em disc ch1 part1 -...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: EM Disc ch1 part1 - site.iugaza.edu.pssite.iugaza.edu.ps/masmar/files/commII_Lab_4_2011_slides_site.pdf · PCM in Wired Telephony Voice circuit bandwidth is 3400 Hz. Sampling rate](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022071410/610544b4c5fcaf567816cd3f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
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LOGO
LAB 4&5
PCM Modulator
& Demodulator
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Block diagram of PCM modulation
LPF is used to remove the noise in the audio signal
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PCM modulation is a kind of source coding.
is commonly used in audio and telephone transmission
Source coding means the conversion from analog
signal to digital signal.
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PCM in Wired Telephony
Voice circuit bandwidth is 3400 Hz.
Sampling rate is 8 KHz (Ts=125 s).
Each sample is quantized to one of 256 levels.
Each quantized sample is coded into a 8-bit word.
The 8-bit words are transmitted serially (one bit at a time) over a digital transmission channel.
The bit rate is:
8 *8,000 64,000sec sec
bit sample bit
sample
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The bits are regenerated at digital repeaters.
The received words are decoded back to quantized
samples, and filtered to reconstruct the analog
signal.
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Parallel transmission
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Serial transmission
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Example of PCM: Voice & Audio
Telephone voice
F = 4 kHz →
8000 samples/sec
8 bits/sample
Rs=8 x 8000 = 64 kbps
CD Audio
F= 22 kHz →44000 samples/sec
16 bits/sample
Rs=16 x 44000= 704 kbps per audio channel
High quality than telephone communication
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Quantization
UniformNon-
Uniform
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A system (with uniform quantization) would be wasteful
for speech signals
Many of the quantizing steps would rarely be used.
The SNR is worse for low level signals than for high
level signals.
Uniform Quantization
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Nonuniform quantization
Example: Voice analog signal
Peak value(1V) is less appears while weak
value(0.1V, 20dB down) around 0 is more
appears (nonuniform amplitude distribution)
Thus nonuniform quantization is used
Implementation of nonuniformquantization
Compression
(Nonlinear)
filter
PCM with
Uniform
Quantization
Analog
InputPCM
output
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?
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16Compression(Nonlinear) filter
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• can provide fine quantization for the weak signals.
• For telephone users with loud voices & quiet voices,
quantisation noise will have same power(same q).
• If SQNR made acceptable for quiet voices it may be
better than necessary for loud voices.
• Can be used to make the SNR a constant for all signals
within the input range.
Nonuniform quantization
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Quantization
Uniform Nonuniform
The more steps (levels) the less quantization noise. Nonuniform quantization
(e.g. -law) allows a larger dynamic range (important for speech).
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Nonuniform quantization
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In uniform we assign as many reconstruction levels for larger amplitudes as
for smaller amplitudes, which are more probable to occur.
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the histogram of the same speech signal after mu-law companding.
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Non-uniform
Uniform
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Com-
pressor
ADC with
uniform
quantiser
Expander
Transmit
or store
Uniform
DAC
Compressor: Compression filter in transmitterExpander: Inverse Compression filter in receiver
Companding= compression + expansion
Companding
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A-law
µ-law
Compression characteristic
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DCS5-1 on ETEK DCS-6000-03
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Circuit diagram of PCM modulation
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CW6694 is used as PCM modulator and PCM demodulator.
The sampler, quantizer and encoder are built in the IC
FS0(pin5) and FS1(pin7) are the data format selection of PCM encoder.
pin5 pin7
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Buffer U1
is used to transfer a voltage from a first
circuit, having a high output impedance level,
to a second circuit with a low input
impedance level.
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•Lab#5 PCM Modulator
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- PAM, PWM, and PPM modulations belong to analog modulation
and the PCM modulation belongs to the digital modulation
- PAM, PWM, and PPM modulations are similar to AM, FM, and PM
modulations, respectively.
Pulse wave modulation can be classified as :
pulse amplitude modulation (PAM)
pulse width modulation (PWM)
pulse position modulation (PPM)
pulse code modulation (PCM).
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Block diagram of PCM demodulation
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LOGO
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1
2cf
RC
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1600 Hzcf
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Frequency Response of a 1st-order Low Pass Filter
1st-order Low Pass Filter
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1 1
1 11600
2 2 (100)(1 )cf Hz
R C
2
1
101 1 2
10
o
i
V R kGain
V R k
1st order LPF
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Frequency
1.0Hz 100Hz 10KHz 1.0MHz
V(U1:OUT) V(U1:-)
0V
1.0V
2.0V
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Second-order Low Pass Filter
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Frequency Response of a 2nd-order Low Pass Filter
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1 1 2 2
1 2 1 2
1
2
1(if & )
2
c
c
fR C R C
R R C C fRC
4
3
1o
i
V RGain
V R
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The High Pass Filter Circuit
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Frequency Response of a 1st Order High Pass Filter.
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Second-order High Pass Filter
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Inverting Integrator Configuration
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The RC Differentiator Circuit
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Inverting Differentiator Configuration