embodied energy of building envelopes and its influence on cooling load in typical indonesian...
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Embodied energy of building Embodied energy of building envelopes and its influence on envelopes and its influence on
cooling load in typical Indonesian cooling load in typical Indonesian middle-class housesmiddle-class houses
Agya Utama and Shabbir H. Agya Utama and Shabbir H. Gheewala Gheewala
The JJoint GGraduate SSchool of EEnergy and EEnvironment (JGSEE) King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok,
Thailand
IntroductionIntroduction
50% from the total 24,000 50% from the total 24,000 MW capacityMW capacity
80% in Java and Bali island80% in Java and Bali island
Electricity in residential Electricity in residential sector in Indonesia sector in Indonesia consumed more than any consumed more than any other sectorsother sectors
USA energy demand
others65%
residential
35%
Indonesia energy demand
residential50%
others50%
IntroductionIntroduction
Why should we focus on Why should we focus on building envelopes?building envelopes?
Building envelopes Building envelopes
contribute more than 60% contribute more than 60% compare to other part in compare to other part in the buildingthe building
Building envelopes are Building envelopes are more adjustable compared more adjustable compared to the structureto the structure
Building envelopes can be Building envelopes can be dismantled or changed dismantled or changed easilyeasily
Building envelopes is the Building envelopes is the biggest contributors for the biggest contributors for the cooling loadcooling load
Building properties in landed single house (price)
walls46%
roof16%
others38%
IntroductionIntroduction
Void 50% 130 MJ/m2
latent40%
internal34%
perimeter26%
Building with 50% void Building with 50% void can be:can be:
Reduced the latent Reduced the latent and internal loadand internal load
But increasing the But increasing the perimeter loadperimeter load
Variable to reduce the Variable to reduce the perimeter loadperimeter load
Building orientationBuilding orientation Material chosenMaterial chosen DesignDesign
Void 0% 190 MJ/m2
latent47%
internal34%
perimeter19%
Hirano et al, 2004
MethodologyMethodology
Electricity used - household energy audit
Energy use data collection – process analysis (cradle to gate)
quarry transport transportmanufacture construction
MethodologyMethodology Life cycle energy from cradle to gateLife cycle energy from cradle to gate
– Raw material extractionRaw material extraction– ProductionProduction– ConstructionConstruction– Occupation phaseOccupation phase
Investigation and open interview for acquiring Investigation and open interview for acquiring data from factories and construction sitedata from factories and construction site
Direct and indirect questionnaire to obtain data Direct and indirect questionnaire to obtain data from householdfrom household
Focused on two similar house with different Focused on two similar house with different enclosure materials enclosure materials
MethodologyMethodology
Life Cycle Energy (LCE)Life Cycle Energy (LCE)
where:where:– LCELCE = Life-cycle energy= Life-cycle energy– EEiEEi = Initial embodied energy of enclosure = Initial embodied energy of enclosure
material material– EErecEErec = the recurrent embodied energy = the recurrent embodied energy
(maintenance) (maintenance)– OEOE = the total annual operational energy (cooling = the total annual operational energy (cooling
load) load)– YearYear = Building lifetime= Building lifetime
year)*(OEEEEELCE reci
Case StudyCase Study
SimilaritySimilarity Landed house in SemarangLanded house in Semarang Gable roofGable roof 55 m55 m2 2 total floor areatotal floor area Air conditioned at 2 bed rooms and non A/C Air conditioned at 2 bed rooms and non A/C
at living room at living room Similar occupation behaviorsSimilar occupation behaviors 1-1.5 m’ fenestration1-1.5 m’ fenestration Facing northFacing north Both has the same building structure and Both has the same building structure and
other finishing material (ceramics and wall other finishing material (ceramics and wall paints)paints)
Case StudyCase Study
HOUSE 1HOUSE 1 Concrete roofConcrete roof Concrete block wallsConcrete block walls
Steel roof frameSteel roof frame Gypsum ceiling (3mm)Gypsum ceiling (3mm) Clear glass (2mm)Clear glass (2mm) Aluminum frame Aluminum frame
windows and doorswindows and doors
HOUSE 2HOUSE 2 Clay roofClay roof Bricks wallsBricks walls
Steel roof frameSteel roof frame Gypsum ceiling (3mm)Gypsum ceiling (3mm) Clear glass (2mm)Clear glass (2mm) Aluminum frame Aluminum frame
windows and doorswindows and doors
ResultResult
Material Embodied EnergyMaterial Embodied Energy
* reference sources
Material Embodied energy Common Steel Gypsum (3 mm) Single glass (clear 2 mm) Aluminum frame (1 mm) Mold (m2)
Cement Sand
32.54 MJ/kg * 2.69 MJ/kg 13 MJ/kg * 232 MJ/kg 3.361 MJ/kg 0.6 MJ/kg
House 1 Concrete roof (2 mm) (18 pcs/m2) Concrete block (100 mm) (24 pcs/m2) Mold (1 PC : 5 sand)
0.817 MJ/kg 0.762 MJ/kg 16.41 MJ/m2
House 2 Clay roof (2 mm) (18 pcs/m2) Bricks wall (100 mm) (60 pcs/m2) Mold (1 PC : 5 sand)
0.26 MJ/kg 1.3 MJ/kg 29.61 MJ/m2
ResultResult
Embodied EnergyEmbodied EnergyEmergy Construction
Material Volume/mass/area Emergy per
unit [MJ] [MJ]
Common Steel 482.78 kg 32.54 MJ/kg 15,709.66 Gypsum (3 mm) 55 m2 21.60 MJ/m2 1,188.00 Single glass (clear 2 mm) 4.8 m2 671 MJ/m2 3,220.80 Aluminum frame (1 x 5) 0.00432 m3 353,104 MJ/m3 1,525.41 House 1 Concrete roof (2 mm) (18 pcs/m2) 55 m2 14.54 MJ/pcs 14,394.60 concrete block (100 mm) (24 pcs/m2) 90 m2 6.49 MJ/pcs 14,018.40 Walls mold 90 m2 0.13 MJ/m2 11.70 House 2 Clay roof (2 mm) (18 pcs/m2) 55 m2 5.19 MJ/pcs 5,135.13 Bricks wall (100 mm) (60 pcs/m2) 90 m2 3.13 MJ/pcs 16,902.00 Walls mold 90 m2 0.23 MJ/m2 20.70
ResultResult
Energy usedEnergy used
17,728.80
322.34
23,638.80
429.8
0 5,000 10,000 15,000 20,000 25,000
[MJ/year]
[MJ/m2/year]
[MJ/year]
[MJ/m2/year]
HO
USE
2H
OU
SE 1
Energy used
ResultResult
LCE for HOUSE 1LCE for HOUSE 1
50,068.57
50,068.57
50,068.57
0
0
0
23,638.80
23,638.80
23,638.80
522,844.57
759,232.57
1,232,008.57
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000
Emergy
Replacement
Operational
Total
LCE HOUSE 1 [MJ]
20 years 30 years 50 years
ResultResult
LCE for HOUSE 2LCE for HOUSE 2
43,701.70
43,701.70
43,701.70
0
0
5,135.13
17,728.80
17,728.80
17,728.80
398,277.70
575,565.70
935,276.83
0 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 1,000,000 1,200,000 1,400,000
Emergy
Replacement
Operational
Total
LCE HOUSE 2 [MJ]
20 years 30 years 50 years
ResultResult
The emergy percentage at total LCEThe emergy percentage at total LCE
11
8
5
10
7
4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
20 y
30 y
50 y
20 y
30 y
50 y
HO
USE
2H
OU
SE 1
Emergy [%]
ConclusionConclusion
Cement based material consumes more energy Cement based material consumes more energy during production compared to the clay based during production compared to the clay based material material
By using clay based material instead of cement By using clay based material instead of cement base for enclosure will safe 6,400 MJ during base for enclosure will safe 6,400 MJ during production and 124,600 MJ during its occupation production and 124,600 MJ during its occupation phase for 20 years scenario in single landed phase for 20 years scenario in single landed househouse
Using clay based material for enclosure at Using clay based material for enclosure at residential sectors in this regions (Semarang, residential sectors in this regions (Semarang, approx 1,4 mil inhabitant) will safe more than approx 1,4 mil inhabitant) will safe more than 86,400 GJ 86,400 GJ
ConclusionConclusion High thermal resistance material is more High thermal resistance material is more
preferable for tropical weatherpreferable for tropical weather Clay based material have higher R-value than Clay based material have higher R-value than
concrete based material and therefore more concrete based material and therefore more thermal resistancethermal resistance
Reduction in perimeter load in tropical country Reduction in perimeter load in tropical country has significant effect on the overall energy has significant effect on the overall energy requirement as compared to internal and latent requirement as compared to internal and latent loadload