embrace pathfinder for ska · 2014-06-30 · ska-embrace, steve torchinsky, 21cm paris intensity...
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1SKA-EMBRACE, Steve Torchinsky, 21cm Paris Intensity Mapping Workshop, 4 June 2014
EMBRACE Pathfinder for SKAEMBRACE
Steve Torchinsky
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SKA-EMBRACE, Steve Torchinsky, 21cm Paris Intensity Mapping Workshop, 4 June 2014 2
Dense Aperture Plane Array
`
● Fully sampled, unblocked aperture
● Large field of view (~100 sq. deg)
● Extremely fast survey machine for HI at cosmological redshifts
● Ideal for BAO survey
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Electronic MultiBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt
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4SKA-EMBRACE, Steve Torchinsky, 21cm Paris Intensity Mapping Workshop, 4 June 2014
Commissioning Teamat Nançay
● Steve Torchinsky (Nançay)● Benjamin Censier (Nançay)
● Henrik Olofsson (Onsala)● Aris Karastergiou (Oxford)● Maciej Serylak (Oxford)
● Patrice Renaud (Nançay)● Christophe Taffoureau (Nançay)
The Boys of Summer
Control/commandsystem
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SKA-EMBRACE, Steve Torchinsky, 21cm Paris Intensity Mapping Workshop, 4 June 2014 5
Electronic MultBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt
EMBRACE is an AAmid Pathfinder for SKA Largely funded within EC FP6 Project SKADS (2005-09)
For EMBRACE:
ASTRON: Project Leader, overall architecture, antennas,
industrialization,...
Nançay: Beamformer Chip, Monitoring and Control Software
MPI Bonn and INAF Medicina: design of multiplexing circuits for
RF reception, down conversion, command/control, power supply
Two demonstrators built. One at Westerbork (132 tiles) and one at
Nançay (64 tiles)
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Two EMBRACE sites
EMBRACE@Nançay
EMBRACE@Westerbork
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SKA-EMBRACE, Steve Torchinsky, 21cm Paris Intensity Mapping Workshop, 4 June 2014 7
EMBRACE signal chain Nançay: 4608 Vivaldi antenna elements
Westerbork: 9504 Vivaldi antenna elements
Single polarization (second polarization antennas are in place, but only one polarization has a complete signal chain)
4 level hierarchical analog beamforming/signal summing
Beamformer chip: − 4 inputs, 2 outputs (2 independent beams)
− 45º phase steps
Analog summing output from 3 beamformer chips
Analog summing of 6 inputs = 1 tile (72 elements)
15m cable → Analog summing of 4 inputs = 1 tileset
Down conversion
• Nançay: 32 inputs to LOFAR backend(16 A-beam, and 16 B-beam)
• Westerbork: 165 inputs to LOFAR backend(132 A-beam, and 33 B-beam)
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EMBRACE characteristics
500 – 1500 MHz
– But high pass filter at 900 MHz to avoid digital television Nançay: 70 m2 (8.5m X 8.5m) Westerbork: 148 m2 (12.7m X 11.6m) Instantaneous RF band: 100 MHz Maximum instantaneous beam formed:
– Can trade off band width vs. number of beams– Nançay
• 36 MHz x 2 directions (single polarization)• 186 “beamlets” each of 195.3 kHz bandwidth• i.e. 3 “lanes” for high speed data from RSP
– Westerbork
• 48 MHz x 2 directions (single polarization)• 248 “beamlets” each of 195.3 kHz bandwidth• i.e. 4 “lanes” for high speed data from RSP
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Hierarchical Beamforming
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4 elements phasedTogether in theBeamformermicrochip
Hierarchical Beamforming
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11SKA-EMBRACE, Steve Torchinsky, 21cm Paris Intensity Mapping Workshop, 4 June 2014
Beamformer Chip
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4 elements phasedTogether in theBeamformermicrochip
Hierarchical Beamforming
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3 beamchips on aHexboard(12 elements)
Hierarchical Beamforming
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6 hexboardsin a tile(72 elements)
Hierarchical Beamforming
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Two coaxial outputs per tile
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6 hexboardsin a tile(72 elements)
Hierarchical Beamforming
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4 tilesin a tileset(288 elements)
Hierarchical Beamforming
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4th stage analog beam forming@Nançay
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Control and Down Conversion● Last stage analog summing of four tiles
● 2-stage mixing to convert RF down to 150 MHz +/- 50MHz
● Ethernet protocol for beamformer chip parameters and housekeeping
● 48V DC
● RF + Digital Commands + Power all on the same coax!
CDC cards designed by MPIfR/INAF-IRA/ASTRON
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LO distribution
● Local Oscillator distributed to all CDC cards via cascaded power-splitters
● Correlated mixing products between tilesets could explain correlator offset
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LOFAR Backend● Output from CDC
goes to LOFAR Receiver Unit (RCU) boards for digitization
● And then to LOFAR Remote Station Processing (RSP) boards for digital beamforming
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Pulsar acquisition system provided by U. Oxford.Aris Karastergiou
High Speed Data Acquisition
LOFAR Remote Station Processing Boards for digital beamforming
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System Control and Data
• Enormous flexibility with the dense array– Multi-beam– Instantaneous reconfiguration– Real time calibration– Multiple observing mode possibilities with tradeoff
between bandwidth, number of beams, field of view
MAC developed at Nançay provides a friendly Python interface for the user to setup complicated observing runs
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Some results
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Pulsar B0329+54
Pulsar B0329+541175.6MHz6 November 2012>9 hours tracking
EMBRACE@Nançay connected to ARTEMIS backend (courtesy U. Oxford)
EMBRACE@Nançay
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Drift Scan of Cas-A
● Gaussian main lobe● FWHM 1.476º
● 1.2λ/D = 1.486º
EMBRACE@Nançay
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Drift scan of the Sun
90 dB
110 dB
4000 secs
1420.4MHz
EMBRACE@Nançay
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Imaging using X-let statistics
EMBRACE@Nançay
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Multibeaming
80 dB
100 dB
7000 secs
1420.4MHz
EMBRACE@Nançay
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ON-OFF pointing strategy
● On and Off observations can
be done simultaneously with
EMBRACE (multibeams)
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Another fix: Flat Fielding
Cygnus ASame data!(before/after fix)
GPS satellite(strong source)
No change
Stable background “image” due to correlator offset
EMBRACE@Nançay
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Correlator Offset
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Galaxy Detection: M33
Image by deepskycolors.com
EMBRACE@Nançay
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Galaxy Detection: M33
OFF timeline shifted to align with ON(i.e. same Az-El pointing, earlier time)
(ON – OFF)/OFF
Baseline fit and interpolate past RFI channels
Spectrum of M33
EMBRACE@Nançay
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Galaxy Detection
Only 999 999 999 to go ...
EMBRACE@Nançay
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Pulsar monitoring
● Programme of (nearly) daily monitoring of pulsar B0329+54 at 970MHz and 1176MHz simultaneously
● Possibility to detect accretion events in the long term (see e.g. Brook et al. ArXiv:1311.3541v1)
EMBRACE@Nançay82 observations at 970MHz to date
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B0329+54 at 970MHz
● 82 pulse profile measurements between 18 Nov 2013 and 1 June 2014
● Tests stability and reliability of the system
EMBRACE@Nançay
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B0329+54 at 970MHz
● 82 pulse profile measurements between 18 Nov 2013 and 1 June 2014
● Tests stability and reliability of the system
EMBRACE@Nançay
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Dispersion Measure
● Dispersion by the plasma between observer and source (Interstellar Medium)
● DM is a measure of the plasma column density
● DM is indirectly a measure of distance
EMBRACE@Nançay
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DM Seasonal Variation
● Seasonal variation of DM measures difference in column density along line of sight from different points in Earth's orbit
EMBRACE@Nançay
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EMBRACE Future Work
● astro observations– daily pulsar B0329+54 at two frequencies: 970MHz 1176MHz
● possible detection of an accretion event on B0329● a good demonstration of long term stability and reliability
– repeat M33: spectroscopic detection of a galaxy
– mapping M31 with multibeams (M31 is the Andromeda Galaxy)
– M42 Radio Recombination Lines (M42 is the Orion Nebula)● High spectroscopic resolution observation
– Intensity mapping together with PAON-4
● technical tests/improvements– implement improved calibration for tilesets
● i.e. better similarity of pointing and main lobe profile between tilesets
– use full bandwidth: i.e. 186 beamlets● up to now, almost all our tests are with only 61 beamlets
– 3-lane data acquisition from the RSPs
– acquisition on UNIBOARD with integrated real-time RFI flagging
– simultaneous data acquisition of the same beam on different acquisition systems (ARTEMIS and UNIBOARD)
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EMBRACE and PAON-4