embedded system design introduction of real-timemperkows/temp/real-time... · embedded system...
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Introduction of Real-TimeIntroduction of Real-TimeEmbedded System DesignEmbedded System Design
Chet KagelFMTC, Orlando Office
Gang Quan
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What areWhat areEmbeddedEmbedded
Systems?Systems?�Def. - A microprocessor-based
control system which processes afixed set of programmedinstructions to controlelectromechanical equipment whichmay be part of an even largersystem.
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Embedded Systems DefinedEmbedded Systems Defined� Refers to either single or multi-purpose
computerized devices that are literallyembedded within some larger piece ofengineering equipment or industrialproduct.
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Examples of EmbeddedExamples of EmbeddedSystemsSystems
� Personal Computers(PCs)
� ATMs� Heating, Cooling and
Ventilating Systems� Security Systems� Elevators� Bar Code Equipment� Real Time Control
Systems� Computer Numeric
Controls (CNCs)
� Telephone Exchangesand Switches (PBXs)
� EnvironmentalMonitoring Equipment
� Global PositioningSystem (GPSs)
� Programmable LogicControls (PLCs)
� Test Equipment� Robotics� Supervisory Control &
Data Acquisition� Systems (SCADAs)
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Real-Time Embedded System DesignReal-Time Embedded System Design
What ?
Why ?
How ???
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WhatWhat� What is the real-time embedded system?
– Embedded System� Processor based
– General processors– Micro controllers– DSP
� A subsystem� Not a general programming computer
– Real-Time� Not only deliver correct results but when these results are
delivered
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Examples In Your Daily LifeExamples In Your Daily Life
• …wake up …
• …have breakfast …
• …set home safety system …
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• A late model car can have as many as 65+ processors for enginecontrol, A/C control, cruise control, ABS, audio, etc
• More than 30% of the cost of a car is now in electronics
• 90% of all innovations will be based on electronic systems
Examples In Your Daily LifeExamples In Your Daily Life(cont’)(cont’)
• …get into your car …
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• …on your way to your office…
Examples In Your Daily LifeExamples In Your Daily Life(cont’)(cont’)
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• …in your office …
Examples In Your Daily LifeExamples In Your Daily Life(cont’)(cont’)
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• …back home …
Examples In Your Daily LifeExamples In Your Daily Life(cont’)(cont’)
Several hundred processors can be involved in the courseof one day for one person !
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Other ExamplesOther Examples
– Mission critical controls� Nuclear plant control, aircraft navigation ,military
equipment
– Medical equipment– Communication– Toy, etc
Real-time embedded systems have been deeply ingrained in our life
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What (cont’d)What (cont’d)
� What are in the real-time embedded system?
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Processor(s)
Auxiliary Systems (power, cooling,…)
Memory
Other Hardware
ASIC/FPGA
Software
A/D
D/A
Sensors
Actuators
Human Interface
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Example: Digital CameraExample: Digital Camera
Processor
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WhyWhy
� Why using the processor(s) in the real-timeembedded systems?– Flexibility– Easy to upgrade– Easy to build complex system behavior– Maintainability
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WhyWhy� Why is it so hard to design the real-time
embedded system?– Moore’s Law
� Productivity Gap– More complex functionality and extreme
diversity– Design Cost– Stringent Time-to-market– Design requirements (constraints)
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Moore’sMoore’s Law Law
The transistor density of semiconductorchips would double roughly every 18months.
--by Gordon Moore,1965 (co-founder of Intel)
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The Future of The Future of Moore'sMoore's Law Law� The deep submicron technology will make most of the
current IC technologies obsolete– Signal integrity, power consumption, etc
� However …– Intel announced its Terahertz Transistor Architecture will allow the
continuation of Moore’s Law� Push the IC feature size to as small as 15nm
– Science's Top Ten: nanoscale computing circuits named the topscientific achievement of 2001
� Each transistor can be as small as one or several molecules
Moore’s law will still be true and continue to drive the development of IC technology !!
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Productivity GapProductivity Gap
The gap between the availability of the ICtechnology (increasing computing power) andthe application of the IC technology.
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Why (cont’d)Why (cont’d)� Why is it so hard to design the real-time
embedded system?– Moore’s Law
� Productivity Gap– More complex functionality and extreme diversity– Design cost
� Reduce non-recurring engineering (NRE) cost� A superior human engineer may outperform the CAD tools in
designing simple embedded systems but not for systems withhundred millions to billions gates
– Stringent time-to-market– Design requirements (constraints)
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Silicon TechnologySilicon Technology
Ubiquitouscomputing
Internetappliances
WirelessPDAs
Cellar phone,DVDs
Application
10-25M4-6M1-2M200-500kComplexity
8-6mo10-8mo12-10mo18-12moDesign cycle
$4+ billion$3-4billion$2-3billion$1.5-2.0billionCost
130nm180nm250nm350nmTechnology
2002199919981997
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WhyWhy� Why is it so hard to design the real-time
embedded system?– Moore’s Law
� Productivity Gap– More complex functionality and extreme
diversity– Design Cost– Stringent Time-to-market– Design requirements (constraints)
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Design Requirements (Constraints)Design Requirements (Constraints)
� Timing� Size&Weight� Safety & Reliability
– Low cost reliability with minimal redundancy
� Cost sensitivity� Power consumption� Others: component acquisition, upgrades, compatibility,
etc.
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HowHow
� Not an easy answer, in general:– Increase the abstraction level
� system level design is the key
– Design reuse
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What’s NextWhat’s Next
� Introduction– System level design, IP reuse, platform based
design, real-time operating system� Computation modeling
– DFG, CDFG, FSM, Petri Net, etc� Optimization Methods� System Partitioning� System Scheduling