Bitumen

EME/HSB/ETP-ENTPE-BPFatigueStudy

Gelsenkirchen,19June2012

Fuels

Highmodulusasphaltmixes

• DevelopedinFranceduringtheearlyeighties toreducepavement

thicknessesandlater(inthenineties)tostrengthenbinderand wearing

courses.

• EME=‘EnrobesaModuleElevé’ forroadbases

• BBME=“Betons Bitumineux aModuleElevé’ forsurfaceandbinder

courses

Fuels

MainEME&BBMEperformancerequirements

• Highstiffnessandfatigueresistanceatpavementdesigntemperature

• Highruttingresistanceathighservicetemperature

• Sufficientresistancetothermalcracking(BBME)

• Goodworkability

⇒Resultedinfirstsetofperformancedrivenspecificationsin1992

⇒Specialhardbitumengradesareoneofthekeycomponents

Fuels

Perform

ance of binder and asphalt m

ix

Added value

Standard Bitumen Special Bitumen

NPG

Multigrades

Polymer

Modified

Bitumen

Hard Bitumen Grades

Hardbitumen grades

Fuels

Hardbitumengrades

• ForEMEgenerallypurebitumenofverylowPenetration(10/20- 15/25))

• Requiredcharacteristicsarecompromisebetweenoptimisedmodulus,thermal

susceptibilityandageingresistance

• Onlyachievablethroughtailormaderefineryprocessesandformulations

• Manufacturedbydifferentrefineryprocesses

⇒ Chemicalcompositionandcolloidalstructurearestronglydependentonthe

manufacturingprocess

⇒ Rheologicalandageingpropertiescanvarywidely

• ForBBMEoftenhighlymodified(hard)PMBs

Fuels

Hardbitumengrades

InfluenceofPIandcomposition(i.e.colloidalinstability)onbehaviour

• PIandCI↑

− Resistancetolowtemperaturecracking↑

− EMEfatigueresistance↑

− EMEruttingresistance↑

− Ageingresistance↓

− Healingcapacityatambienttemperature↓

− EMEstiffness↓

ColloidalInstabilityIndex:

Saturates+Asphaltenes

Aromatics+Resins

Fuels

Perform

ance of binder and asphalt m

ix

Added value

Standard Bitumen Special Bitumen

20/30 - 160/220

35/45 HIP

Polymer

Modified

Bitumen

10/20 - 15/25

ProductPortfolioBPFrance

100 kT

50-100 kT

2,900 kT

200 kT

Fuels

BPFatigueDatabaseCorrelationbetweenε6andinitialstiffness

(± 180 mix evaluations)

Fuels

BPFatigueDatabaseCorrelationbetweenε6andinitialstiffness

Fuels

• InitialStiffnesshasclearinfluenceonEpsilon6

• Thedependenceismuchmoreimportantforlowstiffnessvalues.

• AlmostnoinfluenceformixeswithconventionalbitumenorHSB

BPFatigueDatabaseCorrelationbetweenε6andinitialstiffness

Fuels

STATISTICS OF LCPC FATIGUE EPSILON 6 (µdef ) FOR THE GLOBAL DATA BASE

BINDER TYPEWAXY

BITUMENSPLASTOMERIC

HSBMULTIGRADES

PLASTOMERIC PMBs

NPGELASTOMERIC

PMBsHSB TOTAL

NUMBER 2 2 16 26 34 24 76 180MIN 134 171 135 135 83 115 105MEAN 157 171 172 195 109 187 146MAX 180 171 195 259 137 292 174STD 33 17 31 13 44 16

BPFatigueDatabaseInfluenceofbindertypeonε6

FuelsSTATISTICS OF LCPC FATIGUE EPSILON 6 (µdef ) FOR THE GLOBAL DATA BASE

BINDER TYPE EME1 EME2 GB BBMa BBME BBSG TOTAL

NUMBER 5 50 7 21 33 64 180MIN 90 108 83 97 103 91MEAN 112 145 101 172 147 169MAX 134 172 117 252 183 292STD 19 16 10 42 21 45

BPFatigueDatabaseInfluenceofasphaltmixtypeonε6

Béton Bitumineux Mince

Grave-Bitume

BétonBitumineux Semi-Grenu

Fuels

• Thebinderusedisthemostimportantfactor

• Predominanceofbindertypeoverasphaltmixformulation

BPFatigueDatabaseInfluenceofbinderandasphaltmixtype

Fuels

TwoEMEclasses

EMEclass2

• Firstgenerationappliedsince1980

• Continuousaggregategrading(0/10,0/14or0/20mm)

• Highbindercontent(typical5.2%)

EMEclass1

• Introducedin1988

• StillsmallpercentageoftheFrenchEMEmarket

• Continuousaggregategrading(0/10,0/14or0/20mm)

• Lowerbindercontent(typical3.9%)

• LowerdurabilityandresistancetofatiguethanEMEclass2

• Mainlyusedforlayersthatrequireaveryhighresistancetopermanent

deformation.

Fuels

OptimisingPavementThicknesswithBPStructur

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

13 cm GB

13 cm GB

Subbase

13 cm EME 2

13 cm EME 2

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

10 cm EME 2

9 cm EME 2

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

Standard EME replaces GB

Optimised

- 7cm

8 cm EME 2

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

59 568 cm EME 2

- 10 cm

Fully Optimised

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

13 cm GB

13 cm GB

Subbase

13 cm EME 2

13 cm EME 2

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

10 cm EME 2

9 cm EME 2

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

Standard EME replaces GB

Optimised

- 7cm

8 cm EME 2

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

59 568 cm EME 2

- 10 cm

Fully Optimised

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

13 cm GB

13 cm GB

Subbase

13 cm EME 2

13 cm EME 2

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

10 cm EME 2

9 cm EME 2

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

Standard EME replaces GB

Optimised

- 7cm

8 cm EME 2

4 cm BBMa

4 cm BBM

59 568 cm EME 2

- 10 cm

Fully Optimised

EME mixtures with high

stiffness modulus and

reasonable resistance to

fatigue allow for thinner

pavement thicknesses

Fuels

ExperiencesanddevelopmentsEMEtechnology

Experiencesaregenerallypositive:

• VarioussurveysofEMEroadprojectshavereportedgoodperformance

• Onlyoneimportantcrackingfailurereportedduetoapplyingtoo hardHSB

(Pen=5).Productnowexcludedfromthemarket

• SuccessfulimplementationofEMEtechnologyinSwitzerland(HMT) intheearly

ninetieswithHSBimportedfromFrance

• SuccessfultechnologytransfertotheNetherlandsandtheUKinthelatenineties.

NochangeversusFrenchEMEformulationandoriginallyHSBimportedfrom

France

Developments

• UseofrecycledasphaltinEME(requestedbySANEFMotorwaysAgency)

• Trialswithupto50%ofrecycledasphalt

Fuels

EXPERIENCE WITH OPTIMISED HARD GRADE BITUMENS IN HIGH MODULUSASPHALT MIXES

P. DES CROIX, L.PLANQUEEuropean Technology Centre, ExxonMobil, Raffinerie PJG Bâtiment Scheer - Bloc 2, 76330 Notre Dame de Gravenchon,FRANCE

ABSTRACT

In the early nineteen eighties, new generations of French asphalt mixes were developed to reduce roadbase thicknessesand subsequently to strengthen some binder/base courses and selected wearing courses. High modulus asphalt mixes"EME" and "BBME" were introduced. To achieve the required performance (high stiffness; fatigue resistance; highrutting resistance; resistance to brittle thermal cracking; ageing resistance; workability;...), appropriate asphalt mixdesigns were found which resulted in the first set of performance-based specifications in 1992. Among the keycomponents were the hard special bitumen grades "HMB", mostly 10/20 and 15/25 penetration, with characteristics thatresulted in compromises between optimised thermal susceptibility and ageing resistance. This is only achievable throughtailor made refinery processes as illustrated with the evaluation of 2 extreme HMB with "SOL" and "GEL" type colloidalstructures. A review and recommendations to interpret the draft CEN prEN 13924 specifications for HMB are provided.The example of a successful implementation of the "EME" technology from France to another European country isdescribed, including the effect of recycled asphalt mix addition on "EME" performance.

Key words: Hard grade bitumens (10/20, 15/25), high modulus asphalt mixes (EME, BBME), performance testing,implementation of technology, recycling.

PaperE&E2004(Vienna)

Fuels

FatigueCollaborationProject

Partners

Eiffage Travaux Publics(ETP)

> MainofficeinParis

> AsphaltLabinCiry (NorthofFrance)andBitumenlabinLyon

> ContactFrancoisOlard

ENTPé inLyon

> ContactHerve di Benedetto

BPFrance/GFT-Bitumen

> ContactLucPlanque

Duration

Mai2010– August2013

Fuels

Mainobjectives

• Betterunderstandingofinfluenceofrecycledasphalt(RAP)on

asphaltfatigueperformance

• Betterunderstandingofinfluenceofbitumen/bitumen

propertiesonasphaltfatigueperformance

• Developmodeltopredictasphaltfatigueperformance

Fuels

Three themes

• Recycling

• Mixdesign

• Bitumen

Fuels

ThemeRecycling

• Asphaltmixture(EME0/14)withtwovariables:

- Bitumentype

- AmountofRAP

Fuels

Measuringbitumenfatigueperformance

Fuels

Measuringbitumenfatigueperformance

Fuels

Measuringbitumenfatigueperformance

Fatiguetestsatonestrainlevel

1,0E+07

1,0E+08

10 100 1000 10000

Time (s)

Stif

fnes

s M

odu

lus

(Pa)

Fuels

Measuringbitumenfatigueperformance

Cyclestoreach50%ofinitialstiffness

1,00E+04

1,00E+05

1,00E+06

1,00E+07

0,1 1,0 10,0

Strain [%]

Fatiq

ue

Life

[-]

Fuels

ThemeMixDesign

35/45 HIP5.30%Chaux éteinteDiscontinue 6/10CRBMélange 16

35/45 HIP4.30%Chaux éteinteContinueHaut-LieuMélange 15

35/45 HIP5.30%CalcaireDiscontinue 6/10Haut-LieuMélange 14

35/505.30%Chaux éteinteContinueCRBMélange 13

35/504.30%Chaux éteinteDiscontinue 6/10Haut-LieuMélange 12

35/504.30%CalcaireDiscontinue 6/10CRBMélange 11

35/45 HIP4.30%CalcaireContinueCRBMélange 10

35/505.30%CalcaireContinueHaut-LieuMélange 9

35/504.30%CalcaireContinueHaut-LieuMélange 8

35/505.30%CalcaireDiscontinue 6/10CRBMélange 7

35/504.30%Chaux éteinteContinueCRBMélange 6

35/45 HIP4.30%CalcaireDiscontinue 6/10Haut-LieuMélange 5

35/45 HIP5.30%CalcaireContinueCRBMélange 4

35/45 HIP5.30%Chaux éteinteContinueHaut-LieuMélange 3

35/505.30%Chaux éteinteDiscontinue 6/10Haut-LieuMélange 2

35/45 HIP4.30%Chaux éteinteDiscontinue 6/10CRBMélange 1

Nature liantTLNature fillerCourbe granulaireNature granulatN° Mélange

Fuels

Measuringasphaltfatigueperformance

Constanttemperature 25 Hz

Fuels

Measuringasphaltfatigueperformance

Cyclestoreach50%ofinitialstiffness

Fuels

ThemeBitumen

Oneasphaltmixture/8differentbinders:

- BPSTRUCTUR10/20S

- 35/50

- 35/50+2.5%SBS

- 35/50+4.5%SBS(HighVinylType)

- 35/50+2.0%PPA

- 35/45HIP

- 35/45HIP+2.5%SBS

- 100/150GEL+6.0%SBS

Fuels

…todiscuss(first)results…

14 GPa

StiffnessModulus

Fuels

…todiscuss(first)results…

130 µdef

Fatigue

Fuels

…andissuestosolve

DefinitionofFatigueLifeCriteria

0

0.5

1

0 0.5 1 1.5

E*

/E0

N/Nf50%

0

1000000

2000000

3000000

4000000

5000000

6000000

7000000

8000000

0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000

ΣWi/Wn

N (cycles)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

0 500000 1000000 1500000 2000000

ϕ[°

]

N [cycles]

Fuels

…andissuestosolve

Modeldoesnotfitthedata

Fuels

…andissues tosolve

Assessequipmentcomplianceerrors…

Fuels

…andissues tosolve

…whichappeartochangewithtime!

Fuels

TweepublicationsatE&E2012

Effect of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement on complex

modulus and fatigue resistance of bitumens and asphalts

Viscoelastic properties of bitumen blends obtained

from pure and RAP-extracted binders (presented)