emerald ash borer the beginning of the end of ash in north america? (version 3, revised february...
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Emerald Emerald Ash BorerAsh Borer
The Beginning of the The Beginning of the End of Ash in North End of Ash in North
America?America?(Version 3, Revised February (Version 3, Revised February
2007)2007)Ohio State University Extension Ohio State University Extension Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Ohio Agricultural Research and Development
Center Ohio Center Ohio Department of AgricultureDepartment of Agriculture
Ohio Department of Natural ResourcesOhio Department of Natural Resources
AuthorsAuthors
• Jane C. Martin, OSU Extension, Franklin CountyJane C. Martin, OSU Extension, Franklin County
• Amy K. Stone, OSU Extension, Lucas CountyAmy K. Stone, OSU Extension, Lucas County
• Daniel A. Herms, Department of Entomology, Daniel A. Herms, Department of Entomology, OSU/OARDC and OSU ExtensionOSU/OARDC and OSU Extension
• Joe F. Boggs, OSU Extension, Hamilton County Joe F. Boggs, OSU Extension, Hamilton County and and South Center Horticulture South Center Horticulture SpecialistSpecialist
• Curtis E. Young, OSU Extension, Allen CountyCurtis E. Young, OSU Extension, Allen County
Emerald Ash Borer Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)(EAB)
Agrilus planipennisAgrilus planipennis Order: Coleoptera Order: Coleoptera Family: BuprestidaeFamily: Buprestidae
25 million dead ash trees . . . and 25 million dead ash trees . . . and countingcounting
Emerald Emerald Ash Borer Ash Borer
Where Did It Where Did It Come From?Come From?
Emerald Ash Borer in North Emerald Ash Borer in North AmericaAmerica
• Native to East Asia — N.E. China, E. Native to East Asia — N.E. China, E. Siberia, Siberia, Korea and Japan.Korea and Japan.
• Discovered in southeast Michigan in June Discovered in southeast Michigan in June 2002; 2002; probably had been established at probably had been established at least 1least 155 years. years.
• We don’t know for sure, We don’t know for sure, but but emerald ash borer emerald ash borer probably arrived in probably arrived in the the U.S. in infested wood U.S. in infested wood pallets, crating or pallets, crating or dunnage.dunnage.
USDA Forest Service
Emerald Ash Borer in North Emerald Ash Borer in North America as of December 2006America as of December 2006
Known EAB Infestations in Ohio Known EAB Infestations in Ohio as of December 2006as of December 2006
Economic Economic and and
Ecological Ecological Impacts in Impacts in
OhioOhio
Economic and Ecological Impacts in Economic and Ecological Impacts in OhioOhioNatural Forests Natural Forests
3.8 3.8 bbillion white ash trees.illion white ash trees.
Forest Products Industry Forest Products Industry 2.1 billion 2.1 billion board feet of standing ash timber, worth board feet of standing ash timber, worth $1 billion. $1 billion.
Nursery Industry Nursery Industry 27,000 27,000 ash trees sold in 1998 worth $2.3 ash trees sold in 1998 worth $2.3 million, wholesale value.million, wholesale value.
$20 million standing nursery crop value, $20 million standing nursery crop value, as of May 2002.as of May 2002.
Urban ForestsUrban Forests Ash is one of the most common tree Ash is one of the most common tree species in urban forests.species in urban forests.
Emerald Emerald Ash Borer Ash Borer
Life Life Stages and Stages and Life CycleLife Cycle
Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash BorerBorer• Thinning canopy, epicormic sprouts Thinning canopy, epicormic sprouts
from from trunk and basal shoots.trunk and basal shoots.
Thin, 2”-5” long bark splits caused Thin, 2”-5” long bark splits caused by callus formation may be the only by callus formation may be the only early symptom . . .early symptom . . .
Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash BorerBorer• 1/16 to 1/8 inch diameter, D-1/16 to 1/8 inch diameter, D-
shaped exit shaped exit holes in holes in bark.bark.
Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash Signs and Symptoms of Emerald Ash BorerBorer
• Serpentine, frass-filled Serpentine, frass-filled galleries.galleries.
Frass packed in the galleries
Multiple, disorganized galleries
A single mature gallery over numerous galleries of immature larvae
Woodpecker Injury to TreesWoodpecker Injury to Trees
Summary of Signs and SymptomsSummary of Signs and Symptoms
Serpentine, Serpentine, frass-filled frass-filled galleriesgalleries
Thinning Thinning canopycanopy
Epicormic Epicormic sprouts from sprouts from trunktrunk
D-shaped D-shaped exit holes exit holes in barkin bark
Flat, tapeworm-like Flat, tapeworm-like larva with bell-larva with bell-shaped segmentsshaped segments
How Fast Can EAB Spread?How Fast Can EAB Spread?
• Michigan State University research Michigan State University research indicates that indicates that small, outlier infestations small, outlier infestations disperse less than a half mile disperse less than a half mile per year.per year.
• Field analysis of Ohio infestations Field analysis of Ohio infestations yields similar yields similar conclusions.conclusions.
• The core infestation is probably The core infestation is probably spreading faster.spreading faster.
• Lab studiesLab studies indicate indicate emerald emerald ash borer can ash borer can fly several miles fly several miles when when forced repeatedly to forced repeatedly to fly to exhaustion.fly to exhaustion.
Other Ash ProblemsOther Ash Problems
• Native borersNative borers
• DiseasesDiseases- Ash declineAsh decline- Ash yellowsAsh yellows- Ash anthracnoseAsh anthracnose- Verticillium wiltVerticillium wilt- Botryosphaeria canker, other Botryosphaeria canker, other cankerscankers
Native Ash Borers Are Extremely Native Ash Borers Are Extremely CommonCommon• Clearwing Borers (Clearwing Borers (Attack stressed Attack stressed treestrees))
- Banded ash clearwing borerBanded ash clearwing borer- Ash/lilac borerAsh/lilac borer
• Roundheaded BorersRoundheaded Borers ( (Attack dead and Attack dead and
dying treesdying trees))- Redheaded ash borerRedheaded ash borer- Banded ash borerBanded ash borer- Ash and privet borerAsh and privet borer
• Bark Beetles (Bark Beetles (Attack dead and dying treesAttack dead and dying trees))-- Eastern ash bark beetleEastern ash bark beetle
Common Native BorersCommon Native Borers
Banded ash Banded ash clearwing borerclearwing borer
Redheaded ash borerRedheaded ash borer
David G. Nielsen, Ohio State University/OARDC
Native Borers or Emerald Ash Native Borers or Emerald Ash Borer?Borer?
Clearwing Clearwing BorersBorers
• Round exit Round exit holes.holes.
Emerald Ash Emerald Ash BorerBorer
• D-shaped exit D-shaped exit hole.hole.
1/8 to 1/4 inch in diameter
1/16 to 1/8 inch in diameter
Native Borers or Emerald Ash Native Borers or Emerald Ash Borer?Borer?
Clearwing BorersClearwing Borers
• Both clearwing Both clearwing and and
roundheaded roundheaded borers feed in the borers feed in the
tree’s xylem tree’s xylem tissue.tissue.
Emerald Ash Emerald Ash BorerBorer
• Phloem feeder.Phloem feeder.
Colorado State University
Native Borers or Emerald Ash Native Borers or Emerald Ash Borer?Borer?
Clearwing Clearwing BorersBorers
• Expel frass Expel frass from from tree.tree.
Emerald Ash Emerald Ash BorerBorer
• FrassFrass packed in packed in larval larval
galleries.galleries.
Native Borers or Emerald Ash Native Borers or Emerald Ash Borer?Borer?
Clearwing Clearwing BorersBorers
• PupalPupal case case may may protrude protrude from from exit exit hole.hole.
Emerald Ash BorerEmerald Ash Borer
• No No pupalpupal case at case at all; all; clean exit clean exit hole.hole.
Native Borers or Emerald Ash Native Borers or Emerald Ash Borer?Borer?
Clearwing Clearwing BorersBorers
• Larvae are Larvae are round round
in cross in cross section section with with legs.legs.
Emerald Ash BorerEmerald Ash Borer
• Larvae are flat in Larvae are flat in cross section, no cross section, no
legs.legs.
David Shetlar, Ohio State University
Redheaded Ash BorerRedheaded Ash Borer
Adult
Larval galleries in
sapwood
Exit holes
Native Borers or Emerald Ash Native Borers or Emerald Ash Borer?Borer?
Redheaded Ash Redheaded Ash BorerBorer
• Larvae are round Larvae are round in in cross section. cross section.
Emerald Ash BorerEmerald Ash Borer
• Larvae are flat Larvae are flat in in cross cross section, no section, no
legs.legs.
Distinguishing Exit Holes of Ash BorersDistinguishing Exit Holes of Ash Borers
mm
mm
mm
Emerald ash borer Emerald ash borer
Shape: D-shapedShape: D-shaped
Width: 3 mm (1/8”)Width: 3 mm (1/8”)
Banded ash clearwing Banded ash clearwing borer borer
Shape: RoundShape: Round
Width: 6 mm (1/4”)Width: 6 mm (1/4”)
Redheaded ash borerRedheaded ash borer
Shape: Oval - roundShape: Oval - round
Width: 6 mm (1/4”)Width: 6 mm (1/4”)
Eastern Ash Bark BeetleEastern Ash Bark Beetle
Galleries on Galleries on the sapwood the sapwood surfacesurface
Small exit holesSmall exit holes
Adult beetleAdult beetle
All images by James Solomon
Summary of Diagnostic FeaturesSummary of Diagnostic Features
Native BorersNative Borers
• Round or oval Round or oval exit holes.exit holes.
• Xylem feeders.Xylem feeders.
• Expel frass Expel frass from from trees trees (clearwings)(clearwings)
• Pupal case.Pupal case.
• Larvae are Larvae are round round in in cross section, cross section,
with legs.with legs.
Emerald Ash BorerEmerald Ash Borer
• D-shaped exit D-shaped exit hole.hole.
• Phloem feeder.Phloem feeder.
• Frass packed in Frass packed in galleries and galleries and
not not expelled.expelled.
• No pupal caseNo pupal case..
• Larvae are flat Larvae are flat in in cross cross section, section, legless.legless.
Common Ash DiseasesCommon Ash Diseases
Ash anthracnose
Botryosphaeria canker
Verticillium wilt symptoms on maple
What Is What Is Being Being Done?Done?
The The Cooperative Cooperative EAB ProjectEAB Project
Response to EAB: Lead AgenciesResponse to EAB: Lead Agencies
• USDA APHIS USDA APHIS
• State Departments of Agriculture State Departments of Agriculture
• USDA Forest ServiceUSDA Forest Service
• State Departments of Natural State Departments of Natural ResourcesResources
• Universities and Extension Universities and Extension OrganizationsOrganizations
• USDA ARSUSDA ARS
A common scene in the core zoneA common scene in the core zone
Beetles are attracted Beetles are attracted to volatiles released to volatiles released by wounded trees, where by wounded trees, where they are captured on they are captured on sticky wrap.sticky wrap.
Trees are cut at the Trees are cut at the end of the season, and end of the season, and their bark removed to their bark removed to search for larvae. search for larvae.
Research is underway to Research is underway to develop more efficient develop more efficient traps and lures.traps and lures.
Survey Survey Use of Use of
Trap TreesTrap Trees
QuarantinesQuarantines FederalFederal and State and State
Penalties Penalties
- Breaking Quarantine – A Case - Breaking Quarantine – A Case StudyStudy- Michigan Nursery violation- Michigan Nursery violation
- $12,300 fine- $12,300 fine
- 200 hours of community service- 200 hours of community service
- $60,000 restitution to Maryland nursery- $60,000 restitution to Maryland nursery- $$$ for control costs$$$ for control costs
This was an Oakland County District Judgment, Michigan
Emerald Ash Emerald Ash Borer Borer
ResearchResearch
• Life history Life history • Dispersal• Dispersal• Distribution and • Distribution and samplingsampling• Population dynamics• Population dynamics• Natural enemies• Natural enemies• Trapping and lures• Trapping and lures• Insecticides• Insecticides• Survival in • Survival in firewood/chipsfirewood/chips• Host plant • Host plant interactionsinteractions• Ecological impacts• Ecological impacts
EAB Research ResponseEAB Research Response
OSU’s Ash AlertOSU’s Ash Alertashalert.osu.edu
• Latest EAB newsLatest EAB news
• Information for homeowners and Information for homeowners and industryindustry
• Fact sheetsFact sheets
• ResearchResearch
• FAQsFAQs
• Other contacts and linksOther contacts and links
Photo CreditsPhoto CreditsDaniel A. Herms, Department of Entomology, OSU/OARDC and Daniel A. Herms, Department of Entomology, OSU/OARDC and OSU Extension.OSU Extension.
Ken Chamberlain, OARDC Photo Lab. Ken Chamberlain, OARDC Photo Lab.
Amy K. Stone, OSU Extension, Lucas Co.Amy K. Stone, OSU Extension, Lucas Co.
Jane C. Martin, OSU Extension, Franklin Co. Jane C. Martin, OSU Extension, Franklin Co.
Joe F. Boggs, OSU Extension, Hamilton Co. and South Center Joe F. Boggs, OSU Extension, Hamilton Co. and South Center Horticulture Specialist.Horticulture Specialist.
U.S. Forest Service.U.S. Forest Service.
David G. Nielsen, Department of Entomology, OSU/OARDC.David G. Nielsen, Department of Entomology, OSU/OARDC.
David J. David J. Shetlar, DepartmentShetlar, Department of Entomology, OSU/OARDC and of Entomology, OSU/OARDC and OSU Extension.OSU Extension.
David Cappaert, Michigan State University.David Cappaert, Michigan State University.
Colorado State University.Colorado State University.
This presentation is This presentation is copyrighted; however, it copyrighted; however, it may be used by those may be used by those outside the University for outside the University for educational purposes, educational purposes, providing the source is providing the source is credited.credited.
Copyright © 2007, The Ohio Copyright © 2007, The Ohio State UniversityState University