emeco in an era of climate change lowestoft, uk, 2-3 june, 2009
TRANSCRIPT
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EMECOin an era of
Climate Change
Lowestoft, UK, 2-3 June, 2009
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The new Norwegian Marine Resource Act states that:
• Ecosystem approach to research and to knowledgebased Management
• Precautionary principle• Sustainable ecosystems• Habitats and biodiversity • Future generations• No threats to speciesand Norway is the world’s 2nd largest exporter of fish
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Climate-physics
Fishing
Climate-physics
Many processes – we must chooseand understand the most important
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Climate
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”Oil activities” of potential harm for the marine ecosystems (+
birds)
Seismic surveysIncreased ship trafficSedimentation of mud from drillingProduced waterAccidental oil spillsAerial conflicts
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Dimention of a 3D seismic array
©We ste rnG eco
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Based on Beaugrand et al. (2002)
All zooplankton species from warm-temperate to
Arctic species have moved northwards from the cold
1960s to the present warm situation
Warm-temperate
Temperate
Sub-arctic
Arctic
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1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 20002 .5
3
3 .5
4
4 .5
5
Tem
pe
ratu
re [
C]
o
Source: PINRO, Murmansk
Regional-scale climate periods in North Atlantic
Anthropogenic change
Internannual variability
Decadal-scale oscillations
Multidecadal-scale oscillations
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Total ice cover in the Arctic
ROMS
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Acidification of the ocean
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Some scientific ”conclusions”• No such thing as an “ecological balance” on these
time-scales.• Knowledge of the ecosystem dynamics is
required to make proper evaluation and prediction of the combined impact of climate and fishing on a marine food web
• Due to the complexity of this challenge, it can only be explored by laboratory experiments and extensive use of mathematical models in combination with observations
• Maybe the acidification is the largest threat??
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Standard sections - regional surveys – models
Marine monitoringObservations (from shipssatellites and buoys) arecrucial for validation ofand assimilation intothe models
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The ARGO programCan we add some “simple” acoustics to also measure plankton in the upper 2000 m??
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Management advice is related to:• Predict future development• Answer to “what if” questions• It is a matter of estimating the coupled effects of
both natural and human pressures
• Advice is by its nature operational, meaning delivering useful information about the marine ecosystem at the right time and in the right format (about the past, now and in the future)
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16
i – NordAn Integrated System for Surveillance of the Arctic Oceans
Bilde: Olav Rune Godø (Havforskningsinstituttet)
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“Todays” larval distribution
Dagens larvefordelinger
Institute of Marine Research
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18
A European Marine “core” serviceclearly defined by the EC GMES Implementation Group
From GMES MCS Implementation Group report by P.Ryder & al
GMES
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0
4
8
12
16
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000
Year
3,5
3,7
3,9
4,1
4,3
SS
B (
mill. t
on
s)
toC
Spawning stock biomass (SSB) of Atlantic herring and the longterm-averaged temperature
Stock collapse caused by overfishing
under a cooling climate
Start of the new herring period
after 17 years of fishing
moratorium and the formation of new strong year
classes
Long-term averaged
temperature
Toresen og Østvedt (2000)
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Sundby (2000)
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Climate responses of the Barents cod
Sundby and Nakken (2008)
In cold periods:
- southward displacement
- decrease in spawning-stock biomass
In warm periods: - northward displacement
- increase in spawning-stock biomass
Year
Tem
pera
ture
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The situation is quite well with respectto the most important fish stocksin our northern waters
Relation between spawning stock and precautionary state
Precautionarylevel
Cod
Haddock
Saith
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Schematic presentation on flow of knowlegde and decisions with regard to management of fisheries
Broad knowlegde base of the fishery and stock
Management objectives for utilization of the stock
Harvest control rule
Decision and distribution of TAC
Implementation and control
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2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
4,5
5,0
5,5
6,0
1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 2020 2040 2060 2080
Temperatur
År ?
Atlantic water temperature in the Barents Sea during the 20th century (PINRO and IMR)
and Barents Sea temperature projections (Furevik et al. 2003) towards 2080
Sundby (2008)
Tem
per
atu
re
Year
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Conclusions• Fish stocks are strongly influenced by the ocean
climate both directly and indirectly through other levels of the food web
• Multidecadal ocean climate oscillation may substantially contribute to modulate anthropogenic climate change through the 21st century
• Management advice is about predicting the (potential) future
• The ecosystem approach to sustainable management of the oceans is a major challenge requiring wise and strong leadership
• A hungry world more ”farming” of the ocean???• We need to know why…… to better predict
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Climate