority to seriously injuredTreat multiple injuries in order of priorityConsider possibility of secondary condition

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3. Promote recovery

Relieve discomfort, pain or anxiety

Reassure

Get medical aid

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First Aid Protocol

• Assess the scene…

• Assess the casualty…

• Assess what to do next…

Triple A Protocol

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First Aid Protocol

• Assess the scene…

• Assess the casualty…

• Assess what to do next…

Triple A Protocol

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Resuscitation

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Cardio-Pulmonary Resuscitation

• CPR is a technique involving rescue breathing and the compression of the heart (through external cardiac compression) ECC, therefore pumping oxygenated blood around the body.

• CPR when performed correctly, can preserve brain functions until medical help arrives.

• CPR is used on a patient who has suffered a cardiac arrest.

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CPR TECHNIQUE• 2 Breaths followed by 30 Compressions

• When performing CPR on a child, use only the air in your mouth.

Thanks for Your attention